WWI Outline

1. Alliances, Conferences, Treaties and Battles of
WWI
Alliances preceding the war: The Triple Entente (Russia, Britain, France), and the Triple
Alliance (Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary). Balkans: Bulgaria and Serbia.
Italy and Germany formed an alliance in 1882.
Austria-Hungary and Italy formed an alliance in 1882.
• Austria-Hungary was considered an enemy of Italy’s, having been in three wars within the 34
years before a treaty between the two nations were signed.
• Italy joined with Austria-Hungary due to animosity against France for taking Tunisia in 1881
and wanting an ally.
• Italy did not partake in fighting, having joined alliances with Germany and Austria-Hungary
with the intention of being on defense.
• Italy later joined the Entente, declaring war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915 and Germany in
August 1916.
Germany and Austria-Hungary formed an alliance in 1879
• The Dual Alliance was created on October 7, 1879 by Otto von Bismarck (nicknamed the “Iron
Chancellor” due to his dominating rule, he reunified Germany into a German Empire and
effectively became it’s first chancellor, while also leading Prussia) in an attempt to evade or
restrict war with Russia.
• This alliance was surprising because Germany and Austria-Hungary, despite having a
shared language and similar culture, did not get along, as evidenced by the Austro-
Prussian War (or Seven Week’s War).
• The Austro-Prussian War, occurring in 1866, pitted the German confederation (consisting
of 39 German states created by Congress of Vienna in 1815), the Austrian Empire, and
German allies against the Kingdom of Prussia and Italy. The aftermath of this war brought
the German states under Prussian rule, with Austrian power over German states giving
way to Prussia, along with the end of the German Confederation (replaced by a North
German Confederation), and Venetia being annexed by Italy from Austria.
The Ottoman Empire and Germany formed an alliance in 1914.

2. Bulgaria gave (mutual) aid to the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary.
Serbia gave aid to Russia.
Russia and France made an alliance in 1892 (lasting until 1917).
• The Franco-Russian Alliance (or the Dual Alliance) was first finalized on January 4, 1894
between the French Republic and Russia, after the German Empire (led by Wilhem II, who
later tried and failed to have the Franco-Russian Alliance renounced when Tsar Nicholas II
received the crown) dissolved the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1890 despite Russia
seeking renewal.
• This secret alliance meant that if someone from the Triple Alliance attacked French or Russia,
then the other country must attack the opposition, also if one of the Triple Alliance mobilized
an army, then France and Russia will mobilize.
• The Franco-Russian Alliance was sparked by France being alienated after it’s defeat in the
Franco-Prussian War (1871), and therefore sought partnership with a country (Russia) that
was vulnerable to the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy).
• The Franco-Prussian War occurred between July 19 1870 - May 10 1871 between the
Second French Empire (Napolean III) and the German states o the North German
Confederation, under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia (Otto von Bismarck). The war
was caused by the desire of German unification with the southern German states, with events
leading to it being the Prussian prince’s candidacy to Spain being withdrawn by France
(France didn’t want an alliance between Prussia and Spain) and Bismarck later altering a
telegram to provoke France.German’s victory led to it being established as a great military
power, although Great Britain still ranked above all else.
France and Britain signed a treaty with one another in 1904.
• Called the Entente Cordiale, Great Britain and France signed the treaty on April 8, 1904.

