General Description of Magnesium

1. The
Magnesium
Secret
Magnesium:Your Comprehensive Guide to
Magnesium Supplementation, Food Sources,
and Health Benefits

2. 1. Discovery and History
2. Chemical Properties
3. Fun Facts
4. Role of Magnesium in the
Body
5. Magnesium Deficiency
6. Daily Recommended Intake
7. Depletion and Symptoms

3. 8 Low in magnesium?
9. Food Sources
10. Supplements
11. Absorption, Stability Constant, and Bioavailability
12. Dosage, Timing andTitrating
13. Interactions

4. Quiz

6. Discovery
and History
Magnesia
Magnesium-richmineralwaters
(HealingWater)
Constipation,digestiveissues,ar
thritis,andskinconditions

7. Joseph Black 1705
 A Scottish physician,
physicist, and chemist
 Magnesia (MgO) was
a compound of
magnesium in 1755

8. Discovery and History of
Magnesium:
 Sir Humphry Davy

Magnesium oxide

Miner’s safety lamp

10. WhichCountry
Produces the Most
Primary Magnesium?
Basedonacomparison
of11countriesin 2015
China ranked Nowith
852kt.No 2,Omanand
No 3. USA.
On theother endofthe
scale wasIndiawith 0.200
kt,Malaysia with1.60kt
andUkraine with 2.00kt.

12. Silvery-white
metal that
is relatively light
and has a low
density.

13. Reactions

14. Industry
Application
 Magnesium is one-third less dense than
aluminium. Useful in aeroplane and car construction.
 Lightweight, such as car seats, luggage, laptops,
cameras and power tools.
 Ignites easily in air and burns with a bright light, it’s
used in fireworks, flares, and photographic
flashbulbs.

15. Magnesium is a chemical
element with the symbol
Mg and atomic number 12.
The AtomicWeight of Mg
is 24.3050 u.

17. Plant
 Superhero of the
plant world.
 Key ingredient in
chlorophyll
 Use sun energy to
make food

19. Animals
 Magnesium is obtained through the
consumption of plants
 Without magnesium- experience negative
effects.

20. Human Body
 Consumption of both plant
and animal sources.
 Negative health effects that
can lead to serious health
problems
(410 Mg Per Day)

21. Eat Fish to Prevent Heart Disease
 A correlation between living near the sea and lower
rates of heart disease
A 2013 study in England analyzed data from over 48
million people
 Found that those living within 1 km of the coast had
a 22% lower risk of dying from heart disease
compared to those living more than 50 km inland.

22. Sea Breeze
 The third most abundant element dissolved
in seawater.
 Magnesium in sea water or sea breeze may have
a relaxing effect on humans.
 Sea water contains about 35 grams of
magnesium per liter.
 When you swim in sea water, relax your
muscles,

24. Biochemical Processes

About 300 bodily biochemical
processes
 De Baaij and DrAndrea Rosanoff
write that 600-800 functions arc
involved

25. MagnesiumSolutions
to Health
Enzymes
Regulation
Bone Health
Detox
Energy Production
Cell and DN
X Syndrome

27. Dosage
Age Male Female Pregnancy Lactation
9-13 years 240 mg 240 mg
14-18 years 410 mg 360 mg 400 Mg 360 mg
19-30 years 400 mg 310 mg 350 mg 310 mg
31-50 years 420 mg 320 mg 360 mg 320 mg
51 + years 420 mg 320 mg

29. 5.Consequences
of Magnesium
Deficiency
andToxicity
72.5%
According to a study published in the journal Nutrients in 2020, magnesium
deficiency is a significant problem in many countries, including Malaysia.The
study found that up to 72.5% of Malaysians had inadequate magnesium
intake, which could potentially lead to magnesium deficiency.
The journal Nutrients in 2020, and the title of the study is "Magnesium Intake
of Malaysian Adults: Findings from the Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey
(MANS) 2014".The study was conducted by a team of researchers from the
Malaysian Ministry of Health and Universiti Putra Malaysia

30. Magnesium
Deficiency in
theUS
90%
Men's daily shortfall. As an example, taking the US RDA of say
420 mg/day for men, we can see the shortfall in the dietary
intake of:
68 mg/day for American Caucasian men,
90 mg/day for Mexican American men and
142 mg/day for African American men.
Women's daily shortfall. As an example, taking the US RDA of
say 320 mg/day for women, we can see a shortfall in the dietary
intake of:
64 mg/day for American Caucasian women,
78 mg/day for Mexican American women and
118 mg/day for African American women.

