1. Disorders
This part of book:
Afflictions which are not
caused by a pathogen.
Disorders can be grouped
into three major types:
2. Inherited disorders
• The direct result of an inherited gene (as in
hemophilia, PKU, or sickle-cell anemia or an
inherited tendency for a disorder (as may be the
case for diabetes).
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
3. Injuries
• Caused by physical
damage to the body,
injuries may be
temporary (as a
bruise or minor
cut), or permanent
(as the loss of a leg
or eye. Burns,
broken bones,
sprained joints,
concussion, and
some hearing and
vision defects are
the results of
injuries.
4. Organic Disorders
• These condition are not inherited or caused by injury.
A deficiency disease results from improper
nourishment such as the lack of a vitamin or mineral.
• Chemical poisoning and radiation sickness result from
environmental factors.
• Strokes, ulcers, blood clots in the vessels, types of
hardening of the arteries, kidney stones, gallstones
and many nervous disorders are caused by unknown
or only partially understood factors.
• Two organic disorders: benign tumors and cancer
5. Benign Tumors
• Occasionally a group of cells stops functioning normally
and grows a structure different from the tissue of
which it is part.
• This abnormal growth of cells is called a tumor.
• If the growth is slow and localized, it is called benign.
• Some examples of benign tumors are common brown
moles and certain birthmarks.
• Some grow to a certain size and stop; others expand
slowly, exerting pressure on the surrounding tissues.
7. Cancer
• If the growth of a tumor is rapid and chaotic it is called
a malignant tumor.
• It is often called a cancer
• The nuclei in the cancer cells are larger and often
contain more DNA, and cell growth and reproduction
are more rapid than in normal tissue or benign tumors.
• Bizarre appearance and may even have an abnormal
number of chromosomes
8. Cancer
• Cancer cells may be separate and travel to
other parts of the body, starting new
tumors.
• Who gets what kinds of cancer also
depends a great deal on their genetic
make-up. Certain cells in some people are
naturally resistant to some forms of cancer.
9. • Both benign and malignant tumors may occur anywhere in the body.
To diagnose which type of tumor is present, a doctor performs a
biopsy.
• In a biopsy a sample of tissue from the tumor is removed and sent to
a pathologist, a specialist in diseased tissues.
• The specimen is analyzed microscopically to determine if it is benign
or malignant.
