1. Commentary
Health economics and outcomes research fellowship
practices reviewed
Kangho Suh, Pharm.D., M.S.a
, Susan Gabriel, M.Sca
,
Michelle A. Adams, B.S.J., M.A.b
, Steve Arcona, PhD.a,*
a
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
b
Write All, Inc., Sonoma, CA, USA
Summary
The guidelines for health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) fellowship training programs devised
by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) and the International Society of Pharmacoeco-
nomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) suggest that continuous improvements are made to ensure that
postgraduate training through didactic and professional experiences prepare fellows for HEOR research
careers. The HEOR Fellowship Program at Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation was standardized to
enhance the fellows’ HEOR research understanding and align professional skill sets with the ACCP-ISPOR
Fellowship Program Guidelines. Based on feedback from an internal task force comprised of HEOR
employees and current and former fellows, the HEOR Fellowship Program was normatively and
qualitatively assessed to evaluate the current curricular program. Fellowship program activities were
instituted to ensure that the suggested minimum level requirements established by the guidelines were being
met. Research opportunities enabling fellows to work hand-in-hand with other fellows and HEOR
professionals were emphasized. Curricular enhancements in research methodology and professional training
and development, and materials for a structured journal club focusing on specific methodological and
HEOR research topics were developed. A seminar series (e.g., creating SMART Goals, StrengthsFinder 2.0)
and professional courses (e.g., ISPOR short courses, statistics.com) were included to enhance the fellows’
short- and long-term professional experience. Additional program attributes include an online reference li-
brary developed to enrich the current research facilities and a Statistical Analysis Software training program.
Continuously assessing and updating HEOR fellowship programs keeps programs up-to-date in the latest
HEOR concepts and approaches used to evaluate health care, both professionally and educationally.
Ó 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Pharmacoeconomics; Health economics; Outcomes research; Fellowship; Program curriculum; Guidelines;
Improvements
Previous content presentation: The content of this editorial was presented at the Academy of Managed Care
Pharmacy (AMCP) 26th Annual Meeting, April 1–4, 2014, Tampa, FL.
* Corresponding author. Outcomes Research Methods & Analytics, US Health Economics & Outcomes Research,
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936-1080, USA. Tel.: þ1 862 778 5716,
þ1 862 246 0615 (mobile); fax: þ1 973 781 8265.
E-mail address: steve.arcona@novartis.com (S. Arcona).
1551-7411/$ - see front matter Ó 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2014.07.006
Research in Social and
Administrative Pharmacy 11 (2015) 280–287

2. The need for health economics professionals
In an era of cost-conscious health care, a vital
need exists for experts and professionals who are
skilled in the analysis of health economics data
and adept at interpreting and using data for
health care decision-making.1
Health economics
and outcomes research (HEOR) is utilized by a
diverse group of individuals (i.e., pharmacists,
physicians, economists, academicians, hospital
administrators) from numerous health care set-
tings, each playing an important role in opti-
mizing patient care.2
HEOR professionals use
evidence about the efficacy and effectiveness of
health care interventions to inform medical
decision-makers. This is accomplished through
the use of various methods including economic
modeling and comparative effectiveness research
(CER). The purpose of these efforts is to gain a
better understanding of the value of these inter-
ventions. Reflective of these health care trends
and needs, the demand for HEOR fellowship pro-
grams and expertise has increased significantly
over the past decade.1–3
Industry-sponsored HEOR fellowship programs
Growing from a program initiated at Glaxo
Wellcome, Inc. in 1989, HEOR fellowship
programs are now found in a diverse range of
fields, including pharmaceutical, academia, and
managed care organizations (MCOs), with phar-
maceutical companies as a prominent locale for
postgraduate HEOR education and training.2–5
HEOR fellowship programs provide training
and hands-on experience in a broad-range of
health economics, outcomes research, and CER.