32. Absorption of
Magnesium
 Several factors can affect the absorption of magnesium
supplements, including:
 - Age: Older adults may have reduced magnesium absorption due
to decreased stomach acid production and digestive enzymes.
 - Medications:Certain medications, such as proton pump
inhibitors, can decrease the absorption of magnesium.
 - Diet:A diet high in fiber and phytic acid can decrease the
absorption of magnesium.
 - Health conditions:Certain health conditions, such as celiac
disease, Crohn's disease, and kidney disease, can affect
magnesium absorption.

33. FactorsThatCanAffect
Magnesium
Depletion, Absorption
andUtilizationinthe
Body
Several factors can affect magnesium absorption
and utilization in the body.These include:
Presence of other nutrients, such as calcium and
vitamin D.
Certain medications and health conditions, such as
gastrointestinal disorders and kidney disease.
Alcohol consumption and excessive sweating, which
can increase the body's magnesium requirements.

34. WhyMagnesium
Deficiencies?
CheckList

35.  Consuming high amounts of processed foods, often low in magnesium.
 Consuming high amounts of processed oils which arc literally stripped of
magnesium
 Soybeans have 280 mg of magnesium per 100 grams, but soybean oil has
0 mg,
Sunflower seeds have 325 mg per 100 grams, but sunflower seed oil has 0
mg of magnesium.
 Smoking can reduce magnesium levels
 Alcohol intake can reduce magnesium levels by quickly increasing
magnesium’s urinary excretion - up to as much as 300%.
 Excess ethanol. (58)We get ethanol from alcohol like vodka and brews
like beer, but it also occurs in nature as a by-product of yeast metabolism
and is often found in over-ripe fruit.
 Caffeine intake can reduce magnesium levels by increasing its urinary
excretion

36.  Many medications and drugs strip out magnesium; in particular,
diuretics, digitalis, antibiotics, steroids, indomethacin, cisplatin,
amphotericin B, cholestyramine, synthetic estrogens.
 Long term use of proton pump inhibitors can lead to hypomagnesia
 Some oral contraceptives can deplete magnesium
 Various vitamin deficiencies can lead to an inability to store andin
particular low vitamin D status reducing gastrointestinal absorption.
Vitamin D increases calcium and magnesium absorption in the small
intestines, but with excess vitamin D this can reverse.
 Excess table salt intake.Table salt is usually just sodium and chloride,
unlike sea salt which has several dozen minerals combined.Table salt
generally has a higher concentration of sodium which binds to
magnesium

37.  Drinking large quantities of processed fizzy drinks and soda pops, many
of which contain phosphoric acid that binds to the magnesium in the gut
rendering it less available to the body
 High consumption of sugar and simple carbohydrates - lots of
magnesium is needed to process glucose and fructose. Removing sugar
from the diet, including fruit sugar, is often a key factor in migraine
mitigation
 Taking too much supplemental zinc without magnesium is shown to be a
factor in draining magnesium.
 Taking too much supplemental calcium reduces magnesium.Excess
calcium and phosphate decrease magnesium absorption in the intestines

38.  Excessive menstruation and vaginal flux
 Certain parasites (pinworms)
 Profuse sweating releases magnesium through the skin pores. Strenuous
exercise apparently increases urinary and sweat losses that may increase
magnesium requirements by 10-20%.”
 Strenuously exercising regularly over a long period (2 months) e.g
marathon running, and triathlon type endurance events can place high
demands on magnesium stores.
 An overactive thyroid increases magnesium use in the body, by
increasing the metabolic rate and using up adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
the energy packets made in each cell of the body.The production of ATP
requires magnesium.
 Weed sprays like Roundup contain glyphosate which binds to
magnesium in the soil, reducing its bioavailability to the plants destined
for your table.

