dcn5013

2. UNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITARUNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITAR
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAMJABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH
CHAPTER 7CHAPTER 7
EFFECT OF NOISE POLLUTIONEFFECT OF NOISE POLLUTION
2

3. Upon completion of this course,
student should be able to :
 Explain the effect of noise pollution to humans
 Justify Human Hearing Damage and Hearing Mechanism
 Relate noise pollution with interruption of human communication
 Justify the effect of Human Health and Work Quality
 Explain Acoustics Privacy
 Explain the effect of noise pollution to environment
 Determine the reduction of property loss
 Determine the effect on natural Environment
 Determine the effect on aesthetic values

5. INTRODUCTION OF
MECHANISM
 Humans can generally hear sounds with
frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz.
 Human hearing is able to discriminate small
differences in loudness (intensity) and pitch
(frequency) over that large range of audible
sound.
 Human hearing takes place by a complex
mechanism involving the transformation of
sound waves into nerve impulses

6. HUMAN HEARING MECHANISM
 Hearing is one of the five senses.
 The ear changes sound pressure waves from
the outside world into a signal of nerve
impulses sent to the brain.
 There are five section of the hearing
mechanism work:
a) Outer ear c) Inner ear
b) Middle ear d) Acoustic nerve
e) Central auditory system

8. Outer ear
 The visible portion of the outer ear in humans is
called the auricle or the pinna. It is a convoluted
cup that arises from the opening of the ear canal
on either side of the head.
 The auricle helps direct sound to the ear canal.
Both the auricle and the ear canal amplify and
guide sound waves to the tympanic membrane or
eardrum.
 In humans, amplification of sound ranges from 5
to 20 dB for frequencies within the speech range
(about 1.5–7 kHz). Since the shape and length of
the human external ear preferentially amplifies
sound in the speech frequencies, the external ear
also improves signal to noise ratio for speech
sounds.

9. TELINGA LUAR
Cuping- fungsi
membantu
mengarahkan
bunyi ke dalam
lubang telinga dan
akhirnya menuju
ke gegendang
telinga
Gegendang-
berfungsi sebagai
sempadan dan
hubungkan telinga
luar dan tengah
Lubang telinga
merupakan hasil
susunan tulang dan
rawan yang dilapisi
kulit tipis
Bentuk rumit telinga luar-fungsi untuk menangkap bunyi
Dalam saluran(lubang telinga) terdapat banyak kelenjar yang
menghasilkan zat seperti lilin yang disebut serumen atau tahi
telinga.
Hanya bahagian saluran yang menghasilkan sedikit serumen
yang
memiliki rambut

10. Middle ear
 The eardrum is stretched across the front of a bony air-
filled cavity called the middle ear. Just as the tympanic
membrane is like a drum head, the middle ear cavity is
like a drum body.
 Much of the middle ear's function in hearing has to do
with processing sound waves in air surrounding the
body into the vibrations of fluid within the cochlea of the
inner ear. Sound waves move the tympanic membrane,
which moves the ossicles, which move the fluid of the
cochlea.

11. TELINGA TENGAH
Tulang tukul (mealus)
Tulang rakap(stapes) tulang terkecil di tubuh
Tulang andas
(indus)
tiub Eustachio
-berfungsi agar tekanan
udara di luar dan di
dalam telinga seimbang
Bahagian telinga tengah ialah bahagian yang terkecil atau
sempadannya yang
tersempit antara bahagian-bahagian telinga.
FUNGSI:
tulang-tulang
tersebut
memainkan
peranan
menghantar
bunyi ke te ling a
dalam .
Rongga telinga tengah,
iaitu rongga yang berisi
udara.