These programs are structured to allow the fellow
to gain proficiency in the field of HEOR, and
CER as conducted in academic, MCOs, and hos-
pital, health policy, and pharmaceutical industry
settings. Common HEOR programs feature
organizational characteristics such as a salaried,
two-year program conducted in academic and
pharmaceutical site locations and educational
program features including professional and
research skills taught and experienced in economic
analysis and methodologies, research design and
methods, software application, data management,
project management work, and exposure to
HEOR design and analysis.1,6,7
To assist in the refinement and assessment of
HEOR fellowship programs, the American Col-
lege of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) developed its
first set of guidelines for HEOR fellowship
programs in 1999.2
In ensuing years, studies
were undertaken to examine the structure, educa-
tional objectives, and effectiveness of existing
HEOR fellowship programs from the perspective
of current and former fellows and preceptors.2
Among the findings, studies reported significant
variations in preceptor qualifications and the
amount of time devoted to HEOR experiential
activities and didactic coursework.1,2
One study
reported results from a Web-based survey of fel-
lows who had completed an HEOR fellowship be-
tween 1999 and 2001. Researchers reported on the
overall limitations found in HEOR fellowship
programs throughout the United States,1
and
their findings support the need for refinement
of these programs to include specific curricular
suggestions ensuring program effectiveness (i.e.,
didactic coursework, outcome assessment).1,2
ACCP-ISPOR recommended HEOR fellowship
guidelines
In 2008, ACCP collaborated with the Interna-
tional Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Out-
comes Research (ISPOR) to revise and refine its
guidelines for HEOR fellowship programs.2
Rec-
ommendations from ACCP and ISPOR members,
as well as a review of the existing ACCP guidelines
for clinical research training programs, formed the
basis for the revised guidelines. Overarching areas
of the ACCP Guidelines delineated in the 2008
published guidelines were related to the require-
ments of any HEOR fellowship program and
what the fellow should be experiencing profes-
sionally during a fellowship.
Per the ACCP-ISPOR recommendations,
HEOR fellowship programs should generally
include a minimum of 3000 hours of training
(R80% of fellow’s time) devoted to HEOR
research-related activities over at least 2 years, a
training plan with goals and objectives developed
and documented prior to initiation of fellowship,
formal instruction in HEOR-related topics,
assignment to a team of preceptors and/or a
primary advisor, exposure to ample resources for
conducting research, and a standardized plan for
the evaluation of fellows, preceptors, and pro-
grams upon fellowship program completion.2
Fellows should participate in at least one, but
preferably multiple scholarly projects (e.g., litera-
ture reviews, dossier development, prospective
and retrospective studies, economic modeling).
Through a combination of didactic and structured
supervised experiences, fellows should also
281Suh et al. / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 11 (2015) 280–287

3. actively partake in all aspects of the research
process, learn multiple methods of measuring
clinical outcomes, and gain proficiency in various
methods of measuring economic outcomes and
patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Finally,
through the collection of experiences offered in a
fellowship program, fellows should develop an
understanding of the multifaceted aspects of the
health care delivery system, enhance their current
level of oral and written communication skills,
and regularly contribute and be a part of journal
clubs, research workshops, and/or seminars.2
The development of Novartis’ HEOR fellowship
program
Since 1994, the HEOR Fellowship Program at
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation has had
relationships with many academic sites.c
During
their first year of study, fellows receive didactic
academic training in HEOR-related areas; in
the second year, fellows gain professional and
practical research experience from participation
in the HEOR Fellowship Program at Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation located in East
Hanover, NJ.
Novartis’ HEOR fellowship program
characteristics
The HEOR Fellowship Program at Novartis is
operated by the US HEOR department and
coordinated by the Outcomes Research Methods
& Analytics (ORMA) group within US HEOR.
Training and hands-on experience are provided in
a broad range of HEOR and CER topics to better
prepare fellows for a career in the pharmaceutical
and biopharmaceutical industries. The program’s
structure enables fellows to apply competencies
gained in HEOR and simulate the responsibilities
and activities of full-time HEOR industry
employees.
Fellows are assigned to a therapeutic area (TA)
specifically chosen to foster and enhance their
professional skills and interests. Within a fellow’s
assigned TA, professional experience is cultivated
and developed in relation to HEOR knowledge
(e.g., types of research studies, economic
modeling), project management skills, and cross-
functional medical and business exposure.