39. Why is
Magnesium
Deficient?
 Magnesium is also lost due to electromagnetic field (EMF)
exposure something to which we are more and more exposed
every day with all our electronic devices, phones, laptops, tablets,
wifi signals, transmissions from aerials and telephone repeater
stations
 Pregnancy can be heavily taxing on magnesium supplies.
Common symptoms of deficiency during pregnancy are
constipation, leg cramps, backaches, fluid retention, irritability,
and insomnia
 High fructose corn syrup and aspartame drains magnesium.
 Mercury amalgam fillings can leach magnesium.Trace amounts
of mercury can leach into the digestive tracts.

41. 6. How do you
know if you are
low in
magnesium?
 There are 5 main ways to measure magnesium in your body. And none are perfect!
 1. Serum BloodTest
 2. Red Cell BloodTest
 3. Sublingual Buccal Cell Smear Test
 4. Magnesium Loading Challenge Test
 5. Blood Ionised Magnesium Test
 6. Hair MineralTest

42. Symptoms

43. Symptoms
15. Asthenia (weakness and lack of energy)
16. Asthma
17. Blood clots
18. Breath shortness
19. Bronchitis
20. Caffeine cravings
21. Calcium deficiency (osteoporosis, hypertension, mood swings, low
calcium blood tests etc)
22. Carbohydrate cravings
23. Cardiovascular disease
24.Coronary arteriosclerosis

44. 25. Chocolate cravings
26. Choking on food
27. Chronic fatigue syndrome
28. Chronic neck pain and back
pain
29. Cluster headache
30. Cravings - carbohydrates,
chocolate, salt, junk food, coffee,
caffeine
31. Coffee cravings
32. Cold extremities
33. Concentration problems
34. Confusion
35. Convulsions
36. Depression - magnesium
catalyses mood-regulating
neurotransmitters like serotonin
37. Diabetes 1 and II
38. Digestion problems
a. Colitis
b. Constipation
c. Constipation alternating with
diarrhoea
d. Diarrhoea
e. Crohn’s disease
f. Fat in the stool
g. Irritable bowel syndrome
39. Eye twitching, nystagmus
40. Fatigue
Assessment
ofmagnesium
deficiency
symptoms

45. 41. Fibromyalgia
42. Floaters in the eyes
43. Fungal infections due to a
depressed immune system
44. Headache
45. Hearing loss, impaired
hearing
46. Heart disease
47. Heart palpitations
48. Heartbeat rapid
49. High cholesterol
50. High protein intake
51. High sodium-to-potassium
ratio
52. Homocystinuria
53. Hyperactivity
54. Hyperarousal
55. Hyperventilation
56. Hypertension (high blood pressure)
57. Impotence (lack of nitric oxide)
58. Indigestion
59. Infertility
60. Inflammation
61. Insomnia (difficulty sleeping)
62. Insulin resistance
Assessment
ofmagnesium
deficiency
symptoms

46. 63. Iron accumulation
64. Irritable bowel syndrome
65. K deficiency (arrhythmia,
hypertension, some forms of
cancer)
66. Kidney disease and damage
67. Kidney stones
68. Lethargy
69. Libido loss
70. Liver damage
71. Magnesium low in blood
serum
72. Memory impairment
73. Menstrual cramps and pains
74. Migraines
75. Mitral valve prolapse
76. Mood swings
77. Multiple sclerosis
78. Muscle weakness
79. Muscle cramps, muscle spasm,
twitching, tics
80. Nitric oxide low
81. Noise sensitivity
82. Numbness of hands and feet
83.Osteoporosis
84. Paranoia
85. Parathyroid activity
86. Peroxynitrite damage
(migraine, multiple sclerosis,
glaucoma,
Alzheimer's disease)
87. Pins and needles
88. Premenstrual syndrome
Assessment
ofmagnesium
deficiency
symptoms

