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Quadragesimo anno
- 1. On Reconstruction of the Social Order By: Pope Pius XI
- 2. Introduction 1. Why was it written? 2. The 3 points of the Encyclical. 3. The Pope’s Remedies. Introduction
- 3. • The World from 1891 - 1931 “Panic of 1893” • Credit shortage • Economic depression • Unemployment • Violent protest 1893
- 4. “Pullman Strike in the U.S.A” • Pullman company town • Wage cuts, no rent cuts • American Railway Union support • Violent protest 1894
- 5. “World War I” • Central Powers • Triple Entente 1914 - 1918
- 6. “The Russian Revolution” • Lenin establishes “Dictatorship of the Proletariat” 1917
- 7. “Totalitarian vs Democratic state” • Rise of Facism, Communism, Nazism 1919 - 1939
- 8. “Facist March on Rome” • King Victor III invites Mussolini to come to Rome and take power Oct. 31, 1922
- 9. “Stalin wins power struggle in Communist Russia” 1924
- 10. “U.S Stock Market Collapse” • Great depression begins • World wide economic crisis Oct. 29, 1929
- 11. “Nazis rise to power in Facist Germany” 1931
- 12. Quadragesimo Anno was published. May 15, 1931
- 13. 2. Three Main points of the Encyclical. 1. The Impact of Rerum Novarum. (# 1 – 39) 2. Clarifies and develops social & economic Doctrine contained in Rerum Novarum. (# 40 – 98) 3. Criticism of “Economic Dictatorship”, Socialism and Communism. (# 99 – 148) 2. Three Main points of the Encyclical.
- 14. • “Not only did works of charity begin to multiply upon the urging of the Pontiff (Leo XIII), …but new and …expanding organizations in which workers…of every kind, with the counsel of the Church and …under the leadership of her priest, give and receive mutual help and support.” # 24 1. The Impact of Rerum Novarum. (# 1 – 39) On the Church:
- 15. • “A new branch of law has arisen …to protect the sacred rights of workers that flow their dignity as man and Christians …with special concern for women and children. Much credit must be given for these improvements to the Encyclical on the Condition of Workers (Rerum Novarum)” # 28 On Civil Authorities:
- 16. • “The rules issued by Leo XIII deserve the highest praise in that they have … encouraged Christian workers to found mutual associations according to their various occupations and taught them how to do so.” # 31 On Other Concerned Parties:
- 17. • Does the Church have a right to speak on social and economic matters? 2. Clarifies and develops social & economic Doctrine contained in Rerum Novarum. (# 40 – 98) Church is committed with the deposits of truth. #41
- 18. Church’s duty to interpret and teach moral law. #41
- 19. Condition of workers affect human dignity.
- 20. • Property Rights Twin rocks of shipwreck. #46 Social/ Public character of the right to property Private right to property
- 21. • Capital and Labor Capital has appropriated too much to itself. # 54 Riches of socio – economic developments should benefit the common good. # 57
- 22. • Is the Church promoting distribution to those who refuse to contribute? We must not be a burden to others when we can provide ourselves. # 57 If any man will not work neither let him eat. (2 Thes. 3: 10)
- 23. • Solidarity Abuse of women and children in the workplace is wrong. # 71 The Human Family is Responsible for One – Another Just Wage = opportunity to acquire private ownership. # 63 Work – contract Partnership – contract Employees become sharers in ownership. # 65 Low wage to fathers; mothers forced to work; children neglected. # 71 Sufficient wage to support family. # 71
- 24. • Subsidiarity Matters ought to be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralized competent authority. “It is an injustice and …grave evil …to assign to a greater and higher association what lesser and subordinate organizations can do.” # 79
- 25. A central authority should perform only those tasks which cannot be performed effectively at a more immediate or local level. “The state will …do all those things that belong to it alone because it alone can do them: directing, watching, urging, restraining, as occasion requires and necessity demands.” # 80
- 26. • Criticism of “Economic Dictatorship” 3. Criticism of “Economic Dictatorship”, Socialism and Communism. (# 99 – 148) Contribution of Greed: “Free competition has destroyed itself …Economic dictatorship has supplanted the free market …The State has become a slave to greed.” # 109
- 27. Contribution of Industrialization: “Labor …is not a mere commodity. On the contrary, the worker’s human dignity in it must be recognized. It therefore cannot be bought and sold like commodity.” # 83 People and raw materials entered factories, which ennobled the raw materials and degraded the people. # 135
- 28. • “A Socialist Solution” “…Some Catholics who looked askance at the efforts of the workers to form associations of this type as if they smacked of a socialistic or revolutionary spirit…” #30 “The rules, therefore, which Leo XIII issued in virtue of his authority , deserve the greatest praise in that they have been able to break down this hostility and dispel these suspicious.” #31
