Any organisation that really wants to excel within it industry or sector and environs must ensure it carries out Corporate Social Responsibility regular.

1. Introduction
Ethics has efficient and effective role in an organisation even among groups that
come together to achieve a common goal due to the fact that it aids them organize
themselves and also their activities according to laid down rules and regulations,
core values and high moral conduct.
Business ethics has brought about high moral standard within organisations which
has guided the employees to compote their attitudes in order to be able to adapt to
the job description else without laid down rules and policies guiding an
organisation most employees would have acted on their own accord and
intelligence.
Organisation have vital roles to play within their host communities which has to do
with corporate social responsibilities such as; borehole installation, free
scholarship for all level of education, awareness of some newly introduced
diseases within the environment. Corporate social responsibility is mostly adopted
by public limited and private liabilities companies due to the fact it is been
considered that they have more resources available to them both finances and also
because they tend to use highly polluting machinery during the cost of their day-to-
day activities which creates environmental problems for the host communities by
endangering their lives and that of their livestock.

2. Chapter One
According to Peter Drucker (1955), of the Socio-economic school of thoughts says
“that management social responsibility goes well beyond the making of profit to
include protecting and improving society’s welfare”. This statement shows that
business organisations need to be socially responsible to the host community it
operates because there are part of the society and if the community is facing crisis
it will affect the organisation first and if such organisation doesn’t relate to the
community very well the occupants of the community will allow the organisation
to fold-up in the crisis and it wouldn’t affect them negatively because it will be
considered that they never created an impact during their existence within the
community.
Conventionally, companies have had one responsibility to make a profit. But the
concept of corporate social responsibility holds that companies should be
responsible to more than just their owners. Corporate social responsibility holds
that there are multiple dimensions that should affect a company's actions.
Understand these dimensions when planning your own company's corporate social
responsibility efforts.
Corporate social responsibility has been a part of contemporary business practice
since the 1990’s. There was a strong movement against the power that corporate
entities had over communities, labour practices, use of resources and the social

3. costs of operating businesses. Corporate social responsibility practices are mostly
philanthropic in nature, investing in communities through recreation, arts and
culture and social causes
Environmental
The environmental dimension of corporate social responsibility refers to your
business's impact on the environment. The goal, as a socially responsible company,
is to engage in business practices that benefit the environment. For example, you
might choose to use recycled materials in your packaging or ad renewable energy
sources like solar power to your factory.
Social
The social dimension of corporate responsibility involves the relationship between
your business and society as a whole. When addressing the social dimension, you
should aim to use your business to benefit society as a whole. This could involve
sourcing fair trade products, for example, or agreeing to pay your employees a
livable wage. It could also involve taking on endeavors that benefit society, for
instance using your resources to organize charitable fundraisers.
Economic
The economic dimension refers to the effect that corporate social responsibility has
on the finances of your company. In an ideal world, where corporate social

4. responsibility had no costs, there would be no reason to limit it. But in the real
world it is important to recognize the financial impact that these actions have and
to balance being a good corporate citizen with making a profit.
Stakeholder
The stakeholders are all of the people affected by your company's actions. These
include employees, suppliers and members of the public. When considering the
stakeholder dimension of corporate social responsibility, consider how your
business decisions affect these groups. For example, you might be able to increase
your output by having employees work more, but you should consider the impact it
will have on them, not just your bottom line.
Voluntariness
Actions that fall into the voluntariness dimension are those that you are not
required to do. These actions are based in what your company believes is the
correct thing to do. They may be based in specific ethical values that your
company holds. For example, you may believe that using organic products is the
right thing to do even if you are not required to do so. (M., 2018)

5. Chapter Two
Social responsibility is a form of self-regulation that businesses adopt as a part of
their corporate conscience and citizenship. Often referred to as corporate social
responsibility or CSR, this policy spurs businesses to develop means to monitor the
public’s social perception of them as a responsible business. The business goal of
social responsibility is to encourage the company’s actions toward the positive
impact of consumer, community and employee responsibility.
Voluntary Hazard Elimination
Companies involved with social responsibility often take action to voluntarily
eliminate production practices that could cause harm for the public, regardless of
whether they are required by law. For example, a business could institute a hazard
control program that includes steps to protect the public from exposure to
hazardous substances through education and awareness. A plant that uses
chemicals could implement a safety inspection checklist to guide staff in best
practices when handling potentially dangerous substances and materials. A
business that makes excessive noise and vibration could analyze the effects its