Throughout their year, they gain experience
from the beginning stages of HEOR projects
(e.g., literature review, protocol writing) to the
publication processes, such as developing and
submitting abstracts and manuscripts. Fellows
work with an array of experts in addition to their
primary preceptor in order to enable a cross-
functional team experience.
The enhancement of Novartis’ HEOR fellowship
program
In an effort to align the HEOR Fellowship
Program at Novartis with the ACCP-ISPOR–
recommended fellowship guidelines, an internal
task force comprised of HEOR employees was
assembled to assess the existing HEOR Fellow-
ship Program in a normative and qualitative
manner.d
The primary objective of the task force
was to ensure that the fellowship program was
fully aligned with ACCP-ISPOR guidelines set
for HEOR fellowship programs. An additional
purpose for enhancing the HEOR Fellowship
Program at Novartis was to standardize the
second-year postgraduate professional experience.
Structural and curricular assessment and
advancements
Current and past fellows were interviewed and
surveyed to determine the differences in their
fellowship experiences. The HEOR Fellowship
Program was reviewed against the ACCP-
ISPOR guidelines to identify any potential op-
portunities to strengthen the program. The task
force identified areas for structural and curricular
enhancements, and developmental plans were
subsequently operationalized and applied. After
assessing the interviews given by previous fellows,
an inconsistency in fellows having different types
of project experience was noted. This was not due
to the HEOR Fellowship Program in general, but
mainly due to project experience being dependent
on which TA a fellow was placed into and where
medications in that TA were in the drug life cycle.
c
Currently, the following schools have affiliations primarily in the first-year postgraduate program: The Health Out-
comes and Pharmacy Practice Division, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, in conjunction with Scott &
White Health Plan, Temple, TX; The Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland,
Baltimore, MD; Jefferson School of Population Health at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and The
School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
d
The internal task force was comprised of a small group of full-time HEOR employees, a senior fellow, and an
external consultant.
282 Suh et al. / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 11 (2015) 280–287

4. As shown in Table 1, basic professional experi-
ence and skills were enhanced and corresponded to
the suggested minimum level of research and
managerial project work established by the
ACCP-ISPOR joint guidelines.2
As indicated in
Table 1, certain professional seminars and pro-
gram features directly related to the daily activities
of the fellows are currently being implemented and
will be completely integrated into the HEOR
Fellowship Program by July 2015. For example,
the fellows are expected to write a research proto-
col and submit it for internal review by the end of
the HEOR Fellowship Program. Additionally, the
HEOR Fellowship Program directors and precep-
tors support continual improvements implemented
as needed and wherever possible. Descriptions for
each activity, developed materials, and/or con-
cepts mentioned will be summarized in the sections
that follow.
HEOR fellowship program advancements
Many of the overarching curricular aspects of
the formerly structured HEOR Fellowship Pro-
gram at Novartis were in place prior to the
program assessment step; however, formalizing
and adjusting certain activities and materials
established a more structured HEOR Fellowship
Program. This section details the types of activ-
ities and materials implemented and presents the
current status and structure of the HEOR Fellow-
ship Program at Novartis.
Orientation activities and materials
The HEOR Fellowship Program at Novartis
commences with an Orientation Meeting. Orien-
tation activities and materials are designed
to familiarize fellows with Novartis and its inter-
nal structure and are distributed during the
Orientation Meeting. At this time, fellows are
introduced to the HEOR departmental structures,
other new fellows, their HEOR counterparts,
and the specifics related to their HEOR-ORMA
experience.
A valuable tool for fellows that is distributed is
the HEOR Fellow User’s Manual that includes all
program materials to be used throughout the
program. A Fellowship Checklist is among the
important documents provided to fellows, serving
as a key roadmap for tasks and to assist in guiding
fellows through the upcoming year’s events (i.e.,
key professional milestones and monthly tasks to
complete). An administrative topic covered during
the Orientation Meeting is reimbursement
procedures related to each academic site as well
as those of Novartis.
Methods-based and HEOR TA department projects
Because the HEOR Fellowship Program at
Novartis is coordinated by ORMA, fellows have a
unique opportunity to work with professional
methods-focused researchers in the ORMA group
and HEOR professionals in the assigned TA
department. Within US HEOR, the ORMA
group serves as an internal data analytics consul-
ting team. Some of the fellowship work completed
by the fellows is supported and guided by ORMA.