47. Assessment
ofmagnesium
deficiency
symptoms
89. Polycystic ovarian disease
90. Potassium deficiency (low
potassium blood count)
91. Raynauld’s syndrome
92. Restlessness
93. Recurrent bacterial infection
due to low levels of nitric oxide in
the cavities (sinuses, vagina,
middle ear, lungs, throat, etc.)
94. Seizures and convulsions
95. Slurred speech
96. Stroke
97. Sugar cravings
98. Swallowing difficulties,
dysphagia
99. Sweating excessively
(hyperhidrosis)
100. Syndrome X
101.Tetany syndrome
102.Thirst - excessive
103.Thyroid hyperactivity
104.Thiamine deactivation (low
gastric acid, behavioral disorders,
etc.)
105.Tingling hands and feet
106.Tremor of hands
107.Tooth cavities
108.Twitching
109.Tinnitus
110.Wheezing

48. 6.The
Absorption of
Magnesium
 A little basic background chemistry will help us understand how
magnesium is absorbed in the body.
 Firstly, it is important to understand that the most important
absorption of magnesium is into the cells. Not just into the
bloodstream; where only 1% of magnesium is found. It needs to
get into the cells. So, the magnesium first gets into the
bloodstream and then is transported to the cells.
 Secondly, it’s important to note that “raw, basic” magnesium on
its own is not easily found in nature.
 You don’t go to a magnesium mint? and dig it out like gold or
silver. It exists mainly in an invisible form, dissolved in seawater
(or lake water), After sodium and chlorine, it is the third most
abundant element found in seawater.To get magnesium from the
seawater a process of electrolysis is used to extricate I
 Another source is underground beds of magnesium chloride
salts formed when ancient oceans were covered by land. One
such huge deposit, that I have visited, is in the Zechstein area of
the Netherlands.

49. 6.The
Absorption of
Magnesium
 Chemists can isolate magnesium into a lump of grey metal on its
own, but it will not stay in that form when exposed to other
chemicals or elements. It binds quickly to other chemicals, so for
example when exposed to the atmosphere it quickly forms an
oxide coating. It is also extremely strong while very light making
it highly desirable in making metal alloys for use in engines and
electronics.
 A lump of pure magnesium burns fiercely with a bright white light,
and this property makes it useful in fireworks and munitions. If
you can now imagine this energy on a microscopic scale - this is
one major sources of energy that drives our bodies' batteries -
the mitochondria and ATP (adenosine triphosphate). So, in a way
we are fuelled in a similar way to fireworks!
 Another common way to find magnesium in nature is where the
magnesium is tightly bound to another chemical compound in
the form of magnesium salts. Magnesium can bind to either
organic or inorganic chemicals.
 A magnesium form bound with an organic compound is often
referred to as a chelate. These organic forms are often amino
acids or other acids.

50.  Factors that affect magnesium absorption:
 Several factors can affect the absorption of magnesium
supplements, including:
 - Age: Older adults may have reduced magnesium absorption due
to decreased stomach acid production and digestive enzymes.
 - Medications:Certain medications, such as proton pump
inhibitors, can decrease the absorption of magnesium.
 - Diet:A diet high in fiber and phytic acid can decrease the
absorption of magnesium.
 - Health conditions:Certain health conditions, such as celiac
disease, Crohn's disease, and kidney disease, can affect
magnesium absorption.

51. Magnesium is found in a variety of
foods, including leafy green
vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole
grains, legumes, and seafood.
Some of the best food sources of
magnesium include spinach,
almonds, black beans, avocado, and
salmon.

52. Magnesium is found in a variety
of foods, including leafy green
vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole
grains, legumes, and seafood.
Some of the best food sources of
magnesium include spinach,
almonds, black beans, avocado,
and salmon.

53. FoodSources of
Magnesium:
Nuts and seeds
Almonds (roasted): 1 ounce (oz) = 80 (mg) of magnesium.
Cashews (roasted): 1 oz = 72 mg of magnesium.
Flaxseed (whole): 1 tablespoon = 40 mg of magnesium.
Peanuts (dry roasted): 1 oz = 49 mg of magnesium.
Pumpkin seeds (hulled, roasted): 1 oz = 150 mg of magnesium.
Chia seeds: 1 oz = 111 mg of magnesium.
Legumes
Black beans (boiled): 1/2 cup = 60 mg of magnesium.
Edamame (cooked, prepared): 1/2 cup = 50 mg of magnesium.
Lima beans (cooked): 1/2 cup = 40 mg of magnesium

