American Portraits Lewis and ClarkCh.docx

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American Portraits: Lewis and Clark
Charles Willson Peale, Meriwether Lewis, 1807, and William
Clark, c. 1808. Oil on canvas.
HIST 180 Survey of American History
Charles Willson Peale, Meriwether Lewis, 1807.
Oil on canvas.
Benjamin Cawthra, Ph.D.
California State University, Fullerton
The Jefferson and Madison Administrations
Timeline: The Jefferson and Madison Administrations
Jefferson v. the Federalists
3. The Revolution of 1800
The Louisiana Purchase and Its Significance
Native Americans and the New Republic
Conflict with Britain

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Timeline: The Jefferson and
Madison Administrations
1798 Alien and Sedition Acts.
1800 Washington, DC becomes capital.
Thomas Jefferson elected president.
1803 Marbury v. Madison, Supreme Court upholds right of
judicial review.
Louisiana Purchase.
Lewis and Clark expedition begins.
1804 Jefferson elected to second term.
1805 Increased tensions with Great Britain.
1807 Embargo Act.
1808 Congress ends American slave trade.
James Madison elected president.
1810 Trade with Britain and France restored.
1811 Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana; Tecumseh and allies
defeated.
Congress declares war on Britian.
1814 British burn Washington, D.C.
1815 Andrew Jackson defeats British at Battle of New Orleans.
2. Jefferson v. the Federalists
John Trumbull, John Adams, 1793.
Oil on canvas. The White House.

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“[T]he power to create, define, and punish such . . . crimes
is reserved, and, of right, appertains solely and exclusively to
the respective States, each within its own territory.”
Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky Resolutions, 1798.
W. Goodacre, Jr., Virginia State Capitol, 1831. Hand-
colored engraving. Architect: Thomas Jefferson.
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3. The Revolution of 1800
“We are all Republicans--we are all Federalists.”
Thomas Jefferson, Inaugural Address, 1800.
Rembrandt Peale, Thomas Jefferson, 1800. Oil on canvas.
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Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, plan for Washington, D.C., 1791
(detail).
Drawing.
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William Russell Birch, U.S. Capitol, 1800.
Library of Congress.
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Unknown, Congressional Pugilists, 1798.
Cartoon.
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Samuel F.B. Morse, The House of Representatives, 1822-23.
Oil on canvas. Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

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“Burning of the Plaine du Cap - Massacre of whites by the
blacks,” 1831.
Oil on canvas. Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
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Richmond, Virginia, 1800.
Etching, The Richmond Progress, 1882.
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4. The Louisiana Purchase and Its Significance
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Charles Willson Peale, The Artist in His Museum, 1822.
Oil on canvas.
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New Orleans, a plan of the city published in London in 1761
after the plan by Pierre Le Blond de La Tour, 1722.
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Jackson Square, New Orleans, showing the Cabildo or town hall
(1795-99), St. Louis Cathedral (1788-94), and the Presbytere or
rectory (1788-1813), by Gilbert Guillemard.
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Parlange Plantation, near New Roads, Louisiana, c. 1785-95.

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Africa House, Melrose Plantation, Natchitoches, Louisiana, late
18th century.
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5. Native Americans and the New Republic
John Vanderlyn, The Murder of Jane McCrea, 1803-04.
Oil on canvas.
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Jefferson Peace Medal, 1801.

Charles Bird King, Young Omawhaw, War Eagle, Little
Missouri, and Pawnees, 1822.
Oil on Canvas.
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“Incorporating themselves with us as citizens of the United
States . . . their history may terminate.”
Thomas Jefferson
Charles Willson Peale, Thomas Jefferson, 1803.
Oil on canvas.
6. Conflict with Britain
John Vanderlyn, James Madison, 1816.
Oil on canvas.
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George Munger, U.S. Capitol, 1814.

Drawing.
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John Trumbull, The Declaration of Independence, 1819.
Oil on canvas. Capitol Rotunda.
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John Trumbull, The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown,
19 October 1781, 1787-1820.
Oil on canvas.