This professional experience with ORMA helps to
bridge any methodological knowledge gaps and
serves to augment the fellows’ professional HEOR
experience.
Methods-based HEOR projects with ORMA
With the guidance and supervision of the
ORMA group, HEOR project assignments expose
fellows to a variety of methodologies, operational
documents, and other HEOR-related materials
(i.e., early products vs in-line projects, methods-
only projects and publications). Some of these
projects include the development of abstracts,
posters, and/or oral presentations to be presented
at annual congresses, the publication-planning
experience, anddmore specificallydmanuscript
development. If possible, ORMA-specific projects
assigned to fellows correspond with the fellow’s
designated TA and are tailored to the needs of the
TA and each fellow.
HEOR projects with assigned TA
Within the fellow’s assigned TA, professional
experience is fostered and enhanced in terms of
HEOR knowledge, project management skills,
and cross-functional medical and business expo-
sure. HEOR exposures gained during the
fellowship-assigned TA experience include, but
are not limited to: literature reviews, the publica-
tion process (e.g., the development of abstracts,
posters and/or oral presentations, and manu-
scripts), retrospective studies (e.g., claims data-
base analyzes and medical record reviews), and
various types of economic modeling. Actual
experiences may vary based on the product line
and/or TA. These capabilities correspond to the
suggested minimum level of research and mana-
gerial project work established by ACCP-ISPOR
Guidelines.2
283Suh et al. / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 11 (2015) 280–287

5. Table 1
ACCP-ISPOR Fellowship requirements, established practices, and advancements in the HEOR fellowship program
ACCP-ISPOR fellowship requirements2
HEOR fellowship program
established practices
HEOR fellowship program
advancementsa
Professional seminars and program
features (2015)a,d
A minimum of 3000 h of training
devoted to HEOR research-related
activities over 2 years
Established second-year postgraduate
HEOR fellowship site since 1994 in
conjunction with 4 first-year academic
fellowship sitesb
A training plan with developed goals
and objectives, documented prior
to initiation of fellowship
Informal Meet-and-Greet 1) Formalized fellowship Orientation
Meeting
2) At the Orientation Meeting, distri-
bution and completion of fellowship
checklist, and writing SMART Goals
Seminare
1) Professional Goal Setting via
StrengthsFinder 2.0 Seminar
2) Overview of current HEOR job
market and search preparation
programd,e
Instruction in HEOR-related topics 1) Methods Journal Club led by
ORMAc
2) Lunch-n-Learns
3) Involvement in TA-HEOR-related
activities
Accomplished by revamping,
restructuring, or initiating the
following:
1) Methods Journal Club led by fellowsc
2) Fellowship Forum
3) HEOR-focused lunch-n-Learns
4) Involvement in TA and ORMA
HEOR-related activities
5) Short courses at ISPOR and other
applicable venues
6) Online training courses
7) In-house, hands-on SAS basic
training
8) Introduction to complex survey
analysis
1) Developing Great Research
Questions Seminard
2) Writing Research Protocols/
Informed Consent Forms Seminard
3) Writing Manuscripts & Working
with External Medical Writers
Seminard
4) AMCP Dossier Development
Seminard
5) Working under FDAMA Section 114
Seminar
6) Developing Slide Decks for Oral
Presentations & Scientific Posters
Seminard
7) Business Presentation Skills Seminard
A team of preceptors and/or a primary
advisor
TA preceptors ORMA mentors
Ample resources for conducting research Methods Journal Clubc
Fellow’s User Manual 1) SharePoint online library
2) Fellowship Forum
3) HEOR lunch-n-Learns
4) Involvement in TA-HEOR-related
activities
284Suhetal./ResearchinSocialandAdministrativePharmacy11(2015)280–287

6. Cross-departmental HEOR fellowship program
activities and seminars
Professional and HEOR training seminars and
recurring fellowship activities that reflect ACCP-
ISPOR recommendations have been designed to
provide fellows with relevant, real-world experi-
ence and learning (Table 2 and Table 3). One of
the key opportunities for fellows that accent their
HEOR knowledge is the Methods Journal Club.