54. FoodSources of
Magnesium:
Fiber-rich whole grains
Quinoa (cooked): 1/2 cup = 60 mg of magnesium.
Shredded wheat (plain, unfrosted): 1 cup = 56 mg of magnesium
Low-fat dairy products
Milk (nonfat): 1 cup = 24 to 27 mg of magnesium.
Yogurt (plain, low fat): 8 oz = 42 mg of magnesium.
Greens
Spinach (cooked): 1/2 cup = 78 mg of magnesium.
Swiss chard (cooked): 1/2 cup = 75 mg of magnesium.
Collard greens: 1/2 cup = 25 mg of magnesium.

55. FoodSources of
Magnesium:
Fruit
Avocados: One whole avocado = 58 mg of magnesium.
Bananas: One medium banana = 32 mg of magnesium.
Papaya: One small papaya = 33 mg of magnesium.
Blackberries: 1 cup = 29 mg of magnesium.
Vegetables
Green peas: 1/2 cup = 31 mg of magnesium.
Sweet corn: 1/2 cup = 27 mg of magnesium.
Potatoes: One medium potato with skin = 48 mg of magnesium.
Chocolate
Dark chocolate (70%-85% cocoa)
1 oz = 64 milligrams of magnesium.

57. 8.
Supplements
andOther
Sources of
Magnesium
 Magnesium supplements are available in a variety of forms,
including magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate, magnesium
glycinate, and magnesium chloride.
 Magnesium can also be found in some over-the-counter
medications, such as antacids and laxatives.
 Some magnesium supplements are combined with other
nutrients, such as calcium and vitamin D, for improved
absorption.
 Magnesium Uses in hospital: Magnesium has been shown to be
beneficial in cases of eclampsia, a serious complication during
pregnancy that can lead to seizures and other health problems. It
has also been studied for its potential role in asthma
management and prevention, as well as in reducing the frequency
and severity of migraines. However, magnesium is not typically
used as a primary treatment for hospital operations or surgeries

58. Supplements andOther
Sources of Magnesium
1. Magnesium Malate:This type of magnesium is made by combining
magnesium with malic acid, which is found naturally in many fruits.
Magnesium malate may be beneficial for individuals with
fibromyalgia, as malic acid is involved in energy production and may
help reduce muscle pain and fatigue.
2. MagnesiumGlycinate: Also known as magnesium bisglycinate, this
form of magnesium is made by combining magnesium with glycine,
an amino acid. Magnesium glycinate is highly absorbable and may be
a good choice for individuals who experience digestive discomfort
with other forms of magnesium.
3. Magnesium Citrate:This type of magnesium is made by combining
magnesium with citric acid. Magnesium citrate is commonly used as a
laxative due to its ability to promote bowel movements. It may also
be beneficial for individuals who have difficulty absorbing other forms
of magnesium.

59. Supplements andOtherSources
of Magnesium
 4. MagnesiumOxide:This type of magnesium is made by combining magnesium
with oxygen. Magnesium oxide is a highly concentrated form of magnesium and is
commonly used to treat magnesium deficiencies. However, it may not be as well
absorbed as other forms of magnesium and may cause digestive discomfort.
 5. MagnesiumChloride:This type of magnesium is made by combining magnesium
with chloride. Magnesium chloride is highly soluble and may be beneficial for
individuals who have difficulty absorbing other forms of magnesium. It may also be
used topically as a skin moisturizer or for foot soaks.
 6. MagnesiumTaurate:This form of magnesium is made by combining magnesium
with the amino acid taurine. Magnesium taurate may be beneficial for individuals
with cardiovascular issues, as taurine has been shown to support heart health.

