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Visual Speed Limits Test Capacity Limit Theory

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Alex Holcombe
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Alex.Holcombe@sydney.edu.au School of Psychology @ceptional The Speed Limits of Vision http://www.slideshare.net/holcombea/ Wednesday, 5 June 13
Fixing Science Wednesday, 5 June 13
Visual speed limits As signals from our eyes travel through cortex, massively parallel processing in the first cortical areas transform rapidly varying inputs into stable surface and proto-object representations. These early stages run autonomously, largely independent of observer effort and attention.  But at the level of cognition, visual signals that are unattended go largely unprocessed.  Processing capacity is severely limited and, for certain things like doing arithmetic, proceeds one-by-one.   Fine, but what happens in the stages in between? It might have been that as signals ascend the hierarchy, processing speed would smoothly transition from low-level fast processing to high-level slow. But empirically, visual speed limits cluster into two groups, fast and slow.  I've speculated that the defining factor of the slow limits is that the corresponding processing has severely limited capacity. Such a resource limitation would imply that processing more items takes a correspondingly longer time.  Recently, we found a way to test for this property. The process we tested was object tracking, and the role of cognition in it is believed to be minimal.  Yet as I'll show, as the number of targets to track is increased from one to three, processing becomes much slower. This result supports the theory that the slow limits are slow because they require a severely capacity-limited resource. In the absence of an evolved specialised mechanism to extract particular information about the visual world, we have to fall back on general-purpose, cognitive processing that is capable of arbitrary judgments, but is severely capacity-limited. Abstract Wednesday, 5 June 13
Speed of processing 53 x 5 ? Wednesday, 5 June 13
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Movie1_threeFlickerPhaseLimits.mov Two speed limits Wednesday, 5 June 13
Movie1_threeFlickerPhaseLimits.mov Two speed limits Wednesday, 5 June 13
Movie1_threeFlickerPhaseLimits.mov Above the same- different limit Above the flicker, motion, etc. limit Two speed limits Wednesday, 5 June 13
Movie1_threeFlickerPhaseLimits.mov Above the same- different limit Above the flicker, motion, etc. limit Two speed limits Temporal transparency kicks in Wednesday, 5 June 13
flicker perception first-order motion perception 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) form-color separated & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) Wednesday, 5 June 13
flicker perception first-order motion perception 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) form-color separated & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) Wednesday, 5 June 13
flicker perception first-order motion perception 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) form-color separated & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ L eye: R eye:depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) Wednesday, 5 June 13
flicker perception first-order motion perception 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) form-color separated & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ L eye: R eye:depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P Wednesday, 5 June 13
77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: Wednesday, 5 June 13
77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 Wednesday, 5 June 13
77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 ? Wednesday, 5 June 13
77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 ? Wednesday, 5 June 13
77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 RESPONSETIME # OF ITEMS ? Wednesday, 5 June 13
77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 RESPONSETIME # OF ITEMS ? YES! Wednesday, 5 June 13
77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 RESPONSETIME # OF ITEMS ? YES!X Wednesday, 5 June 13
77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 RESPONSETIME # OF ITEMS ? YES!X YES! Wednesday, 5 June 13
1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 1 target object tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) Wednesday, 5 June 13
1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 1 target object tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) Wednesday, 5 June 13
1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 1 target object tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) http://vimeo.com/42615907 Wednesday, 5 June 13
How limited in capacity is object tracking? With more targets, is the temporal limit slower? 14 1 target object tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) Wednesday, 5 June 13
How limited in capacity is object tracking? With more targets, is the temporal limit slower? 14 1 target object tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) Wei-Ying Chen Wednesday, 5 June 13
How limited in capacity is object tracking? With more targets, is the temporal limit slower? 14 1 target object tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) Wei-Ying Chen Pylyshyn Wednesday, 5 June 13