3. • Led to France recognizing British control over Egypt, and Britain recognizing France’s control
over Morocco
• France received Yarbutenda (near Senegal and The Gambia) and Illes de Los (part of Guinea)
and Nigeria, and Britain acknowledged French influence in Madagascar
• British sphere of influences recognized in Siam (Thailand) in the territory west of the Menam
basin and French sphere of influence east of the River Menam’s basin.
• This alliance is also influenced by the potential outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War (fought
in February 8 1904 - September 5 1905, provoked by wanting to gain Manchuria and Korea)—
seeking to avoid war (due to France being allied with Russia, and Britain signing the Anglo-
Japanese Alliance in 1902, which will later be renewed in 905 and 1911 until it officially
dissolved in 1923).
• The Russo-Japanese War was first initiated by the Japanese Navy attacking the
Russian Eastern Fleet at Port Arthur (located on the Liaodong Peninsula, south of
Manchuria and was a naval base for the Russian Imperial Army), after receiving Russian
threat on Japan’s imperialist goals by not recognizing Korea as part of Japan’s influence,
when Japan recognized Russian’s ownership of Manchuria—Russia wanted the area
north of the 39th parallel in Korea to be a neutral zone between Russia and Japan.
• Japan defeated Russia, winning the second war they participated in, and became the
first Asian power to triumph a European one. The first war was the Sino-Japanese War
of 1894-1895—this war was based on getting control over Korea between China and
Japan. Although Japan started the war, it was preempted by a failure of diplomacy—
Japan attempted to negotiate with Russia, until they realized that Russia had no
intention on settling the territorial disputes, but instead to build their military. This was
further exasperated by delays and lack of responses on negotiations, with diplomatic
relations ending in February 6, 1904. A declaration of war soon followed on February 8;
Russia declared war eight days later.
• Due to the Anglo-Japanese alliance, both nations shared intelligence gathered on
Russia with one another, with Britain using their Indian Army to intercept Russian
messages.
• The fighting in Manchuria by the Russian army included Chinese villages being looted
and women being raped. Here, one can see the affects of “Yellow Peril”.
• Aftermath: Treaty of Portsmouth signed on September 5, 1905 to end the war, and was
mediated by President. Theodore Roosevelt. Russia finally saw Korea as part of
Japanese influence, and had to evacuate Manchuria—Japan then annexed Korea in
1910, after the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910. Russia had to abandon it’s rights to Port
Arthur, and the southern half of Sakhalin Island (later reclaimed by Russia after the
second World War) to Japan.

4. (Map, provided by omniatlas, displaying the British and Russian sphere of influence, along with
other colonial territories).
Russia and Britain signed a treaty with on another in 1907
• Called the Anglo-Russian Entente, the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 was signed on
August 31, 1907 in St. Petersburg, Russia.
• The competition between Russian and Britain, referred to as “The Great Game”, involved
getting political and territorial control over Central Asia—during this time, Britain had control of
India, and Russia wanted to establish boundaries for control in Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet.
• Count Alexander Izvolsky, Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire, and Sir Arthur Nicolson, the
British-Russian Convention of 1907, signed the Anglo-Russian Entente with the following
stipulations:
• “
1. That Persia would be split into three zones: A Russian zone in the north, a British zone in
the southeast, and a neutral “buffer” zone in the remaining land.
2. That Britain may not seek concessions “beyond a line starting from Qasr-e Shirin, passing
through Isfahan, Yezd (Yazd), Kakhk, and ending at a point on the Persian frontier at the
intersection of the Russian and Afghan frontiers.”
3. That Russia must follow the reverse of guideline number two.
4. That Russia to cease any communication with the Emir of Afghanistan.”
• This convention eventually led to the creation of the Triple Entente, which will later rival the
Central Powers.
The Great Powers: Italy, France, Germany, Britain, Austria-Hungary and Russia.
(information provided by Wikipedia—cited resources used later on)