12. Inner ear
 The inner ear consists of the cochlea
and several non-auditory
structures.
 The cochlea has three fluid-filled
sections, and supports a fluid wave
driven by pressure across the
basilar membrane separating two of
the sections.
- Cochlear duct or scala media,
contains an extracellular fluid
similar in composition to
endolymph
- Endolymph, which is usually
found inside of cells.
Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the cochlea

13. TELINGA DALAM
Salur bulat
Salur separuh bulat- fungsi
sebagai Organ-organ
keseimbangan(tidak telibat
dalam pendengaran)
Saraf auditori-bertugas
menghantar implus yang
diterima daripada koklea
ke
otak untuk ditafsirkan.
Jendela oval
Koklea –
Berbentuk spiral dan berisi cairan
berfungsi untuk menukarkan getaran yang diterima
kepada
impuls untuk dihantar ke otak melalui saraf auditori
dikenali juga sebagai deria pendengaran sebenar.
Organ terpenting
pendengaran

14. Central auditory system
 This sound information, now re-encoded, travels
down the auditory nerve, through parts of the
brainstem (for example, the cochlear nucleus
and inferior colliculus), further processed at
each waypoint. The information eventually
reaches the thalamus, and from there it is
relayed to the cortex. In the human brain, the
primary auditory cortex is located in the
temporal lobe.

15. ACOUSTIC NERVE
 Signal from these hair cells are translated into
nerve impulses.
 The nerve impulses are transmitted to the
brain by the cochlear portion of the acoustic
nerve (cranial nerve).
 The acoustic nerve carries impulses from the
cochlea to a relay station in the mid – brain,
the cochlear nuclear.

16. PROSES PENDENGARAN
Bunyi diterima oleh
cuping telinga
Bunyi dihantar ke
salur auditori
Gegendang telinga
bergetarkan apabila
menerima bunyi
Tulang-tulang osikal
kuatkan bunyi untuk
dihantar ke koklea
Koklea
menerima bunyi
Sel-sel rerambut
koklea
dirangsangkan
Impuls dihantar
melalui saraf
auditori ke otak
Rangsangan ditafsirkan
oleh otak

17. Noise has many effects on
humans, including:
 Communication interference
 Sleep disruption
 Acoustic privacy
 Noise on performance
 Other effects

18. Noise pollution can have a considerable effect
on communication. Many factors contribute to
the effect of noise on communication
interference, including :
 Similar frequency
 Higher ratio
 Culture factor
 Age of the people involved
 Situational factors

19. Noise interference with speech can lead to a large
number of problems including:
 Hearing difficulties
 Lack of
concentration
 Fatigue
 Uncertainty
 Lack of self-
confidence
 Irritation
 Misunderstanding
 Decreased work
capacity
 Human relation
problems
 Learning difficulties
 Aggression
 Stress-related
reactions
 Behavioral problems

21. Uninterrupted sleep is known to be a
prerequisite for good physiologic and mental
functioning in healthy individuals.
Environmental noise is one of the major causes
of disturbed sleep. When sleep disruption
becomes chronic, the results are :
 Mood changes
 Decrements in performance
 Long-term effects on health and well-being.

22. The primary sleep disturbance
effects are:
 Difficulty in falling asleep (increased sleep
latency time)
 Awakenings
 Alterations of sleep stages or depth,
especially a reduction in the proportion of
REM-sleep
(REM = rapid eye movement)

23. Other primary physiological effects can also
be induced by noise during sleep, including:
 Increased blood pressure
 Increased heart rate
 Increased pulse amplitude
 Vasoconstriction
 Changes in respiration
 Cardiac arrhythmias
 Increased body movement

24. Sleep disturbance by noise is
affected by:
 Characteristics of the noise
 Type of stimulus
 The stage of sleep
 Individual variables

26. ACOUSTICS PRIVACY
Acoustics privacy effect of the change to an
individual due to changes in the sound at a
time. These symptoms occur due to changes
in sound level that occurs suddenly. Acoustics
privacy effects can be felt by the
individual concerned

27. THE EFFECTS OF ACOUSTICS
PRIVACY
• Mental changes, the individual will be under
pressure, loss of concentration (not
known by others).
• Changes in attitude that is depressed,
irritable and rampage.
• Changes in performance is the quality of work
quality is affected.

28. EXAMPLE OF ACOUSTICS
PRIVACY
 Ordinary people working in the office will have
a acoustics privacy
when working in noisy factory environment.
 Students are studying will have acoustics
privacy music when installing
roommate who is very strong.