Tracking 2 targets with 3 objects in each ring ! You must fixate on the fixation point (with attention) 15 Wednesday, 5 June 13
Two-ring Experiment Three-ring Experiment Number of Objects 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 Number of Objects Wednesday, 5 June 13
numberofobjects Speed (rps) Proportioncorrect !! 17 More objects in ring = decreased speed threshold 2ring2targets9objs0.4rps.mov 3targets3obj0.2rps.mov 3targets9objs0.4rpsMPG4hiquality Wednesday, 5 June 13
Speed (rps) Proportion correct 18 No spatial crowding- Number of objects did not affect lapse rate Wednesday, 5 June 13
Chance: 33% 17% 11% 8% Threshold: 66% 58% 55% 54% Threshold Rate calculation: (99.5%+Guess Rate)/2 Extracting the threshold speed from the data 19 Wednesday, 5 June 13
Threshold speed declines with # of targets and # of objects ! ThresholdSpeed(rps) Number of objects Number of objects 3 6 9 12 ! 3 6 9 12 20 Wednesday, 5 June 13
•relatively unaffected by 6-12 objects •decrease with # of targets Threshold temporal frequencies ! Number of objects Number of objects 3 6 9 123 6 9 12 21 ThresholdTemporalFrequency(Hz) Wednesday, 5 June 13
Speed limits for 2 targets so slow that would have done better by just tracking 1 ! 22 Wednesday, 5 June 13
• Takes much longer to process 3 targets than to process 1 Temporal limits on tracking multiple objects 23 1.7 rps 7 Hz 4 Hz 2.6 HZ 1 2 3 # targets ? temporal frequency limit speed limit ? Wednesday, 5 June 13
77 perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 ? YES! 1 targetobject tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) 2 targets 3 targets Wednesday, 5 June 13
77 perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 ? YES! 1 targetobject tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) 2 targets 3 targets YES! Wednesday, 5 June 13

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Visual Speed Limits Test Capacity Limit Theory

  • 1. Alex.Holcombe@sydney.edu.au School of Psychology @ceptional The Speed Limits of Vision http://www.slideshare.net/holcombea/ Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 3. Visual speed limits As signals from our eyes travel through cortex, massively parallel processing in the first cortical areas transform rapidly varying inputs into stable surface and proto-object representations. These early stages run autonomously, largely independent of observer effort and attention.  But at the level of cognition, visual signals that are unattended go largely unprocessed.  Processing capacity is severely limited and, for certain things like doing arithmetic, proceeds one-by-one.   Fine, but what happens in the stages in between? It might have been that as signals ascend the hierarchy, processing speed would smoothly transition from low-level fast processing to high-level slow. But empirically, visual speed limits cluster into two groups, fast and slow.  I've speculated that the defining factor of the slow limits is that the corresponding processing has severely limited capacity. Such a resource limitation would imply that processing more items takes a correspondingly longer time.  Recently, we found a way to test for this property. The process we tested was object tracking, and the role of cognition in it is believed to be minimal.  Yet as I'll show, as the number of targets to track is increased from one to three, processing becomes much slower. This result supports the theory that the slow limits are slow because they require a severely capacity-limited resource. In the absence of an evolved specialised mechanism to extract particular information about the visual world, we have to fall back on general-purpose, cognitive processing that is capable of arbitrary judgments, but is severely capacity-limited. Abstract Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 4. Speed of processing 53 x 5 ? Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 12. Movie1_threeFlickerPhaseLimits.mov Above the same- different limit Above the flicker, motion, etc. limit Two speed limits Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 13. Movie1_threeFlickerPhaseLimits.mov Above the same- different limit Above the flicker, motion, etc. limit Two speed limits Temporal transparency kicks in Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 14. flicker perception first-order motion perception 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) form-color separated & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 15. flicker perception first-order motion perception 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) form-color separated & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 16. flicker perception first-order motion perception 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) form-color separated & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ L eye: R eye:depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 17. flicker perception first-order motion perception 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) form-color separated & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ L eye: R eye:depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 18. 77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 19. 