5. Significant Movements During/Preceding World
War I
New Imperialism
• Another wave of imperialism: imperialism refers to the desire of political/economical control
over a territory (Kohn).
• New Imperialism involved the United States, Empire of Japan, and other European powers.
• The first wave of European imperialism ended after the American Revolution (1775-83) and
the end of the Spanish Empire in Latin America around 1820.
• The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 (key nations attending this conference were France,
Germany, Great Britain and Portugal) maintained the rush of imperialism (or the “Scramble
for Africa” occurring between 1881-1914) by re-stating the recognition of a territory based on
“principle of effective occupation” which consisted of having treaties with leaders of the land, a
flag stations, and police or military force administering the area (Gilbert). This resulted in Africa
being colonized by European powers.
Gilbert, Jeremie. "Means of Acquisition." Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights under International
Law from Victims to Actors. Ardsley, NY: Transnational, 2006. 32. Print.
Kohn, Margaret. "Colonialism." Stanford University. Stanford University, 9 May 2006. Web. 27
Dec. 2015.
Irredentism
• Irredentism is the movement to reclaim/reoccupy a territory, justified primarily by a historical or
ethnical basis (Romano). Italy coined this term, in reference to the territories Trentino, Trieste,
Gorizia, Istria, Rijeka, and Dalmatia (which are land to native Italians ruled by Austria-
Hungary) throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries (Romano).
• An example of irredentism during WWI will be the assassination of the Austrian Archduke
Franz Ferdinand by Serbian irredentists in Bosnia; under the “Young Bosnia” movement,
Serbians wanted to have Bosnia unified along with other South Slav territories, and to create a
Yugoslavia and to be free of Austria rule.
Romano, Carlin. "Revanchism and Its Costs." History News Network. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Yellow Peril
• First coined in the 1890s by Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany after the Japanese victory in the
first Sino-Japanese war, to describe those of Asian descent, according to John Dower, as “the
core imagery of apes, lesser men, primitives, children, madmen, and beings who possessed
special powers”, high-lighting the fear of an Asian invasion (Yang).
Yang, Tim. "The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril." Darthmouth Asian American
Studies. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Revanchism
• In the 1870s, directly referred to France’s feelings of “revenge” (or French revanchism) or
hostilities against Germany due to losing territories after the Franco-Prussian War, and desire

6. to reclaim Alsace-Lorraine (land belonging to the French since the 17th century) (Romano).
Outside of a French, WWI context, it can also refer to other nations wanting to regain their lost
territory, i.e German revanchists (Romano).
Romano, Carlin. "Revanchism and Its Costs." The Chronicle of Higher Education. 21 July 2014.
Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Social Darwinism
• Social Darwinism, a theory by Charles Darwin that advocated for the survival of the fittest with
the strongest states surviving, largely influenced imperialist and expansionist aspirations in the
19th century (Russia was not driven by social darwinism, however) (“Imperialism”).
"Imperialism." International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Globalization
• Refers to the relationship between different countries in economics, politics, and culture.
("Read Up on the Positives and Negatives of Globalization.”)
"Read Up on the Positives and Negatives of Globalization." About.com Education. Web. 27 Dec.
2015.
Self-Determination
• Self-determination, in the context of nation-states, is the ability of a community to determine
it’s own political future without outside authoritarian rule, and freedom to pursue it’s ideas on
justice. liberty, and freedom (“Self-Determination”). Self-determination, as proposed by Wilson,
is a nation finding it’s own identity outside of an empire and it’s own sovereignty (“Self-
Determination”).
"Self-Determination." Encyclopedia Princetoniensis. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Progressivism
• A movement concentrating on reformations driven by a moral sense of duty and responsibility,
responsible for the passage of the 18th and 19th Amendment (prohibition and women’s
suffrage), led in the context of the US participation in WWI, the desire to spread democracy
("The Progressive Movement (1900-1918)”)
"The Progressive Movement (1900-1918)." PBS. PBS. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Nationalism
• As a heightened form of patriotism, is the belief in the supremacy of one’s own country over
others, including the interests over one country dominating another territory or nation
("Nationalism as a Cause of World War I.”). Nationalism can be seen as a driving force for
imperialism, colonialism, and especially social Darwinism and irredentism. Indeed, it played a
large role in WWI, with Serbian nationalists being the ones that sparked the chain of events
leading to WWI, and even the war being pursued to create distinct, national identities and
fought individually by nations to uphold their “security and values” (Mann)
Mann, Michael. "The Role of Nationalism in the Two World Wars" UCLA Department of
Sociology. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.