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Antonio Capellano, The Preservation of Captain Smith by
Pocahontas, 1825.
Enrico Causici, The Landing of the Pilgrims, 1825.
Sandstone. U.S Capitol Rotunda.
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Nicholas Gevelot, William Penn’s Treaty with the
Indians, 1827.
Enrico Causici, The Conflict of Daniel Boone and the
Indians, 1826-27.
Sandstone. U.S Capitol Rotunda.
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American Portraits: The Salem Witch Trials
Cotton Mather, The Wonders of the Invisible World, being an
Account of the Tryals of Several Witches Lately Executed in
New-England, and of Several Remarkable Curiousities therein
Occurring, 1693.
Artist unknown, Cotton Mather, c. 1700.
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Cotton Mather, The Wonders of the Invisible World, being an
Account of the Tryals of Several Witches Lately Executed in
New-England, and of Several Remarkable Curiousities therein
Occurring, 1693.
Artist unknown, Cotton Mather, c. 1700.
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The Struggle for Colonial Empire
Timeline: Colonial Empire
The Colonial Economy: Immigration and Labor
Ideas: Varieties of British Freedom
The Culture of Enslaved African Americans
Struggle for Empire: France and Britain
Benjamin West and History Painting
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1. Timeline: Later Colonial Period

1686 Dominion of New England
1688 Glorious Revolution in England (James II out, William
and Mary in)
1691 Massachusetts receives new charter
1692 Salem Witchcraft Trials
1697 Slave importations increase; racial laws tightened
1719 Rebellion against proprietors in Carolina, leading to two
colonies
1734 The Great Awakening begins
1745 New England troops help take fortress of Louisbourg on
Cape Breton Island
1754 Albany Congress and Plan of Union
1754-63 French and Indian War (colonial phase of European
war)
1759 Quebec falls to British army.
1760 George III becomes king of England
1763 Treaty of Paris ends French Empire in North America.
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2. The Colonial Economy: Immigration and Labor
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Major Labor Types:
FreeIndentured ServitudeEnslaved

3. Varieties of British Freedom and Liberty
Freedom:
a. Spiritual
b. Not slave
Liberty:
Political
Civil
Personal
Religious
British political pamphlet, 1718.
4. The Culture of Enslaved African Americans
New York City slave market, East River
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The Old Plantation, artist unknown, ca. 1790-1800
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New York runaway advertisement, 1778.
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New York slave sale advertisement, 1789.
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5. Struggle for Empire: France and Britain
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Major Colonial Wars
King William’s War, 1689-97
Queen Anne’s War, 1701-1713

King George’s War, 1744-1748
Seven Years’ (French and Indian) War, 1756-1763
View of the Landing of New England Forces in the Expedition
against Cape Breton, 1745. Drawing, 1746.
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George Washington, Ohio River region containing notes on
French activities, 1753 or 1754.
Map. Library of Congress.
Charles Willson Peale, George Washington, 1772.
Oil on canvas. Washington and Lee University.
A Plan of Albany as It Was in 1758.
Map. Library of Congress.

Benjamin West, The Death of General Wolfe, 1770.
Oil on canvas. National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa
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6. Benjamin West and History Painting
Benjamin West, Self-portrait, c. 1763.
Benjamin West, Death of General Wolfe, 1770.
National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa.

Anthony Van Dyck, Lamentation over the Dead Christ.
Oil on canvas.
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Benjamin West, Penn’s Treaty with the Indians When He
Founded the Province of Pennsylvania in North America, 1771-
72.
Oil on canvas.
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Apollo Belvedere, c. 120-140.
Marble. Vatican Museums.