29. Acoustic comfort for everyone

31. EFFECT NOISE POLLUTION TO ENVIRONEMNT
 Noise is really any unwanted sound, some sound
that isn't natural to given environment and it causes
disturbance to not only natural processes but can
also cause harm to human society.
 Noise pollution can become big environmental
problem in some areas.
 It is not only stressful to many animals but can also
cause the problems in predator/prey relation and
detection, and even lead to different reproduction
problems.

32.  Exposure too much noise can lead to stress,
aggression, sleep disturbance, hearing loss, and
different other psychological issues.
 The most common source of noise pollution is
transportation, in form of motor vehicles.
 Some other sources like car alarms, emergency
service sirens, office equipment, factory machinery,
and construction work, barking dogs, power tools,
lighting hum, different audio systems, loudspeakers
and noisy people can also cause noise pollution but
motor vehicles are globally speaking dominant
source of noise pollution.

33.  1) Hearing Impairment
 Hearing impairment is typically defined as an
increase in the threshold of hearing as clinically
assessed by audiometry. Impaired hearing may
come from the workplace, from the community, and
from a variety of other causes (eg, trauma, ototoxic
drugs, infection, and heredity).
 Noise induced hearing impairment may be
accompanied by abnormal loudness perception
(loudness recruitment), distortion (paracusis), and
tinnitus.

34.  2) Sleep Disturbances
 Environmental noise is one of the major causes of disturbed
sleep. When sleep disruption becomes chronic, the results
are mood changes, decrements in performance, and other
long-term effects on health and well-being.
 Much recent research has focused on noise from aircraft,
roadways, and trains. It is known, for example, that
continuous noise in excess of 30 dB disturbs sleep.
 The primary sleep disturbances are difficulty falling asleep,
frequent awakenings, waking too early, and alterations in
sleep stages and depth, especially a reduction in REM sleep.

35.  Secondary effects (so-called after effects) measured
the following day include fatigue, depressed mood
and well-being, and decreased performance.
 Decreased alertness leading to accidents, injuries,
and death has also been attributed to lack of sleep
and disrupted circadian rhythms.
 Long-term psychosocial effects have been related to
nocturnal noise. Noise annoyance during the night
increases total noise annoyance for the following 24
hours. Particularly sensitive groups include the
elderly, shift workers, persons vulnerable to
physical or mental disorders, and those with sleep
disorders.

36.  3) Cardiovascular Disturbances
 A growing body of evidence confirms that noise pollution has both
temporary and permanent effects on humans (and other mammals) by
way of the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems.
 It has been postulated that noise acts as a nonspecific biologic
stressor eliciting reactions that prepare the body for a fight or flight
response.
 For this reason, noise can trigger both endocrine and autonomic
nervous system responses that affect the cardiovascular system and
thus may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. These effects
begin to be seen with long-term daily exposure to noise levels above
65 dB or with acute exposure to noise levels above 80 to 85 dB.

37. DETERMINE THE REDUCTION OF PROPERTY
LOSS
 The effect of noise on property values can drop in property values​​
located near the source​​ . Linked to a fall in property values usually​​
are caused by the noise of vehicles, but this effect is related only
to the value of a home. However, the impact on the reduction in
property value may be more influenced by their own humanity.
 For example, the placement of property in a location that is
considered special as close to center city or an area with public
facilities may be able to overcome the loss due to noise.
Therefore, its value will not decrease even if there is noise due to
the higher priority given to the factor of public facilities.

38.  The factor :
 Noise Traffic
- noise caused by transport can be divided into three main sources is
traffic, aircraft and train.
- Factor that influence of traffic noise :
a) Structure of road and types of road :
- The road made from concrete will effect 5dBA noise pollution.
- Wet road will also make a noise pollution more than a dry road.
b) Speed of vehicles :
- The more the speed of a vehicle, the more noise will the vehicle made.

39. c) The ratio of trucks routes:
- If there are more trucks through the road, the noises will increase.
- Because trucks is the most noisy vehicles on the roads.

40. d) Factor of weather :
- The factor of weather depends on the temperature and wind.
- Overseas studies shows that, the temperature can make a changes
for a noise pollution about 20 dBA (maximum), while wind can
changes about 30 dBA.
e) Reflection from buildings :
- Noises from the road, can reflect to the wall from buildings that are
constructed near from the road.

