5. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed a model of the
structure of DNA as a double helix based on the work of Rosalind
Franklin, for which in 1962 were awarded the Nobel Prize.
The double helix is a fundamental element of the spatial structure
of the DNA molecule .
8. .
The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union
on October 4, 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program, with
Sergei Korolev as chief designer (there is a crater on the lunar far side
which bears his name). This in turn triggered the Space Race between
the Soviet Union and the United States.
10. Pulsar is a highly magnetized, rotating
neutron star that emits a beam of
electromagnetic radiation.
Thepreciseperiodsofpulsarsmake themuseful
tools.Observationsofapulsarina binaryneutron
starsystemwereusedtoindirectlyconfirmthe
existenceofgravitationalradiation.Thefirst
extrasolarplanetswerediscoveredarounda pulsar,
PSRB1257+12.Certaintypesofpulsarsrivalatomic
clocks intheiraccuracy inkeepingtime.
13. In 1965 Hayflick observed that cells are able
to divide a limited number of times, and the
closer the limit the more the signs of aging
show.
Hayflick limit is considered to be one of the
causes of human aging.
Hayflicklimitisthenumberoftimesanormalhuman
cellpopulationwilldivideuntil celldivision stops.
15. Cybernetics isa transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulators
systems, Their structures, constraints, and Possibilities.
Cybernetics isrelevant tothe studyof systems, such as mechanical,
physical, biological, cognitive, and socialsystems.
In 1948, Jewish American
mathematician Norbert Wiener
formulated the basics of
cybernetics -