- 29. • Criticism of Socialism “Socialism can not be reconciled with the teachings of the Catholic Church because its concept of the society is utterly foreign to Christian truth.” #117 “Religious socialism, Christian socialism, are contradictory terms; no one can be at the same time a good Catholic and a true socialist.” #120
- 30. “Having surveyed the present economic system, We have found it laboring under the gravest evils. We have also summoned Communism and Socialism again to judgment and have found all their forms, even the most modified, to wander far from the precepts of the Gospel.” #128
- 31. • Criticism of Communism “One section of Socialism has sunk into Communism …Communism teaches and seeks two objectives: unrelenting class welfare and extermination of private property ownership… Communism is cruel and inhuman …it is an enemy and openly hostile to the Holy Church and to God Himself.” #112
- 32. 3. Pope’s Remedies Unions must be founded in accordance with Pope Leo XIII’s prescription: “Moral and religious perfection ought to be regarded as their (unions) principal goal… when associations are founded upon religion… peaceful living together and prosperity will result.” #132
- 33. Prosperity with Respect for the Laws of God: “Those who produce goods are not forbidden to increase their fortune… It is only fair that he who renders service to the community and makes it richer himself… provided all these things are sought with due respect for laws of God.” #136
- 34. Love and Charity must reinforce justice: “The law of charity, which is bond of perfection, must always take a leading role… for justice alone can never bring about unions of minds and hearts.” #137
- 35. United Under God: “True cooperation is only possible for a single common good when the constituent parts of society deeply feel themselves members of one great family and children of the same Heavenly Father.” #137
- 36. Ad Maorem Dei Gloriam!!! Thanks for listening!!! Prepared by: Br. Elmer G. Camance, OATH
Editor's Notes
- After rerum novarum, there has been a great depression upon which the entire world was challenged. The implementation of some doctrines from rerum novarum were not totally successful, although they are so important in the society. The lack of adherence, possibly, was the problem of that time. Unlike rerum novarum, which concern is the condition of workers, quadragesimo anno was deeply concerned on the reconstruction of the social order. Pope Pius addresses to promulgate the doctrines from rerum novarum, because he believes that the growing problem of the society can be suppressed by implementing some societal order in which society will live according to its counsel.
- Like most major financial downturns, the depression of the 1890s was preceded by a series of shocks that undermined public confidence and weakened the economy. The Panic of 1893 provided a spectacular financial crisis the contributed to the economic recession.
- The industrialist George Pullman had designed it ostensibly as a model community. When his company laid off workers and lowered wages, it did not reduce rents, and the workers called for a strike. They had not formed a union. Founded in 1893 by Eugene V. Debs, the ARU was an organization of unskilled railroad workers. That evening the Pullman workers gathered, and despite warnings of caution and advice against striking from two top ARU officials and ARU president Eugene Debs, the Pullman workers unanimously voted to strike. On May 11, 1894, Pullman workers refused to work. Pullman workers did not anticipate success.
- Central powers: Germany, Austria- Hungary, Bulgaria, & Turkey Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, and Russia. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved.
- In 1917, two revolutions completely changed the fabric of Russia. First, the February Russian Revolution toppled the Russian monarchy and established a Provisional Government. Then in October, a second Russian Revolution placed the Bolsheviks as the leaders of Russia, resulting in the creation of the world's first communist country.
- of or relating to a centralized government that does not tolerate parties of differing opinion and that exercises dictatorial control over many aspects of life. 2. exercising control over the freedom, will, or thought of others; authoritarian; autocratic. Democracy, or democratic government, is "a system of government in which all the people of a state or polity ... are involved in making decisions about its affairs, typically by voting to elect representatives to a parliament or similar assembly,"
- The threat of civil war in Italy loomed large and Mussolini and his fascist party decided to stage a coup despite knowing they were no match for the Italian army.