60. Supplements andOtherSources
of Magnesium
 7. Magnesium Threonate: This form of magnesium is made by combining magnesium with threonic acid.
Magnesium threonate may be beneficial for brain health, as it has been shown to increase magnesium
levels in the brain and improve cognitive function.
 Magnesium Glutamate is a form of magnesium that is bound to the amino acid glutamate. This form of
magnesium is often used as a dietary supplement to help increase magnesium levels in the body.
Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter in the brain and is involved in many functions, including
memory, learning, and mood regulation. However, some people may be sensitive to glutamate and may
experience adverse effects, such as headaches or allergic reactions.
 Magnesium Sulfate, also known as Epsom salt, is a compound that contains magnesium, sulfur, and
oxygen. It is often used as a natural remedy for muscle aches and pains, as well as for its laxative
properties. Magnesium sulfate is also used in medicine as a treatment for conditions such as eclampsia, a
serious complication of pregnancy that can cause seizures. Additionally, magnesium sulfate is sometimes
used in agriculture as a fertilizer to help improve soil quality and plant growth.

61. 6.TheAbsorption of Magnesium
 Organic compounds
 Examples of magnesium theirs (i.e. magnesium forms bound to organic chemicals)
are magnesium acetate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium lactate, magnesium
citrate, magnesium malate, magnesium mandelate, magnesium salicylate,
magnesium gluconate, magnesium aspartate and many others.
 Inorganic compounds
 Examples of magnesium forms bound to inorganic substances are magnesium
oxide, magnesium sulphate, magnesium chloride, magnesium carbonate,
magnesium acetate, and magnesium pidolate.
 Some of these are forms that are familiar to many migraine sufferers who have
used them in migraine mitigation with varying degrees of success.

63. The bioavailability of magnesium supplements can vary depending
on the form of magnesium used. Magnesium oxide is a common
form of magnesium supplement but has relatively low
bioavailability. Magnesium citrate and magnesium

64.  . Under normal physiological conditions the general guide is the
duodenum absorbs 11%, the jejunum 22%, the ileum 56%, and the
colon 11%.That makes 89% of the absorption in the small
intestines under normal circumstances.
 De Baaij et alia explain that “given a daily Mg2 intake of 370 mg, 30
-50% is absorbed in the intestine, resulting in a net uptake of
100mg.The net absorption of dietary magnesium in a typical diet
is approximately 30 to 50%.
 Selenium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamins B6 and D help
Magensium to absorb better.

65. 8.The
Absorption of
Magnesium
 Research shows that the absorption rate of magnesium oxide is very low, at
around 4%. So, from the 400 mg magnesium oxide tablet, of which say 244 mg is
elemental magnesium only 4% is absorbed. (188) So that is about 10 mg
 But a high elemental count does not mean it is all absorbed in the cells!
 So, to get the most magnesium we should therefore just select the one with the
highest percentage of elemental magnesium, right?
 Wrong!
 Just because a magnesium compound has a high elemental count of magnesium
does not mean that you will absorb all of that when you ingest it.
 The amount that is absorbed by the body depends on:
 1.The amount of elemental magnesium released and probably more importantly,
 2. how soluble the compound is, which is a function of how tightly bound the
compound is.
 How soluble is your magnesium supplement? Well... It depends on the Stability
constants and how easily your body can break it apart.

66. How much
magnesium is
in a 400 mg
tablet of
magnesium?
 Not so simple!
 In a 400 mg tablet, the uninitiated might assume that there were 400 mg of
 magnesium. But this is not always the case, because:
 1. magnesium is always bound to some other substance, and
 2. it depends on how the manufacturer reports the magnesium content.
 In terms of being bound to another sub, as we explained earlier, for example:
 • magnesium taurate is bound to taurine, an amino acid
 • magnesium malate the magnesium is bound to malic acid (what you get from
apples)
 • magnesium chloride is bound to chloride
 • magnesium sulfate is bound to sulfur, and so on.
 These are called metal-ligand complexes. Magnesium is the metal and the other
bit that binds to it is called the ligand. Ligand is from the Latin word ligare meaning
to bind or tie.

67. Howmuchmagnesiumisina400mgtabletofmagnesium?
 Elemental Magnesium
 The actual amount of magnesium in the metal-ligand compound is called the
elemental magnesium.
 For example, magnesium gluconate has only 5% elemental magnesium. So, in a
400 mg magnesium gluconate tablet there may only 20 mg of elemental
magnesium
 if your supplement label states: "Magnesium ( as magnesium citrate): 500 mg" it
should contain 500 mg of actual magnesium.
 However, if the label states "Magnesium citrate 500 mg," this means the entire
compound is 500 mg — of which only a small percentage is magnesium (in fact, it's
only 16.2%) or 81 mg.
 Magnesium oxide has one of highest amounts of elemental magnesium but...It
has one of highest amounts of elemental magnesium at 61%, providing around 244
mg of elemental magnesium in a 400 mg tablet.