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Benjamin West, Agrippina Landing at Brundisium with the
Ashes of Germanicus, 1768.
Oil on canvas. Yale University Art Gallery.
Procession, portion of the frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae,
Rome, 13-9 BC. Marble.
Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784.
Oil on canvas. Louvre, Paris.
(l.) Benjamin West, Portrait of Mrs. West with her son Raphael,
c. 1770. Utah Museum of Fine Arts
(r.) Raphael, Madonna della Sedia, 1512-14. Palazzo Pitti,
Florence.
Benjamin West, American Commissioners of the Preliminary
Peace Agreement with Great Britain (unfinished), 1783-84.

Oil sketch. Winterthur Museum, Delaware.
American Portraits: Paul Revere
“Out started six officers, seized my bridle, put their pistols to
my breast, ordered me to dismount, which I did. One of them,
who appeared to have the command there, and much of a
gentleman, asked me where I came from; I told him. He asked
what time I left. I told him, he seemed surprised, said ‘Sir, may
I crave your name?’ I answered ‘My name is Revere.’”
Paul Revere
John Singleton Copley, Paul Revere, ca. 1768-70.
Oil on canvas.
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John Singleton Copley, Paul Revere, ca. 1768-70.
Oil on canvas.
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The American Revolution
Timeline of Revolution
Road to Revolution and John Singleton Copley
3. Thomas Paine, Independence, and Revolutionary History
4. The Revolution at Home
5. Redefining Property and Voting Rights
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1. Timeline of Revolution
Stamp Act
Stamp Act Repealed

Townsend Duties
Boston Massacre
Committees of Correspondence
Tea Act, Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts; First Continental Congress
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Paine’s Common Sense; Independence declared
Articles of Confederation; American victory at Saratoga
Alliance with France
1781 British surrender at Yorktown
1783 Treaty of Paris
1786 Shays’ Rebellion
2. Road to Revolution and John Singleton Copley
Paul Revere after Henry Pelham, The Bloody Masssacre,
1770. Hand-colored engraving.

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John Singleton Copley, Self-Portrait, 1769. Watercolor on
ivory. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
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“Nothing is wanting to perfect you now but a Sight of what has
been done by the the great Masters.”
West to Copley, 1766
John Singleton Copley, Henry
Pelham (Boy with a Squirrel), 1764.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
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John Singleton Copley, Samuel Adams, ca. 1772.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
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John Singleton Copley, Governor and Mrs. Thomas Mifflin,
1773.
Oil on canvas.
John Singleton Copley, Self-Portrait, 1784.
Oil on canvas. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian
Institution.
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John Singleton Copley, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Izard, 1775.
Oil on canvas. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
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3. Thomas Paine, Independence, and Revolutionary History
“O! ye that love mankind . . . stand forth! Every spot of the old
world is overrun with oppression. Freedom hath been hunted
round the globe. Asia and Africa have long expelled her. Europe
regards her as a stranger, and England hath given her warning to
depart. O! receive the fugitive, and prepare in time an asylum
for mankind!”
Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776)
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“When in the course of human events . . .”
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John Trumbull, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of
Bunker’s Hill, 17 June 1775, 1786.
Oil on canvas.

John Trumbull, The Death of General Montgomery in the Attack
on Quebec, 1775, 1786.
Oil on canvas.
John Trumbull, The Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga,
1777, 1821.
Oil on canvas. U.S. Capitol.
John Trumbull, The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, 1781, 1820.
Oil on canvas. U.S. Capitol.
4. The Revolution at Home
Benjamin Blythe, Abigail Adams, 1766.
Oil on canvas.
“I long to hear that you have declared an independency. And, by
the way, in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be
necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the
ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your
ancestors.”