- Throughout the summer of 1923, Lenin lay close to death, and a lull settled over the political struggle. But the battle lines were forming in the Politburo and Central Committee.
- stock market crash of 1929, also called the Great Crash , a sharp decline in U.S. stock market values in 1929 that contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Great Depression lasted approximately 10 years and affected both industrialized and nonindustrialized countries in many parts of the world.
- Hitler and the Nazis gained power on 30 January 1933. By March that year Hitler had total power over the country. In this section you will learn how the Nazis developed from a small insignificant party into the party that gained total power to change the face of German politics and society.
- Quadragesimo Anno was written by Pope Pius XI in 1931 forty years after Pope Leo XIII's Rerun Novarum on the Condition of Workers. He wrote this encyclical to address the ethical challenges facing workers, employers, the Church and the state as a result of end of the industrial revolution and the onset of the Great Depression. As Pope Leo XIII noted in Rerum Novarum, as a result of the rapidly industrializing economy there were two main social classes the rich and the poor. The concentration of wealth has led to a situation where only the strongest and those who disregard their conscience prospered in the new economic reality.
- Pope Pius reiterated some issues that rerum novarum was concerned. In this encyclical, he courageously combat the present crisis of that time.
- 24. From that time on, fuller means of livelihood have been more securely obtained; for not only did works of beneficence and charity begin to multiply at the urging of the Pontiff, but there have also been established everywhere new and continuously expanding organizations in which workers, draftsmen, farmers and employees of every kind, with the counsel of the Church and frequently under the leadership of her priests, give and receive mutual help and support.
- 28. A new branch of law, wholly unknown to the earlier time, has arisen from this continuous and unwearied labor to protect vigorously the sacred rights of the workers that flow from their dignity as men and as Christians. These laws undertake the protection of life, health, strength, family, homes, workshops, wages and labor hazards, in fine, everything which pertains to the condition of wage workers, with special concern for women and children. Even though these laws do not conform exactly everywhere and in all respects to Leo's recommendations, still it is undeniable that much in them savors of the Encyclical, On the Condition of Workers, to which great credit must be given for whatever improvement has been achieved in the workers' condition
- As early as the Bible was written by somebody, the world has been facing some social issues. The church has to defend the truth. Whatever the allegation against the truth, the church will stand her belief.
- The church is obliged to educate the people morally. The church must serve as a guide to promote morality in the society.
- Each person has the individual function within the society. Even workers, they are important in the face of the society, even to the least of the people has their own function. Human dignity must not be suppressed or violated by anyone. Even those who are in the authority must have the awareness in preserving human dignity. I remember in the lecture of Fr. Max, he said that human dignity is not created nor it is an idea. It is with the person who was born. As a person, you have the dignity to be respected by others. Neither you were born rich nor poor, you have your own dignity as a person to be respected.
- This must be avoided within the society. . Accordingly, twin rocks of shipwreck must be carefully avoided. For, as one is wrecked upon, or comes close to, what is known as "individualism" by denying or minimizing the social and public character of the right of property, so by rejecting or minimizing the private and individual character of this same right, one inevitably runs into "collectivism" or at least closely approaches its tenets. Unless this is kept in mind, one is swept from his course upon the shoals of that moral, juridical, and social modernism which We denounced in the Encyclical issued at the beginning of Our Pontificate.[29] And, in particular, let those realize this who, in their desire for innovation, do not scruple to reproach the Church with infamous calumnies, as if she had allowed to creep into the teachings of her theologians a pagan concept of ownership which must be completely replaced by another that they with amazing ignorance call "Christian."
- The rich become richer and the poor become poorer. This is the effect of capitalism. Because one may increase their wealth if they are competent with others. And those who are less fortunate will continue to suffer. Because the idea of capitalism, as Sir Joel has discussed to us, is to gain profit out of your own strategy in competing with others. Those who are rich can have any means of propagating their wealth, but those who are potentially rich will be left behind, because of their lack of wealth to support their plan.