7. "Nationalism as a Cause of World War I." Alphahistory. 22 June 2012. Web. 27 Dec. 2015. .
Concert of Europe
• Known also as the Age of Metternich (named after the Austrian Chancellor Clemens von
Metternich), the European Restoration, Vienna System (in Russia), and Pentarchie (in
Germany) was orchestrated by Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire and United Kingdom (all
also members of the Quadruple Alliance) to handle international relations following the
Napoleonic Wars (1815) and the eruption of WWI (1914) (Davies).
• The nations, which later included France, held conferences in order to maintain the balance of
power (Davies)
Davies, Dr Huw. "The Concert of Europe: The Rise and Fall of the First United Nations."
DefenceInDepth. 24 Oct. 2014. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
• Balance of Power is a theory postulating that the superiority of one state in military/economic/
etc power and ability to dominate other states can threaten national security, making
spreading military capabilities and influence necessary (“Balance of Power”). Balance of
power relied on alliances in order to keep other states in check.
"Balance of Power" 27 February 2008. HowStuffWorks.com. 27 December 2015.
Events Leading to World War 1
First Moroccan Crisis
• Transpired between March 1905 - May 1906, conflict between Germany and France on the
control or ownership of Morocco (an independent, African state, first claimed by France in
1899 who later mandated it) (Boddy-Evans). This event increased the tensions among
European powers.
Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "First Moroccan Crisis (31 March 1905 to 7 April 1906) Aka Tangier
Crisis." About.com Education. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Bosnian Crisis
• Occurring in 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina (areas in the Balkans).
This annexation was met with uproar by Serbia and pan-Slavic nationalists ("The Bosnian
Crisis of 1908-1909”).
"The Bosnian Crisis of 1908-1909." Mount Holyoke. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Second Moroccan Crisis
• Also called the Agadir Crisis, occurred in April 1911 in reaction to French troops being
deployed in Morocco, with Germany later sending a gunboat to Agadir (a Moroccan port)
(Boddy-Evans). During this crisis, Britain supported France, separating them from German
relations (Boddy-Evans).
Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "Second Moroccan Crisis: The Agadir Incident." About.com Education.
Web. 27 Dec. 2015.

8. Italo-Turkish War
• From September 29, 1011 to October 18, 1912, the Ottoman Empire and Kingdom of Italy
fought, with Italy gaining the Ottoman Tripolitania Vilye (included: Fezzan, Cyrenaica, and
Tripolia), forming an Italian Libya ("Italo-Turkish War Explained”). Results of this war showed
how Ottoman Empire was unsupported by other allies, and their (Balkan and African)
territories being fought for later in the Balkan Wars ("Italo-Turkish War Explained”)
"Italo-Turkish War Explained." Explained.Today. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Balkan Wars
• Taking place between 1912-1913, the Balkan Wars involved two conflicts (“Balkan Wars”). The
first conflict was when four Balkan states won a war over the Ottoman Empire, with Bulgaria
being defeated (by Serbia, Greece, and later Turkey and Romania) in the second war (“Balkan
Wars”). Tension mounted between Austria-Hungary (which lost much power as Serbia pushed
for South Slavic irredentism) and the Russian Empire (“Balkan Wars”).
"Balkan Wars" 27 February 2008. HowStuffWorks.com. Web. 27 December 2015.
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Six assassins organized by the Bosinian Serb and Black Hand member Danilo Ilic
assassinated the duke on June 28, 1914 along with his wife (Greenspan). This action led to
the July Crisis, or a series of events that eventually led to WWI, with Austria later giving an
ultimatum to Serbia, and declaring war upon Serbia’s rejection of the ultimatum (Greenspan).
• Austria’s declaration of war was unconditionally supported by Germany (referred to as the
“Blank Cheque”) while Russia and France, at this point, backed Serbia (“The July Crisis”).
• Russia first mobilized, and after refusing to end the mobilization, led to Germany also
mobilizing and declaring war on Russia (“The July Crisis”).
Greenspan, Jesse. "The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, 100 Years Ago."
History.com. A&E Television Networks, 26 June 2014. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
"The July Crisis." Alphahistory. 17 June 2012. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Aftermath of WWI
• Fall of four empires: Ottoman Empire, German Empire, Austro-Hungarian, and
• US becoming a major economic power.
• The division between territories, and newly drawn geographical boundaries resulting in WWI
increased tensions between nations, later leading to WWI
• Europe’s boundaries became redrawn after the Treaty of Versailles, Treaties of Saint-
Germain, and Trianon and the Treaties of Neuilly and Sevres, as drafted by the Paris Peace
Conference of 1919-1920 (Stevenson).
• The Paris Peace Conference: attended by the “Big Four” (United Kingdom, France, the
United States, and Italy) amongst other thirty nations, participated in the conference on
January 1919 at Versailles to manage the outcomes of WWI. By the time this conference was
held, the European Allies already accepted most of Woodrow Wilson’s (president of the United
States) Fourteen Points.