Prior to the program advancements, ORMA facil-
itators prepared materials for the bi-weekly event;
however, currently, fellows are asked to opera-
tionalize and structure the meeting, and to facili-
tate the learning and sharing of important
HEOR topics. The key seminars and professional
learning activities build accountability into the
HEOR Fellowship Program at Novartis, ensuring
that fellows are given ample opportunity to
develop the necessary level of expertise in
HEOR (Tables 2 and 3).
Other professional enhancement opportunities
An annual stipend enables fellows to accom-
plish professional enhancement and training from
a comprehensive list of courses, which are avail-
able at universities and various annual confer-
ences. An internal training in Statistical Analysis
Software (SAS), led by ORMA analysts and
programmers, is provided to familiarize fellows
with claims data, the logic of using claims data,
how to use SAS to create analytic files for
analysis, as well as basic analyzes and outputs.
Fellows are also encouraged to attend a course at
one of the many SAS Institute locations during
their first-year academic studies.
The importance of ‘professionalizing’ HEOR
fellowship programs
Fellowship programs often serve as internal
“feeder systems” for new and vacant positions
within an organization by providing talent from
an existing pool that can contribute immediately
to the needs within a company, MCO, or aca-
demic, hospital or clinical setting.1–4,8
Melillo and
colleagues9
reported that 93.2% of fellowship
graduates (n ¼ 233) accepted employment within
the industry field upon completing their training,
with 84.8% (n ¼ 212) specifically mentioning
employment in the pharmaceutical or biopharma-
ceutical industry. In this descriptive analysis of
postgraduate pharmacy fellowship programs,
other job settings included retail pharmacy
Systemicplanforevaluationoffellows,
preceptors,andprogram
Recurring1:1meetingswithfellowship
directorandTApreceptortoassess
fellows
Post-programfellowsurveyRotatingHEORgrouptoassistwith
annualprograme
ACCP,AmericanCollegeofClinicalPharmacy;ISPOR,InternationalSocietyforPharmacoeconomicsandOutcomesResearch;HEOR,healtheconomicsandoutcomes
research;hrs,hours;SMART,specific,measurable,attainable,realistic,andtimely;ORMA,OutcomesResearchMethods&Analytics;TA,therapeuticarea;AMCP,Acad-
emyofManagedCarePharmacy;FDAMA,FoodandDrugAdministrationModernizationAct;ISPOR,InternationalSocietyforPharmacoeconomicsandOutcomes
Research.
a
Descriptionsforeachactivity,developedmaterials,and/orconceptsmentionedarefoundsummarizedinthefollowingsections.
b
First-yearfellowshipsitesareScott&WhiteHealthPlan,Temple,TXandTheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX;DepartmentofPharmaceuticalHealthSer-
vicesResearch,UniversityofMaryland,Baltimore,MD;JeffersonSchoolofPopulationHealthatThomasJeffersonUniversity,Philadelphia,PA,andRutgersUniversity,
NewBrunswick,NJ.
c
TheMethodsJournalClubwasformerlyledbytheORMAteamandisnowoperationalizedandrunbythefellows.
d
Tobeimplementedby2015.
e
Tailoredtoeachfellowbasedontheirprofessionalgoalsandcareerobjectivesandhandledina1:1basis.