- It is clear in the bible 2 thes. 3: 10. all of us must work in order to have our gain. How about those street people (not only children) who survived in begging? Are they worthy to receive goods from other people? They don’t have work, right, but they just live there and waiting for the other people to feed them. To answer that questions, let us consider their state of living. “poverty”. No one wants to be poor, in fact everyone wants to advance in their state of life. Because of poverty, they were forced to live there in the streets and beg. It is the effect of capitalism within the society, those who are less fortunate become lesser or even the least. So, are they worthy? If we base on the standard of article #57 of the encyclical, we can say, they don’t deserve it, but if we also consider the commandment of God to love our neighbor, (the expression of love is to give and share according to the standard of Jesus), we can now say that they don’t deserve it, but they need it. And it is a great help for them.
- Husband must be the bread winner and who work to sustain the family. Wife must care the family. If a person receive a just wage, then he has the capacity to have a private business or whatever livelihood he wants to have. Work-contract must be modified to partnership- contract, so that employees will have a chance to be a sharer in ownership. From that period until now, the abuses has been evident in our society. Women has to work for their family, because husband didn’t have enough salary in sustaining their family needs. And children sometimes brought to work, because of the great need of the family. This will not persist if the employers will give just and sufficient wage to the person who work for their family, especially the husband.
- There are problems that can be solve within the small organization. Say for example, minor cases in the barangay… e.i stealing the goods of neighbors or violating the curfew. These are some example that needed not to brought in to the highest authority in order to solve them… I think high authority will be involve in big cases that risk the common good of the people within the state or society.
- This has something to do with corruption. If the rulers of the state is corrupt, the nation cannot have a good economy. Because they only want to have the wealth of the nation rather than to help in its progress.
- It is important to recognize the dignity of the workers. In that case, workers must not be easily replaced by machines. Just like in Europe, during the industrial revolution, people has lost their livelihood because of the replacement of the machines. Machines has degraded the capacity of the people to do the work.
- Some of us would even think that workers cannot participate well as a functioning part of the society.
- Socialism believed that all people are equal and should share equally in a country’s money. Catholic church believed that there should be hierarchy in the society, each person has their own function with the community or the society. Wealth should be given accordingly, what is due to a person who work his function in the society. And we believe in the bible saying, what you sow is what you reap. Therefore, you cannot be a good catholic, at the same time a true socialist. Just like in spirituality, as St. Therese of the Child Jesus saying, “you cannot be a half saint but a saint or no saint at all.”
- Communism believes that the society must have without different social classes in which methods of production are owned and controlled by all its members and everyone works as much as they can and receives what they need. On the other hand, socialism believed on the equality of each individual. Contrary to these beliefs, the Catholic church teaches, as long as it is concerned in the Gospel, that the society must posses a leader to be its ruler and there should be justice when it comes to judgment in different social concern.
- Unrelenting class welfare and extermination of private ownership are abuses of human dignity. Human dignity is very important to consider in implementing laws or rules in the society.
- After having known the problems and the issues of the society, what would be the Pope’s encouragement to every people and nation. Firstly, we should regard the teachings of Pope Leo XIII’s rerum novarum.
- Secondly, observation of God’s laws is very relevant in making prosperous future of the society. If the basic unit of the society is prosperous, then the society is prosperous also. Everything starts within the family. If the family will raise a wicked man, then that family is producing a problem in the society. But if the family is doing good and observing righteously the laws of the society which are according to the commandments of God, then the society will live peacefully and with prosperity.
- Thirdly, Unity is due to love. Hence, a united society is a society that is full of love. Love can be expressed through charity. It is by doing good to our neighbor. Yes, it is also good to live with justice, but God did not impose justice but love. Because if God imposes justice at all times, no one is ever deserving to live. There is only one important word in the bible, which is “love”, it is the only reason of our existence, it is the only reason of redemption, hence, everything in the scripture is perfected through love.
- Lastly, Sensitivity to the needs of other often requires the feeling of belongingness. If I felt that I am a member of that family, then I am aware of the responsibility of I have as a member. What more if we recognized each others presence as a our brother or sister in a great family of God. We can feel the bonds that unite us, love per se is the fulfillment of our great responsibility towards our neighbor.