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Macro 20

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Gale Pooley
Gale Pooley

Macro20

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Macroeconomics Lecture 20 Monetary Policy Chapter 16
Questions?
Two Objectives Unemployment Inflation
Reserve Ratios Reserve Ratio Multiplier United States 3% 33.33 China 17% 5.88 Phillipines 20% 5.00 South Korea 7% 14.29 Japan 0.8% 125.00
Banks Borrow? From each other Federal Funds Rate From the FED Discount Rate
FED Federal Funds Rate 1.25% Discount Rate 1.75% The Discount Rate is usually higher than the Federal Funds Rate
Discount Rate Currently 1.75% Average 4.45% (1950 - 2017)
Federal Funds Rate Currently 1.25% Average 4.90% (1950 - 2017)
Discount Rate and Federal Funds Rate
Price Level Real GDP orY AD-AS Model 18 Long Run Aggregate Supply Short Run Aggregate Supply 19 Aggregate Demand 17 Inflation Monetary Policy - Contract Increase Discount Rate Increase Reserve Ratio Sell Securities Reduces Money Supply
Monetizing the Debt FED buys U.S. Treasuries
Federal Reserve Bank
U.S.Treasury
Bonds for Dollars
Monetizing the Debt New Cash Inflation
Monetizing the Debt New Cash Inflation
Bank Capital The money the bank’s shareholders have put in to the bank
Leverage OPM Other People’s Money
FED
Quantity of Reserves FED Reserve Interest Rate % Supply FED Rate 5% 7% 3% 10 155
Illiquid No cash Net worth to pay debt, but can’t sell quick and without loss Insolvent No cash No net worth to pay debt
Illiquid Assets are frozen
Quantitive Easing Buying lots of other financial instruments. Lots of illiquid assets
Lender of Last Resort Bailouts
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Time to Maturity Interest Rate FED Changes Discount Rate Other Rates Follow
Pattern?
P2 P3 Price Level Real GDP orY AD-AS Model 18 Long Run Aggregate Supply Short Run Aggregate Supply 19 P1 Aggregate Demand 17 Unemployment Inflation Recession
Central Banks Independent Political Pressure Accountable Who do they answer to?
Chapter 17 The Federal Budget: Taxes and Spending
Tax Revenues Income Taxes Social Security Taxes Other
Types Per Head Flat Regressive Progressive
Types Income Sales VAT Property
Deficits and Debt Government Spending and Revenue
Deficit Spending greater than revenue
Balanced Budget Spending exactly equals revenues
Surplus Revenue greater than spending
Debt Accumulated deficits
Debt $15 trillion $45,455 per person
Why would you want government to go into debt? Don’t have to pay Future larger economy
Debt Investment Only if the return is higher than the interest rate
Debt Investment Only if the return is higher than the interest rate
How to reduce deficits Higher taxes Lower spending
Entitlements Guaranteed benefits 1960 - 20% 2017 - 60%
Interest Expense $240 billion 2.0% current rate 6.2% historical 1962-2017
Solution to Debt Economic Growth
Exam 3 Chapters 13-17 Thursday and Friday March 29 and 30

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