6. work has on the environment by surveying local residents. The information
received could be used to adjust activities and develop soundproofing to lessen
public exposure to noise pollution.
Community Development
Companies, businesses and corporations concerned with social responsibility align
with appropriate institutions to create a better environment to live and work. For
example, a corporation or business may set up a foundation to assist in learning or
education for the public. This action will be viewed as an asset to all of the
communities that it serves, while developing a positive public profile.
Philanthropy
Businesses involved in philanthropy make monetary contributions that provide aid
to local charitable, educational and health-related organizations to assist under-
served or impoverished communities. This action can assist people in acquiring
marketable skills to reduce poverty, provide education and help the environment.
For example, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation focuses on global initiatives
for education, agriculture and health issues, donating computers to schools and
funding work on vaccines to prevent polio and HIV/AIDS.
Creating Shared Value

7. Corporate responsibility interests are often referred to as creating shared value or
CSV, which is based upon the connection between corporate success and social
well-being. Since a business needs a productive workforce to function, health and
education are key components to that equation. Profitable and successful
businesses must thrive so that society may develop and survive. An example of
how CSV works could be a company-sponsored contest involving a project to
improve the management and access of water used by a farming community, to
foster public health.
Social Education and Awareness
Companies that engage in socially responsible investing use positioning to exert
pressure on businesses to adopt socially responsible behavior themselves. To do
this, they use media and Internet distribution to expose the potentially harmful
activities of organizations. This creates an educational dialogue for the public by
developing social community awareness. This kind of collective activism can be
affective in reaching social education and awareness goals. Integrating a social
awareness strategy into the business model can also aid companies in monitoring
active compliance with ethical business standards and applicable laws. (Davis,
2018)

8. Chapter Three
Legal obligation can be defined as moral or legal duty to perform or to not perform
some action. A binding, formal arrangement or an agreement to a liability to pay a
specified amount or to do a certain thing for a person or group of persons.
Self-imposed responsibility can be defined something that you require or expect of
yourself, rather than something required by another. (Yourdictionary, 2018).
An organisation that carries out legal obligations do things according to the way
and manner in which government formulated rules guiding such establishment has
been placed at the course of doing business within such environment whether
Multinational or Local companies.
Employees
Companies are responsible for providing employees with safe, healthy places to
work—as well as environments that are free from sexual harassment and all types
of discrimination. They should also offer appropriate wages and benefits. In the

9. following sections, we’ll take a closer look at these areas of corporate
responsibility.
Wages and Benefits
At the very least, employers must obey laws governing minimum wage and
overtime pay. A minimum wage is set by the federal government, though states can
set their own rates as long as they are higher. The current federal rate, for example,
is $7.25, while the rate in many states is far higher. By law, employers must also
provide certain benefits—social security (retirement funds), unemployment
insurance (protects against loss of income in case of job loss), and workers’
compensation (covers lost wages and medical costs in case of on-the-job injury).
Most large companies pay most of their workers more than minimum wage and
offer broader benefits, including medical, dental, and vision care, as well as
savings programs, in order to compete for talent.
Customers
The purpose of any business is to satisfy customers, who reward businesses by
buying their products. Sellers are also responsible—both ethically and legally—for
treating customers fairly.

10. The rights of consumers were first articulated by President John F. Kennedy in
1962 when he submitted to Congress a presidential message devoted to consumer
issues.25 Kennedy identified four consumer rights:
1) The right to safe products: A company should sell no product that it suspects
of being unsafe for buyers. Thus, producers have an obligation to safety-test
products before releasing them for public consumption. The automobile industry,
for example, conducts extensive safety testing before introducing new models
(though recalls remain common).
2) The right to be informed about a product: Sellers should furnish consumers
with the product information that they need to make an in- formed purchase
decision. That’s why pillows have labels identifying the materials used to make
them, for instance.
3) The right to choose what to buy: Consumers have a right to decide which
products to purchase, and sellers should let them know what their options are.
Pharmacists, for example, should tell patients when a prescription can be filled
with a cheaper brand-name or generic drug. Telephone companies should explain
alternative calling plans.
4) The right to be heard: Companies must tell customers how to contact them
with complaints or concerns. They should also listen and respond.

11. Companies share the responsibility for the legal and ethical treatment of consumers
with several government agencies: the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which
enforces consumer-protection laws; the National Agency for Food and Drug
Administration Control (NAFDAC), which oversees the labeling of food products;
and the Consumer Product Safety Commission, which enforces laws protecting
consumers from the risk of product-related injury.
Taxation: organisations are required to pay tax and land fee to government
regulatory bodies so there can be allowed to operate freely.
Truthful Advertising: organisation are legal obligated to carry out truthful
advertisement on the type of product and services they render and the positive and
negative effects of such products to the end users.
Alternatively, legal obligations for organisation to carry out are always included in
the Companies Alliance Matters Acts. A contract can thus be seen as a legal
obligation because it is an agreement between two or more parties which creates a
legal obligation between them and is normally constituted by an offer and an
acceptance, companies that are legally obligated to their host community is as a
result of accepting an offer to give something in return for making use of their
land.