Abigail Adams to John Adams, March 31, 1776.
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John Singleton Copley, John Adams, 1783.
Oil on canvas.
“We have been told that our struggle has loosened the bonds of
government everywhere; that children and apprentices were
disobedient; that schools and colleges were grown turbulent;
that Indians slighted their guardians, and negroes grew insolent
to their masters.”
John Adams to Abigail Adams, 1776.
George Romney, Thomas Paine, 1792.
Engraving.
“Whenever I use the words freedom or rights, I desire to be
understood to mean a perfect equality of them. The floor of
Freedom is as level as water.”
Thomas Paine

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5. Redefining Property and Voting Rights
Joshua Reynolds, Samuel Johnson, 1772.
Oil on canvas. National Portrait Gallery, London.
“How is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty from the
drivers of Negroes?”
Samuel Johnson
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Joshua Reynolds, Edmund Burke, 1771.
Oil on canvas. Tate Gallery, London
“Those who are free are by far the most proud and jealous of
their freedom.”
Edmund Burke
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John Singleton Copley, Watson and the Shark, 1778.
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“A man has property in his opinions and the free communication
of them, he has property in the safety and liberty of his person.”
James Madison, 1787
Charles Willson Peale, James Madison, 1780s.
Miniature portrait.
American Portraits: Alexander Hamilton

“The vigor of government is essential to the security of liberty.
. . . a dangerous ambition more often lurks behind the specious
mask of zeal for the rights of the people, than under the
forbidding appearance of zeal for the firmness and efficiency of
government.”
Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 1, 1787
John Trumbull, Alexander Hamilton, 1792.
Oil on canvas.
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John Trumbull, Alexander Hamilton, 1792.
Oil on canvas.
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The Constitution and the Age of Federalism
Timeline: The Constitution and the Age of Federalism
Making a Free Society Work
Order vs. Freedom: The New Constitution
The Great Contradiction
5. African American Ideas of Freedom
6. Securing Slavery
7. The Bill of Rights
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Timeline: The Constitution and
the Age of Federalism
Federal Constitutional Convention, Philadelphia
The Federalist Papers begun by Madison, Hamilton, and
Jay
1788 Eleven states ratify Constitution (RI and NC excepted)
First session of Congress meets
Washington begins first term as president
1791 Bill of Rights adopted
1793 Washington begins second term.
1794 Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania
Washington’s Farewell Address
John Adams begins term as president
1798 Quasi-war with France on high seas
1799 Death of Washington

2. Making a Free Society Work
John Trumbull, The Declaration of Independence, 1819.
Oil on canvas. U.S. Capitol Rotunda.
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Charles Willson Peale, James Madison, 1792.
Oil on canvas. Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, OK
“Liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty as well as
the abuses of power.”
James Madison, The Federalist, 1788
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“The spirit of resistance to government is so valuable on
certain occasions, that I wish it to be always kept alive. It will
often be exercised when wrong, but better so than not to be
exercised at all. I like a little rebellion now and then. It is like a
storm in the atmosphere.”
Thomas Jefferson to Abigail Adams, 1787.
Charles Willson Peale, Thomas Jefferson, 1791.
Oil on canvas.

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3. Order vs. Freedom: The New Constitution
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Federalists: Strong central government, pro-Constitution
Anti-federalists: individual liberty, anti-Constitution
“What is liberty? The power of governing yourselves. If you
adopt this Constitution, have you this power? No.”
James Lincoln, South Carolina Anti-federalist
Gilbert Stuart, George Washington (the Vaughan Portrait),
1795. Oil on canvas.
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4. The Great Contradiction
“[Slavery] nurtured a spirit of liberty among the free
inhabitants.”
David Ramsay, History of the American Revolution, (1789)
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5. African American Ideas of Freedom
Unknown, Lemuel Haynes, date unknown. Engraving.
“Even an African had as equally good a right to his liberty.”
Lemuel Haynes
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6. Securing Slavery
Edward Savage, The Washington Family, 1789-96.
Oil on canvas.

