What is the difference between a short and long branchSolution.pdf

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What is the difference between a short and long branch? Solution long branch is a form of systematic error whereby distantly related lineages are incorrectly inferred to be closely related. LBA arises when the amount of molecular or morphological change accumulated within a lineage is sufficient to cause that lineage to appear similar (thus closely related) to another long-branched lineage, solely because they have both undergone a large amount of change, rather than because they are related by descent. Such bias is more common when the overall divergence of some taxa results in long branches within a phylogeny. Long-branches are often attracted to the base of a phylogenetic tree, because the lineage included to represent an outgroup is often also long-branched. The frequency of true LBA is unclear and often debated. Although often viewed as a failing of parsimony-based methodology, LBA can result from a variety of scenarios Long branch effects distort maximum.

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Boyd 2014 [16] Record linkage is the process of bringing together data relating to the same individual from within and between different datasets. When a unique person-based identifier exists, linkage can be achieved by simply merging datasets on the identifier. Linkage is the close association of genes or other DNA sequences on the same chromosome. The closer two genes are to each other on the chromosome, the greater the probability that they will be inherited together. The two different types of linkage are: Complete linkage. Incomplete linkage. “Linkage and recombination are the phenomena that describe the inheritance of genes.”

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Chapter 22. Problem 3BCP0 Bookmark Show all steps: ON Problem Eminent Domain. Some Catholic organizations proposed to build a private independent middle school in a run-down neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They asked the Redevelopment Authority of the City of Philadeliphia to acquire specific land for the project and sell it to them for a nominal price. The land indluded a house on North Eighth Street owned by Mary Smith, whose daughter Veronica lived there with her family. The Authority offered Smith $12,000 for the house and initiated a taking of the property. Smith filed a suit in state court against the Authority, admitting that the house was a \"substanbard structure in a blighted area,\" but arguing that the taking was unconstitutional because its beneficiary was private. The Authority asserted that only the public purpose of the taking should be considered, not the status of the property\'s developer. On what basis can a government entity use the power of eminent domain to take property? What are the limits to this power? How should the court rule? Why? (See Limitations on Property Rights.) Step-by-step solutiorn Solution The theory of eminent domain refers to the right of the government to take land for the publc from the private owners of the land in lieu of the compensation. Governmnet entity can take private property if they have valid reasons that the acquistion would give chance to the community to upflit and prosper. As held in Kelo Vs City of New London, the government can seize private land in blightened community for a private company to develop the land into commercial area. It was argued that this wll help in making the area and the land in generating revenue and jobs for the community. The limitation here is that the acquistion should not result in benifit to the particular religion or the particular person. It should benifit comminity as a whole. Here, the court shall rule in favour of the school as although it will be religious school for the one religion, but since proper compensation was paid and community as a whole will get benifitted, they can allow the acquisition of land..

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D Question 11 1 pts A fundamental feature of money that BitCoin fulfills is that it is a O store of value Government backed and controlled currency fiat currency Medium of exchange DQuestion 12 1 pts According to FA Hayak (Macro Follies) and like- minded economists, \"If Prosperity is the goal, the best thing you can do is O Spend O Borrow Save ? Stimulate Solution 11. Medium of exchange Bitcoin fulfils the criterion “medium of exchange” as a rising number of merchants accept it as payment. On the other hand, it performs below par as a unit of account as well as a store of value. 12. Save (he argued > we must save over time > be more conservative with spending).

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COMPUTER ETHICS Discuss the local and global impact of malware and cyber warfare on individuals, organizations, and society. Solution There is a lot of impact of malware and cyber warfare on every individual, organization, and society the hackers uses different malwares in order to get into our system to get the data by sending the malware through the mails and like website popup\'s due to this we are loosing the valuable data in our system like financial transactions, important softwares, credit card details. and coming to globally the cyber warfare has become most threating it means it is also like a war between the two nations by intruding in to the other country systems and getting the data of that country mainly these cyber warfare has done by the terroist,political parties and others by the cyber war fare we are loosing valuable country\'s information like milatary operations, Government secreat operations and other financial details so this malware and cyber warfare has impact on locally as well as globally on every individual, organization, and society..

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You’re helping a group of ethnographers analyze some oral history data they’ve collected by interviewing members of a village to learn about the lives of people who’ve lived there over the past two hundred years. From those interviews, they’ve learned about a set of n people (all of them now deceased), whom we’ll denote P1, P2, . . . , Pn. They’ve also collected facts about when these people lived relative to one another. Each fact has one of the two following forms: • Person Pi died before person Pj was born. • The life spans of Pi and Pj overlapped at least partially. (Here Pi and Pj are two specific people whom the fact is about.) Naturally, they’re not sure that all these facts are correct; memories are not so good, and a lot of this was passed down by word of mouth. So what they’d like you to determine is whether the data they’ve collected is at least internally consistent, in the sense that there could have existed a set of people for which all the facts they’ve learned simultaneously hold. Give an algorithm with polynomial running time to do this: either it should produce proposed dates of birth and death for each of the n people so that all the facts hold true, or it should report (correctly) that no such dates can exist – that is, the facts collected by the ethnographers are not internally consistent. Solution Algorithm: proc create-node( event ) out-adj-list[event] <- empty-list in-degree[event] <- 0 endproc proc create-edge( start, end ) push( out-adj-list[ start ], end ) in-degree[ end ] <- in-degree[ end ] + 1 endproc for p \\in { P_i } create-node( birth[p] ) create-node( death[p] ) create-edge( birth[p], death[p] ) endfor for (p, q) \\in DiedBefore create-edge( death[p], birth[q] ) endfor for (p, q) \\in Coexisted create-edge( birth[p], death[q] ) create-edge( birth[q], death[p] ) endfor eligible-node-list <- empty-list for p \\in { P_i } if in-degree[ birth[p] ] = 0 push(eligible-node-list, birth[p]) endif endfor event-date-separation = 200yrs / (2*|{P_i}|) order <- 0 while eligible-node-list is non-empty event = pop(eligible-node-list) order <- order + 1 dates[ event ] = START_DATE + order * event-date-separation for following-event \\in out-adj-list[event] in-degree[ following-event ] <- in-degree[ following-event ] - 1 if in-degree[ following-event ] = 0 push( eligible-node-list, following-event ) endif endfor endwhile if order < 2*|{P_i}| return INCONSISTENT_DATA else return CONSISTENT_DATA, dates endif.

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