9. • Fourteen Points: Wilson’s Fourteen Points emphasized “ self-determination of peoples,
free trade, and open diplomacy”, and led to the creation of the League of Nations, or a forum
for nations to discuss international relations and prevent war (Hickman). The points from one
to five endeavored to end causes of war: “imperialism, trade restrictions, arms races, secret
treaties, and disregard of nationalist tendencies” (Jones). Points six to 13 reflected desired
for territory restoration, and “national self-determination”, the last point was on creating the
League of Nations (Jones). However, the League proved to be unsuccessful—the US ended
up not joining the League at all (however, Roosevelt later created the United Nations
instead). The points also were not successful, instead the Treaty of Versailles was used
instead. However, it’s important to note that the points also embodied ideas behind
globalization, or the ability for nations to “trade, communicate” and participate in cultural
exchanges without any boundaries or restrictions (Jones).
Jones, Steve. "Why Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points Plan for Peace Failed." About.com
News & Issues. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
Stevenson, David. "Aftermath of the First World War." Aftermath of World War One. The British
Library. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.
• The Fourteen Points:
• “I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private
international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in
the public view.
• II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace
and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for
the enforcement of international covenants.
• III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an
equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating
themselves for its maintenance.
• IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the
lowest point consistent with domestic safety.
• V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based
upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of
sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the
equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.
• VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting
Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in
obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent
determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a
sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and,
more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself
desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be
the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from
their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.
• VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any
attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No
other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the
laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations

10. with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law
is forever impaired.
• VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong
done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the
peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once
more be made secure in the interest of all.
• IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines
of nationality.
• X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see
safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous
development.
• XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored;
Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan
states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of
allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic
independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.
• XII. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure
sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured
an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of an autonomous
development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the
ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.
• XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories
inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure
access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity
should be guaranteed by international covenant.
• XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the
purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to
great and small states alike.”
• This conference brought the creation of the Treaty of Versailles.
• Treaty of Versailles: In this treaty, Germany and Austria-Hungary were excluded from
attendance, with Britain (represented by Prime Minister Lloyd George), France (represented
by Prime Minister Frances Clemenceau) and US (represented by President Woodrow Wilson)
(Wilde). All three nations had difference objectives, with Wilson wanting his Fourteen Points
to be accepted, with all nations also reducing their armed forces, and the establishment of a
League of Nations (Wilde). France wanted Germany to be punished—desired reparations to
be paid by Germany, along with Germany’s armed forces, land, and industry taken away
(Wilde). Britain, or Prime Minister Lloyd George, actually agreed with Wilson, but due to public
opinion in Britain, sided with Clemenceau (Wilde). The Treaty of Versailles included: Germany
returning Alsace-Lorraine to France, with the Saar coalfield being given to France for 15
years, Poland receiving independence, along with Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and
Czechoslovakia (Wilde). Germany lost much of it’s territory, including Danzig (major port)
being under international control, and Germany/Turkish colonies placed under Allied control
(Wilde). Austria-Hungary was also divided, leading to the creation of Yugoslavia (Wilde).
• In the arms, Germany had to decrease it’s army of 100k men, and the Germany Navy had
to lose it’s submarines, and 36 ships, with a union between Germany and Austria banned,
wartime weapons scrapped, and Allied forces occupying the left bank of the Rhine and the
right bank of Rhine being demilitarized (Wilde).
• Germany had to get total blame for the war, and pay £6,600 million (Wilde).