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7. The Bill of Rights
Gilbert Stuart, George Washington (The Lansdowne
Portrait), 1796. Oil on canvas.
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Bill of Rights (1792)
First ten Amendments to the Constitution:
Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press
Right to keep and bear arms
No quartering of soldiers without consent
Protection against unwarranted searches and seizures
Protection against double jeopardy or self-incrimination; right
to due process of law
Right to trial by jury; other rights of defendants
Jury trials guaranteed in federal civil cases
No excessive bails or cruel and unusual punishment
Acknowledges existence of rights not enumerated in

Constitution
Powers not granted federal government reserved to states or
people
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American Portraits:
John Winthrop and Anne Hutchinson
?
Artist unknown, John Winthrop, ca. 1625. Oil on canvas.
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American Portraits:
John Winthrop and Anne Hutchinson
“For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The
eyes of all people are upon us, so that if we shall deal falsely
with our God in this work we have undertaken, we shall be
made a story and a by-word through the world.”
John Winthrop, “A Modell of Christian Charity,” 1630.
Artist unknown, John Winthrop, ca. 1625. Oil on canvas.

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Professor of History
Attributed to Thomas Smith , Major Thomas Savage, 1679.
Oil on canvas. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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Colonial North America
Timeline: Colonial North America
New France and New Netherland
3. The British Colonies: The Chesapeake
4. The British Colonies: New England
The British Colonies: Middle Atlantic and the Carolinas
6. Slavery, Conflict, and Authority
Attributed to Thomas Smith, Mrs. Richard Patteshall (Martha
Woody) and Child, 1679,

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1. Timeline: Colonial North America
1587 “Lost Colony” established on Roanoke Island
1607 Jamestown founded.
1608 French establish Quebec
1609 Spanish found Santa Fe
1619 First African workers in Virginia; House of Burgesses
meets
1620 Pilgrims found Plymouth Colony
1624 Dutch settle Manhattan
1630 Puritans establish Massachusetts Bay Colony
1636 Roger Williams founds Rhode Island
1642-49 Civil War in England
1660 English monarchy restored; Charles II takes the throne.
1664 English capture New Netherland
1676 Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia
1681 Pennsylvania chartered
1686-89 Dominion of New England
Attributed to Thomas Smith, Portrait of a Man, Probably Sir
George Downing, n.d.
Oil on canvas. Harvard Art Museums.
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2. New France and New Netherland

“Habitation” at Quebec, built by Samuel de Champlain, 1608.
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Map of northeastern New France, Samuel de Champlain,
from his book Voyages de la Nouvelle France, 1632.
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Attributed to Frère Luc, France Bringing the Faith to the
Indians of New France, c. 1675.
Oil on canvas. Musée des Ursulines, Quebec.
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Why did New France flourish with few settlers?
Relationships with Native Americans
Tolerance of native religious practice; Indians need not give up
cultures
Intermarriage with Indians, often lived among them.
Used alliances with Indians against the British.
Canadian couple, post 1750.
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Father Chauchetière Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha,1682-93.
St. Francis Xavier Church, Kanawaké Mohawk Reservation,
Québec.
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Nicolaas Visscher II, New Netherland, c. 1684 (from 1651
map).

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Hendrick Couturier, Peter Stuyvesant, c. 1660.
Oil on wood.
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New Amsterdam now New York on the Island of Man[hattan])
Date depicted: 1650-3. From original watercolor drawing on
paper c. 1670, Royal Archives, The Hague. New York
Municipal Archives.
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John Heaten, overmantel from the Marten Van Bergen House,
Leeds, Greene County, New York, 1732-33.
Oil on wood.
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3. The British Colonies:

The Chesapeake
John White, Map of east coast of North America, c. 1585.
Watercolor. British Museum.
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Chesapeake colonies were business enterprises.Independent to a
large degree from the crown.Isolation from Indians;
“transplantation”Nothing worked out as planned.
The Character of British Colonies
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John Smith, Map of Virginia, 1612.
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Captain John Smith, from his 1614 map of New England.
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Map of James Fort, Virginia, delivered to King Philip II of
Spain in 1608.
Ministerio de Edicación y Cultura de España, Archivo General
de Simancas.
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Simon van de Passe,
Pocahantas, c. 1616.
Engraving.
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4. The British Colonies: New England
Thomas Smith, Self-portrait, c. 1680.
Oil on canvas.
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Artist unknown, John Freake and Elizabeth Freake and Baby
Mary, 1671 and 1674.
Oil on canvas.
5. The British Colonies: Mid-Atlantic, Carolinas
New Amsterdam becomes New York, 1664 (after Duke of York)
New Jersey: Royal charters given; two halves of colony join in
1702.
Pennsylvania and Delaware: Penn receives grant 1682. “Lower
counties” become colony of Delaware, 1703.
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Benjamin West, Penn’s Treaty with the Indians When He
Founded the Province of Pennsylvania in North America, 1771-
72.
Oil on canvas.
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Justus Engelhardt Kuhn, Henry Darnall III as a Child, c. 1710.
Oil on canvas.
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Carolinas:
Royal charters in 1663 and 1665; Colonial Constitution, 1669.
Splits into North and South Carolina in 1729.
Georgia: Founded 1733
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Mulberry Plantation, Moncks Corner, South Carolina, 1714

