Sources of groundwater pollution
Landfills: filling of the land pits which causes leaching of chemicals.
Industrial spills and waste disposal: industrial dumping in open areas and rivers.
4. The occurrence of ground water is
dependent on several factors :-
• Geology:- Study of earth surface i.e the features that exist on the
earth surface.
• Surface Drainage:- The drainage pattern is important because it
indicates the rate at which precipitation infiltrates into the ground.
• Slope And Topography:- Topographic elevation and slope are
important in the determination of water table elevation.
• Rainfall:- The amount of rainfall determines the amount and
distribution of ground water because it is the source of
precipitation that percolates into the ground to form ground water.
5. •Land use/ Land cover:- In addition, some land uses allow more infiltration
than others and hence affect the occurrence of ground water.
Lineament :- Lineaments provide information on movement and storage of
groundwater making it an important aspect in ground water exploration
6. Porosity
Porosity of a rock is a measure of its
ability to hold a fluid. Mathematically,
porosity is the open space in a rock
divided by the total rock volume (solid
+ space or holes). Porosity is normally
expressed as a percentage of the total
rock which is taken up by pore
space. For example, a sandstone may
have 8% porosity. This means 92
percent is solid rock and 8 percent is
open space .
GEOLOGICAL FACTORS GOVERNING THE OCCURRENCE
7. Permeability
Permeability is the property of rocks that is an indication of the ability
for fluids to flow through rocks. High permeability will allow fluids to
move rapidly through rocks. Permeability is affected by the pressure in a
rock.
8. Infilltration Galleries
It is horizontal or nearly horizontal tunnles constructed along the bank of river
though water bearing strata.
Infilltration Well
They are the shallow wells constructed in series along the banks of river,in oder
to collect the river water seeping through seepage through their bottom.
Springs
The natural outflow of groundwater at earth surface is said to form a springs. A
pervious layer sandwiches between two impervious layer is said to be natural
springs.
VARIOUS FORMS OF UNDERGROUND
RESOURCES
9. Aquifer
An aquifer is a geological formation of permeable material,which is capable to yield
appropriate quantity of ground water under gravity.
Aquifuge
An aquifuge is a geologic formation which doesn’t have interconnected pores. It is
neither porous nor permeable. Thus, it can neither store water nor transmit it.
Examples of aquifuge are rocks like basalt, granite, etc.
Aquiclude
Aquicludes have normally good storage capacity but low transmitting capacity. Clay
and shale are typical aquicludes.
Aquitard
An aquitard is a partly permeable geologic formation. It transmits water at such a
slow rate that the yield is insufficient. Pumping by wells is not possible. For example,
sandyclay
GROUNDWATER AVAILABLE IN FORM
10. Effluent Stream
The Stream which receives discharge from the water table is called as effluent
Stream.
Influent Stream
The stream recharges (contributes) water to the zone of saturation is called
influent stream.
Specific Yield
It is measure of water yielding capacity of rock. It is the ratio of the volume of
water that drains from a saturated rock due to the attraction of gravity to the
total volume the rock.
Specific Retention
It is a measure of water retaining capacity of rock. Specific Retention of a rock
is the ratio of the volume of water a rock can retain against gravity to the total
volume of the rock.
Safe Yield
The amount of water which can be with drawn annually from the ground
water basin without getting any undesirable result.
Draw down
It is difference measured between the static water level and the pumping
water level.
11. Water Quality – Why Is It Important?
• All living being need it
• Aquatic lives receive oxygen
from it
• Causes Physical / Death if it
has Toxic elements
13. Groundwater quality
Sources of groundwater pollution
• Landfills: filling of the land pits which causes leaching of chemicals.
• Industrial spills and waste disposal: industrial dumping in open areas and
rivers.
14. Groundwater quality
Sources of groundwater pollution
• Leaking storage tanks: Leaking fuel storage tanks are one of the biggest
sources of ground water contamination.
• Non-point-source contamination: used motor oil, left over paint, spilled gas
15. Groundwater quality
Sources of groundwater pollution
• Agricultural runoff: Animal waste, pesticides, and chemical fertilizers can all
contaminate groundwater
• Sewage leaks and septic tanks: septic tanks are engineered sewage dispersal
16. How does Aquifer Pollution occur?
• Waste disposal and contaminant load is uncontrolled.
• It exceeds attenuation capacity of the ground.
• Groundwater pollution is primarily to shallow aquifers.
• Deep and confined aquifers can become polluted in highly fractured media and
when pollution persists over a long time.
• Industrial wastes disposal.
• Natural disasters.
18. Mapping groundwater prospective zones
Methodology for groundwater prospects mapping
I. Preliminary Interpretation of satellite data
II. Field verification & collection of ground
data
III. Final Interpretation
IV. Digitisation & data integration
V. Generation of ground water prospects map
19. Groundwater Prospecting- Concept
Rock types
Geomorphology
Geological structures
Recharge condition
Factors
Identification
of potential
zones for
ground water
occurrence
Identification
of locations/
Priority zones
for constructing
Recharge
structures
The groundwater prospects mapping involves identification and mapping of prospective
groundwater zones. The ground water prospect zones for ground water exploration were
identified and delineated after integrating the all information on geology,
geomorphology, land use/cover,slope,drainage density and recharge conditions in
unconfined to semi confined aquifers of the terrain like as discharge, drawdown, specific
capacity maps
20. GIS technology
used in spatial
integration and
analysis to
demarcate basin
potential
groundwater
recharge zone.
21. Habitations - Non Covered (NC)
- Partially Covered (PC)
- Other than NC / PC
- City / Town
Roads - Unmetalled
- Metalled
- State Highways (with no’s)
- National Highways (with no’s)
Admin Boundaries - International
- State
- District
- Taluq / Tehasil / Block
Railway Lines
Base map
details
30. ADVANTAGES OF REMOTE
SENSING TECHNIQUES
• Remote sensing and GIS methods permit rapid and cost effective natural
resource survey and management. Moreover, remotely sensed data serve
as vital tool in groundwater prospecting.
• The remote sensing data helps in fairly accurate hydro-geomorphological
analysis and identification and delineation of land features.
• Remote sensing with its advantages of spatial, spectral and temporal
availability of data covering large and inaccessible areas within short time
has become a very handy tool in assessing, monitoring and conserving
groundwater resources.
31. • With sufficient ground data, hydrological characteristics of geomorphological
features can be discribed. Satellite remote sensing provides an opportunity for
better observation and more systematic analysis of various geomorphic units,
lineament features, following the integration with the help of Geographical
Information System to demarcate the groundwater potential zones.
• Therefore, an integrated approach, including studies of lithology,
hydrogeomorphology and lineament, has been taken up, using remote sensing
and GIS techniques, for a proper assessment of groundwater potential zones in
the study area.
32. CONCLUSIONS
• The study has focused on the utility of remote sensing and GIS in the
identification of ground water potential zones.
• Satellite imagery proved to be highly useful in terrain characterization,
i.e. in mapping of different groundwater controlling parameters for the
occurrence and movement of groundwater such as geology,
geomorphology, landuse/cover drainage, etc.
• The groundwater prospects map has been prepared by integrating the
Geology, Geomorphology, landuse and depth to water table maps