285Suh et al. / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 11 (2015) 280–287

7. (0.8%, n ¼ 2), MCOs (1.2%, n ¼ 3), hospital or
clinical pharmacy (1.6%, n ¼ 4), and academia
(3.2%, n ¼ 8). Similar results have occurred
from the graduates of the Novartis HEOR pro-
gram. While most continue a career path in the
pharmaceutical industry, others have ventured
into managed care, private vendors, and academia
as students. Of fellows who stayed within the in-
dustry, 74.6% (n ¼ 153) continued to work within
the same general department and 56.2% (n ¼ 131)
stayed with the same company.9
In subsequent
years (years 1–5), 90.5% of former fellows re-
mained within the industry (n ¼ 238), and
81.0% specifically stayed in pharmaceutical or
biopharmaceutical companies (n ¼ 213). Of those
who had remained within the industry at the time
of the survey, 74.0% (n ¼ 151) still worked in the
same department and 46.8% (n ¼ 111) had re-
mained at the sponsor company in which they
conducted their fellowship.9
Table 3
Timeline of HEOR fellowship program training seminar series and course choices
Month Seminars and courses
August Writing SMART Goalsa
September Developing Great Research Questionsa
October Writing Research Protocols/Informed Consent Formsa
November Professional Goal Setting via StrengthsFinder 2.0
January Writing Manuscripts & Working with External Medical Writersa
February AMCP Dossier Developmenta
March Working Under FDAMA Section 114
April Developing Slide Decks for Oral Presentations & Scientific Postersa
May Business Presentation Skillsa
External course option: ISPOR short courses at ISPOR Annual International Meeting
(May/June)
July External course option: Epidemiology courses at the University of Michigan, School
of Public Health
Other recommended external
educational resources
Statistical/data analytics courses at www.statistics.com
Short courses offered at the annual meetings of Academy Health (May/June) or
The Society for Medical Decision Making (October)
SMART, specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely; AMCP, Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy; FDA-
MA, Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act; ISPOR, International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and
Outcomes Research; SAS, Statistical Analysis Software.
a
To be implemented by 2015.
Table 2
Recurring HEOR fellowship program Activities
Activity Description Frequency
Methods Journal Club Venue to facilitate the review of specific
research topics and their applicability
to HEOR
Meets bi-weekly to discuss the implications
of the studies in a real-world setting
Fellowship Forum Meetings to share project experiences and
allow for peer-to-peer interactions while
serving as a venue for professional
development and networking
Meets monthly to have collaborative
projects share time (e.g., abstracts,
posters, oral presentations) and fellows
peer-to-peer meeting time
HEOR Lunch-and-Learns Aspects correspond with topics presented
in the Methods Journal Club and
intradepartmental meetings
Meets quarterly to discuss current topics
in health care
Seminar series Provides discussion and professional
training designed to reflect and augment
fellows’ short- and long-term
professional experiences in the
pharmaceutical industry
Meets monthly (Table 3)
HEOR, health economics and outcomes research.
286 Suh et al. / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 11 (2015) 280–287

8. Conclusion
The importance of HEOR in health care
decision-making cannot be underestimated.1–
6,9,10
HEOR is a relatively new field of research,
appearing in the medical literature in the
1980s.10
In HEOR, research concepts and study
designs are continuously being modified and
adapted based on other scientific research disci-
plines. By gaining HEOR expertise in an industry
fellowship program, fellows may acquire a
competitive advantage in the job market, making
HEOR knowledge and training a compelling skill
set for postgraduates. Entry-level knowledge and
skill expectations are being set higher each year,
and will require fellows to have a broader and
deeper HEOR experience. ISPOR-ACCP fellow-
ship program recommendations suggest that im-
provements be continuously implemented in all
HEOR fellowship programs, not only to help fel-
lows become more proficient HEOR profes-
sionals, but also to be better prepared for the
ongoing changes within the medical and pharma-
ceutical industry. In light of this, HEOR fellow-
ship programs should be periodically evaluated
and adapted as needed to the changing health
industries.
The assessment of and enhancements made to
the Novartis HEOR Fellowship Program offer
fellows a professional HEOR experience that is
aligned with the ACCP-ISPOR fellowship pro-
gram recommendations. This article hopes to
have highlighted the changes made to the
HEOR Fellowship Program at Novartis, in order
to share this experience with other industry-
sponsored HEOR fellowship programs.
Acknowledgments
Kangho Suh is a Novartis HEOR Fellow at
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Susan
Gabriel and Steve Arcona are employees of
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Michelle
Adams is an employee of Write All, Inc., who
received funding for her contributions. The proj-
ect was funded by Novartis Pharmaceuticals
Corporation. The HEOR Fellowship Program
would like to thank the affiliated preceptors and
academic program sites for their support and role
in educating and preparing the fellows for the
HEOR Fellowship Program at Novartis Pharma-
ceuticals Corporation. The ideas expressed in this
work are those of the authors and in no way are
intended to represent the position of Novartis or
any other organization.
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