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Plan of Savannah, Georgia, 1733
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Virginia tobacco advertisement, 18th century.
British Museum, London.
5. Slavery, Conflict, and Authority
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Virginia tobacco advertisement, 18th century.
British Museum, London.
Enslaved Persons in Virginia
Year Number
1625 23
1680 3,000
1700 16,900
1775 210,000

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Sir Peter Lely, Sir William Berkeley, c. 1766.
National Maritime Museum, London
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Ruined tower of 1639 church, Jamestown (oldest remaining
structure).
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The Dominion of New England, 1686-89.
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The new 1691 royal charter for Massachusetts.

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American Portraits: Estevanico
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Antonio Garcia Cubas, Map of New Spain circa 1800, 1885.
Newberry Library, Chicago.
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The Spanish in North America
Timeline: New Spain
The Conquest of Mexico
3. The Search for Other Mexicos
4. New Spain in the Sixteenth Century
5. The Spanish-American Population
6. Encounters in New Mexico: The Seventeenth Century
7. The California Missions: The Eighteenth Century
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1. Timeline: New Spain
1492 First of Columbus’s four voyages
1519-21 Hernan Cortés begins conquest of Aztec Empire;
completed 1521
1535 First Spanish viceroy arrives in Mexico City.
1539 Hernan De Soto explores Florida, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Oklahoma
1540 Coronado explores the Rio Grande region

1565 Spanish drive out French Protestants and found St.
Augustine, Florida
1598 San Juan Pueblo Spanish settlement established in present
New Mexico
1680 Pueblo Revolt; Spanish driven from northern New Mexico
1690s Spanish reconquest of New Mexico
1769-1823 21 missions founded along coastal California
1821 Mexico wins independence from Spain
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2. The Conquest of Mexico
Hernando Cortés in a contemporary portrait. Anonymous banner
of Cortés, 16th century.
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Reconstruction of the main plaza, Tenochtitlan, seat of the

Aztec Empire, c. 1500.
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Syncretism
Anonymous: a leaf from the Codex Borgia, pre-16th century.
Anonymous: the art of featherworking, illustrated in the
Florentine Codex, 1570.
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3. The Search for Other Mexicos
Cabeza de Vaca, 1528-36; Gulf of Mexico to Gulf of
CaliforniaHernando de Soto, 1539-41; Southeastern US to
Mississippi River.Francisco Coronado, 1542; desert southwest
to Kansas plains
Hernando De Soto, after 1542.
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Francisco Pizarro, 1524, 1526. 1535; Panama, Ecuador, Peru,
conquers Incas.

Pedro de Valdivia, 1535; Chile.
Pizarro, c. 1540
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4. New Spain in the Sixteenth Century
Antonio de Mendoza, first Viceroy of New Spain
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Council of the IndiesViceroyalty of New SpainAudiencias;
Presidencias; Captaincies-GeneralEncomienda
“I obey but I do not execute.”
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5. The Spanish-American Population
Native Americans
Imperial Spanish
Creoles
Africans

Mestizos
Casta painting
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6. Encounters in New Mexico
Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico.
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San Estevan, Acoma
Pueblo, New Mexico,1629-42.
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Anonymous, known as the Laguna santero: retablo, San
José, Old Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico, c. 1760-1846.
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Nave, San José, Old Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico, c. 1760-
1846.