12. Self-imposed responsibility has to do with organisation taking it upon them to
adopt a particular social responsibility to carry out within the community they
operate. Many companies today are motivated when been “socially responsible”,
this is because they want to do the right thing. What is “right” for one group of
stakeholders isn’t necessarily just as “right” for another.
Philanthropy: this has to do with the organisation deciding to give out financial
assistance to the community inhabitants willing such as; youths and adult, to use
in meeting their physical needs at a particular time e.g. creation of new business
and furthering education.
Social Amenities: this is a point in which the organisation carries out rebranding
on the community welfare development; this will involve creation and renovation
of schools for the communities, availability of clean water e.g. bore-hole and pipe-
bore water.
Child Education: an organisation creates scholarship programs for children who
are knowledgeable but don’t have sufficient funds to further their educations and
those who don’t even have available funds to start schooling which encourages
them to be more serious in achieving greater heights.
Skills Acquisition Programs: Multinational companies creates skills acquisitions
programs for those individuals of the communities who intend learning a skill to

13. aid them have vocational jobs such as; soap making, bead making, event
decoration and fashion designing etc. skills acquisition programs helps the young
ones within an environment to get busy doing something that will stand as a source
of income to the family and reduce the rate of robbery.
Employment Opportunity: creation of jobs for the young school leavers who
haven’t obtain any form of employment over the years and jobs for those who have
required skills for some specified functional areas of the production unit. These
includes; labourers, truck drivers, cleaners etc.
Although, before an organisation will decide to carry out a self-imposed
responsibility within the host community they will have to carry out a proper
survey on the environment to know the areas which the community is lacking
behind and is seriously in need of solution. Most of these self-imposed
responsibilities will be: philanthropy, child education, awareness on child abuse,
sexual harassment and scholarship programs.

14. Chapter Four
When a business or an organisation undertakes an activity which impacts upon the
external environment then this affects that environment in ways which are not
reflected in the conventional accounting of that organisation. The environment can
be affected either positively, for example through a landscaping project, or
negatively, for example through the creation of heaps of waste from a mining
operation.
These actions of an organisation impose costs and benefits upon the external
environment. These costs and benefits are imposed by the organisation without due
consultation, and in reality it form part of the operational activities of the
organisation. These actions are however excluded from traditional accounting of
the firm and by implication from its area of responsibility.

15. Although we can say that such costs and benefits have been externalized. The
concept of externality therefore is concerned with the way in which these costs and
benefits are externalized from the organisation and imposed upon others.
Such externalized costs and benefits have traditionally been considered to be not
the concern of the organisation, and its managers, and hence have been excluded
from its accounting. It must be recognized however that the quantification of the
effect of such externalization, particularly from an accounting viewpoint, is
problematical and not easy to measure, and this is perhaps one reason for the
exclusion of such effects from the organizations accounting. It is probably fair to
state however that more costs have been externalized by organisation than benefits.
These environmental problems may include the following:
a. Air pollution: it has been in existence since the Industrial Revolution which
introduced the world to the belching factory smokestack. Air pollutants often
affects vegetations, which decrease agricultural yields and incur losses on
the timber industry; they deteriorate exposed construction materials through
corrosion, discoloration, or rot; they are destructive to health and life, which
has risen medical cost and reduction to enjoyment of living.
b. Acid rain: this is a threat to the environment that, like global warming, is
closely related to the combustion of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas),

16. which are heavily used by utilities to produce electricity. Burning fossils
fuels, particularly coal containing high levels of sulfur, releases large
quantities of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.
c. Airborne toxics: less catastrophic but highly worrisome air pollution threats
are the 2.4 billion pounds of airborne toxic substances released annually into
the western nation’s atmosphere, including phosgene, a nerve gas used in
warfare, and methyl isocyanate, which has killed so many people.
d. Water pollution: this is caused as a result of oil spillage from oil exploration
companies during drillage
e. Land pollution: this is caused as a result of dirt loitered around the vicinity
from which such organisations operate such as; incinerators, this could cause
ailment for the occupants of the community like malaria parasite and
cholera.

17. Chapter Five
Conclusionand Summary
In as much as profit making is paramount to profit oriented organizations, so the
environmental development of an area – socially, physically, and economically – is
to the people of the community hosting an organisation. CSR as a theory is now a
global paradigm that has gained momentum as a result of globalization in the sense
that business transactions and relationships are created on the condition of CSR
reporting and compliance.
It is very necessary for all organisations that want to succeed within an
environment to help the occupants the little way there can by providing social
amenities, educational support, customer satisfaction, employment opportunity etc.
to the external community and there should endeavor to create ways in which there
can reduce the risk of environmental hazards to the immediate community by using

18. recycled materials in a products manufacture and also use electronic accelerator
that reduces waste fuel.

19. References
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