77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 20. 77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 ? Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 21. 77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 ? Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 22. 77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 RESPONSETIME # OF ITEMS ? Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 23. 77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 RESPONSETIME # OF ITEMS ? YES! Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 24. 77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 RESPONSETIME # OF ITEMS ? YES!X Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 25. 77 Early, intermediate high resolution late low resolution perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? High resolution Low resolution 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 RESPONSETIME # OF ITEMS ? YES!X YES! Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 26. 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 1 target object tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 27. 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 1 target object tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 28. 1 2 4 8 16 32 alternation rate, hertz (cycles per second) form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 1 target object tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) http://vimeo.com/42615907 Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 29. How limited in capacity is object tracking? With more targets, is the temporal limit slower? 14 1 target object tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 30. How limited in capacity is object tracking? With more targets, is the temporal limit slower? 14 1 target object tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) Wei-Ying Chen Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 31. How limited in capacity is object tracking? With more targets, is the temporal limit slower? 14 1 target object tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) Wei-Ying Chen Pylyshyn Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 32. Tracking 2 targets with 3 objects in each ring ! You must fixate on the fixation point (with attention) 15 Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 33. Two-ring Experiment Three-ring Experiment Number of Objects 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 Number of Objects Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 34. numberofobjects Speed (rps) Proportioncorrect !! 17 More objects in ring = decreased speed threshold 2ring2targets9objs0.4rps.mov 3targets3obj0.2rps.mov 3targets9objs0.4rpsMPG4hiquality Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 35. Speed (rps) Proportion correct 18 No spatial crowding- Number of objects did not affect lapse rate Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 36. Chance: 33% 17% 11% 8% Threshold: 66% 58% 55% 54% Threshold Rate calculation: (99.5%+Guess Rate)/2 Extracting the threshold speed from the data 19 Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 37. Threshold speed declines with # of targets and # of objects ! ThresholdSpeed(rps) Number of objects Number of objects 3 6 9 12 ! 3 6 9 12 20 Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 38. •relatively unaffected by 6-12 objects •decrease with # of targets Threshold temporal frequencies ! Number of objects Number of objects 3 6 9 123 6 9 12 21 ThresholdTemporalFrequency(Hz) Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 39. Speed limits for 2 targets so slow that would have done better by just tracking 1 ! 22 Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 40. • Takes much longer to process 3 targets than to process 1 Temporal limits on tracking multiple objects 23 1.7 rps 7 Hz 4 Hz 2.6 HZ 1 2 3 # targets ? temporal frequency limit speed limit ? Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 41. 77 perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 ? YES! 1 targetobject tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) 2 targets 3 targets Wednesday, 5 June 13
  • 42. 77 perception of relative flicker phase! attention-mediated motion! acceleration perception! form, color across space! global form with color! recognition of words! jump! pink! motion with color! Local! analysis! non-local! analysis! V1,V2! V4, LOC,! IT! words! Visual! cognition! selection! binding local elements into global form! binding of same-location colors, orientations! 8!Hertz! 8! 1! 2! 4! 25! flicker perception! short-range boundary computation! 1st-order motion perception! depth from binocular disparity! L eye: R eye: 8! faster! Consciousness? form-color separated motion-color motion-motion T global form-color higher order motion word recognition acceleration, direction change jump pink instantaneous position selection from R S V P & other arbitrary ♪ ♪ flicker perception first-order motion perception depth from binocular disparity local elements ➞ global form edges and texture boundaries binding motion-motion non-T color-orientation, common location L eye: R eye: ARE THE SLOW JUDGEMENTS CAPACITY- LIMITED? 53 x 5 ? YES! 1 targetobject tracking 500 250 125 63 32 16 duration of half cycle (ms) 2 targets 3 targets YES! Wednesday, 5 June 13