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Church of the Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción
Mission, San Antonio, Texas, 1740-55.
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7. The California Missions
Ferdinande Deppe, San Gabriel Mission, ca. 1832 Oil
on canvas.
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Anonymous, Chumash, coiled hat, presented to George
Vancouver at Santa Barbara, 1793.
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American Portraits: Christopher Columbus
World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893
Postcard.
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Alejo Fernandez, detail from The Virgin of the Navigators, ca.
1505-36. Oil on wood.
Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, Christopher Columbus, ca. 1507. Oil on
canvas.
Sebastiano del Piombo, Portrait of a Man, said to be
Christopher Columbus, 1519. Oil on canvas.
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October 10, 1492
They are so affectionate and have so little greed and are in all
ways so amenable that I assure your highnesses that there is in
my opinion no better people and no better land in the world.
They love their neighbors as themselves and their way of
speaking is the sweetest in the world, always gentle and
smiling. Both men and women go naked as their mothers bore
them; but your highnesses must believe me when I say that their
behavior to one another is very good and the king keeps
marvelous state, yet with a certain kind of modesty that is a
pleasure to behold, as is everything else here. They have good
memories and ask to see everything, then inquire what it is and
what it is for.
Christopher Columbus, 1492 Journal
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Oct. 12, 1492
They should be good servants and very intelligent, for I have
observed that they soon repeat anything that is said to them, and
I believe that they would easily be made christians, for they
appeared to me to have no religion. God willing, when I make
my departure I will bring half a dozen of them back to their
Majesties, so that they can learn to speak.

canvas.
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Oct. 14, 1492
…these people are very unskilled in arms, as your Majesties
will discover from the seven whom I have caused to be taken
and brought aboard so that they may learn our language and
return. However, should your Highnesses command it all the
inhabitants could be taken away to Castille or held as slaves on
the island, for with fifty men we could subjugate them all and
make them do whatever we wish. Moreover, near the small
island I have described there are groves of the loveliest trees I
have seen…
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canvas.
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1469 Marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
uniting Spain
1492 Defeat of Moors at Granata
1492 Sponsorship of Columbus’ first voyage to the New
World
1492 Expulsion of Jews
1494 Pope Alexander VI bestows honorific “Catholic King and
Queen” on the Spanish monarchs.
Pedro Berruguete, detail from Saint Dominic Presiding over
Auto-de-Fe, ca. 1495.
Oil on panel. Sacristry of Santo Tomas Church, Avila.
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HIST 180
Survey of American History
Pedro Berruguete, detail from Saint Dominic Presiding over
Auto-de-Fe, ca. 1495.
Oil on panel. Sacristry of Santo Tomas Church, Avila.
*
Encounters in a New World
Images as History
The First Americans
Native Americans in the Age of Contact
4. The World of Ancient Americans
5. Europe in the Age of Exploration
*
1. Images as History
John White, Sketch of the Village of Secotan, Virginia, c. 1585-

87. British Museum.
*
2. The First Americans
*
3. Native Americans in the Age of Contact
Secotan Village Showing Space Utilization, In Theodor De
Bry, Americae pars decima, 1619. Engraving based on a
drawing by John White, 1580s.
*
4. The World of Ancient Americans

John White, Indian Man and
Woman Eating, 1585-86.
Watercolor.
*
After John White, “Their sitting at meate.”
Engraving in Theodore de Bry, A briefe and true report of the
new found land of Virginia, Frankfurt, 1590.
*
5. Europe in the Age of Discovery
World Map, in Cosmographia, Claudius Ptolemaeus. Ulm, 1482.
*

Grigorio Lopez, Vasco de Gama, c. 1524. Oil on canvas.
*
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American Geographical Sites, in Martin Waldeeemuller,
Geographiae Opus Novissima Traductione. Strasbourg, 1513.
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