41.  Aeroplanes
- Noise from aeroplane is the most significant for community live
near the airport.
- Noise of aeroplane depends on the types of aeroplanes, engine and
the maintenance of the aeroplane.
 Train
- The problem of this types noise pollution is the most significant for
community who lives in rural areas that are usually had a
railways near from their house.
- The noise is made up from the wheels and the railways.
- The noise is also made from the wissel of the train.
- The noise also changes depends on the types, and structure of
railways.

42. Determine the effect on natural environment
Noise pollution on marine life
 Ship engine, seismic air guns , and advanced military sonars
are making the world’s seas and ocean so noisy that they
threaten the lives of marine animals that rely on sound,
wildlife.
 Ship engines, seismic air guns, and advanced military
sonars are making the world's seas and oceans so noisy that
they threaten the lives of marine animals that rely on sound.
 One growing concern is the use of seismic air guns, devices
towed behind a ship that produce an acoustic pulse, used to
detect oil and gas reserves beneath the seabed

43. Effect of noise pollution on air
 A flying airplane produces harsh
reverberating sounds with the use of
several air pollutants that can directly
affect the Earth’s climate system. As these
airplanes emit nerve wracking sounds the
aircraft likewise emits pollutants from its
engine exhausts.

44. Effect of noise pollution on Land
and on Sea
On Land
 Automobiles, trains, and farm tractors immediately affect our
physical well-being, not only by the intrusive sounds that can
cause hearing impairment and hypertensions.
 The intensity of the noise pollution we hear connotes that
these vehicles and equipment are in motion and therefore
pumping more carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere,
at the highest level.
 as autos, smaller trucks, buses and motorcycles wait it out in
the heavy traffic, these vehicles continuously emit both
noise, and air pollutants as motors and exhaust systems are
kept running.

45. On the sea
 Other studies concerning boat noises, seismic
testing, and other offshore developments provide
leads that they are also possible causes in the
disruption of marine ecology.
 noise pollution remediable by soundproofing
materials, noise barriers, and white noise machines
or simply moving out of the city carries a far
greater significance in terms of environmental
pollution

46. The effect noise pollution on aesthetic value
 Noise Pollution can be decrease aesthetic value of property which is
located close with their causes.
 Main cause a fall in property values usually are caused by the noise of
vehicles, but this effect is related only to the value of a home, while the
property for industrial or commercial, the reverse may occur because of
factors accessibility.

47. EFFECT NOISE POLLUTION ON AESTHETIC VALUE
1.In Los Angeles. Properties (land) that are exposed to jet noise
at Los Angeles International Airport have been diminished in
value between 10-20% (McValue, in Bragdon, 1975).
2.In the United States has proposed that the decline in house
prices of 0.4% for each increase in noise level of 1 dBA if the
property (land) is exposed to traffic noise (Pearce and Friends,
1984).

48. 3. In Canada, residential zone are located near the rail, the price home will
declined as compared to 500 to 1000 feet from the runway.
4.In Sacramento, California home that adjacent to the highway would take
10 months to sell compared to houses are located far from the highway.

49. THE EFFECT NOISE POLLUTION ON AESTHETIC
VALUE
 HOWEVER,
the impact on
the reduction
of land value
of property
may be more
influenced by
the human
factor itself.
 HOWEVER,
the impact on
the reduction
of land value
of property
may be more
influenced by
the human
factor itself.
EXAMPLE
The placement of property in a location
that is considered special as close to centre
city or an area with public facilities may
be able to overcome the loss due to noise.
Therefore, its value will not decrease even
if there is noise due to the higher priority
given to the factor of public facilities.
The placement of property in a location
that is considered special as close to centre
city or an area with public facilities may
be able to overcome the loss due to noise.
Therefore, its value will not decrease even
if there is noise due to the higher priority
given to the factor of public facilities.
Studies in New York showed that home
buyers facing the main road or highway
Long Island is willing to pay a higher
price for the house despite having to face
the problem of noise. This selection is
made for the area allows travel faster and
can avoid traffic congestion. (James
1977).
Studies in New York showed that home
buyers facing the main road or highway
Long Island is willing to pay a higher
price for the house despite having to face
the problem of noise. This selection is
made for the area allows travel faster and
can avoid traffic congestion. (James
1977).