11. • League of Nations created, but was weak due to not having US support and someone to
carry out decisions.
Wilde, Robert. "World War I's Treaty of Versailles Explained." About.com Education. Web. 27
Dec. 2015.
• Treaties of Saint-Germain: Treaty signed between Austria and Allied Nations in Saint
german-en-Laye, ensuring Austria accepted the split of Austria-Hungary, and the creation of
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (however, “Yugoslavia” wasn’t the geographical term for the
region of land being united until 1929—was formerly called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and
Slovenes) made from Dalmatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia-Hercegovina ("Treaty of St Germain -
Oxford Reference”). Austria became landlocked, consisting of only German-speaking Areas as
Galicia was given back to Poland, Bukovina given to Romania, and Trentino and South Tirol
given to Italy—Austria also had an army restriction of 30,000 men, and after the signage of the
treaty, exasperated it’s stability (“Treaty of St Germain - Oxford Reference”).
•
"Treaty of St Germain - Oxford Reference." Treaty of St Germain - Oxford Reference. Web. 27
Dec. 2015.
• Treaty of Trianon
• The Treaty of Trianon signed on June 4, 1920 between Hungary and the Allies to establish
Hungarian borders—Hungary lost more than two-thirds of it’s territory (including it’s
inhabitants)("Treaty of Trianon”). Hungary lost Transylvania and Eastern Hungary (territories
became Romania), Carpathian Ruthenia (became part of Czechoslovakia), majority of
Burgenland (became part of Austria), and Medimurje and Prekmurje, along with northern Arva
and Szepes to Poland, losing 72 percent of it’s land ("Treaty of Trianon”). However, Hungary
received cities formerly under Yugoslavian rule: Pecs, Mohacs, Baja, and Szitgetvar ("Treaty
of Trianon”). This treaty intended to uphold the idea of self-determination and creation of
nation-states over empires ("Treaty of Trianon”).
• "Treaty of Trianon." - New World Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Dec. 2015.
• Treaty of Neuilly
• Signed in November 27, 1919 between Bulgaria and WWI victors ("Treaty of Neuilly”).
Bulgaria had to give Thracian to Greece, and Macedonian territory to Yugoslavia, along with
paying reparations, limiting army size, and surrender war material ("Treaty of Neuilly”).
• "Treaty of Neuilly." HowStuffWorks. 26 Feb. 2008. Web. 29 Dec. 2015.
• Treaty of Sevres
• Signed on August 10, 1920 with the Ottoman Empire and Allies, in which the Ottoman empire
ceded its Arab provinces, provisional independence based on a mandate system was given to
Syria (to be controlled by France, and including Alexandretta, Aleppo, Damascus, and Beirut)
and Iraq (to be controlled by Britain, and included Mosul, Baghdad, and Basra) (Reguer).
Britain will also mandate Palestine and both side of the Jordan river, along with oil-hipline
transit rights through Syria (Reguer). France later received Germany’s shares of the Turkish
petroleum Company as well—however, both Britain and France did not mandate until 1923
(Reguer). However, since the treaty wasn’t ratified it became obsolete, with the demands of
this treaty being re-evaluated in the Treaty of Lausanne (signed in 1923)(Reguer).

12. Reguer, Sara, "Sèvres, Treaty Of." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed.. 2015, and "Sèvres,
Treaty Of." World Encyclopedia. 2005. "Sèvres, Treaty of (1920)." Encyclopedia.com. HighBeam
Research, 2004. Web. 27 Dec. 2015.