68. How much
magnesium is
in a 400 mg
tablet of
magnesium?
 Elemental magnesium contents and relate this below to how many milligrams
would exist in a 400 mg tablet.
 Magnesium Oxide - 61% elemental magnesium. 244 mg in a 400 mg tablet.
 Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia) - 42% elemental magnesium. 167 mg in
400 mg per 5 ml oral suspension.
 Magnesium Citrate - 16% elemental magnesium. 64 mg in a 400 mg tablet.
 Magnesium Glycinate - 14% elemental magnesium. 56 mg in a 400 mg tablet.
 Magnesium Lactate - 12% elemental magnesium. 48 mg in 400 mg tablet.
 Magnesium Sulfate - 10% elemental magnesium. 1 gram per 100 ml solution for
injection.
 Magnesium Gluconate - 5% elemental magnesium. 20 mg in 400 mg tablet.
 Magnesium Malate - 15% elemental magnesium. 60 mg in 400 mg tablet
 Magnesium Taurate - 8.9% elemental magnesium. 36 mg in 400 mg tablet

69. StabilityConstant
 Scientists rate a compound’s solubility by a rating called a stability constant. Dr
George Eby explains that the lower the stability constant the more soluble in water
is the metal-ligand compound.
 A stability constant measures the strength of how tightly bound the parts of a
compound.
 Very low stability constant numeric values (between negative values) mean that
the metal-ligand is not only soluble in water but readily splits into the metal ionic
form and the ligand. In other words, a low stability constant means that it is easy to
split.
 Between 3 and perhaps as high as 6, metal-ligands are likely to split in
 stomach acid, but not greatly at pH 7.4.
 For stability constants above 6, there is less metal released regardless of how low
the pH may be, and such compound are essentially useless in biological systems
which use (stomach) acids to dissociate metal from ligand.

70. StabilityConstant 0 -
Soluble inWater
 These forms of metal-ligands are most
soluble in water and when the
(compound is broken down it is more
absorbable by the body’s cells. At a pH of
7.4 these metal-ligands are substantially
ionized. In the case of magnesium
chloride, it is totally ionized.
Magnesium
compound Ligand Stability
Constant Ionization
Magnesium
chloride chloride 0 Ionized
Magnesium
oxide
monohydrate
oxygen/
hydrogen 0* Ionized

71. StabilityConstant >0
to 3-Soluble in Water
 These metal-ligands are
somewhat soluble in water,
but most need some stomach
acid to break them down in
the body into their ionized
forms
Magnesium
Compound Ligand Stability Constant Ionization
Magnesium
Acetate
acetic acid 0.51
Substantially
ionized
Magnesium
gluconate
gluconic acid 0.70
Substantially
ionized
Magnesium
lactate
lactic acid 0.93
Substantially
ionized
Magnesium
malate
malic acid 1.55
Substantially
ionized
Magnesium
glutamate
glutamic acid 1.90
Substantially
ionized
Magnesium
aspartate
aspartic acid 2.43
Substantially
ionized
Magnesium
oxalate
oxalic acid 2.55
Substantially
ionized
Magnesium
citrate
citric acid 2.8
Substantially
ionized

72. StabilityConstantof3to6-
SolubleinStomachAcid
 These metal-ligands need
more stomach acid to break
them into their ionized forms.
Many amino acid complexes
arc in the 4 to 5 range and are
well absorbed, though not
necessarily broken down by
acids.

Magnesium
compound Ligand
Stability
Constant Ionization
Magnesium
oxide* oxygen 3+
Magnesium
glycinatc glycine 3.45
Magnesium
salicylate
salicylic
acid
4.70
Magnesium
orotate
orotic
acid
5.34

73. Bioavailability
 MagnesiumCitrate: around 90%
 MagnesiumGlycinate: around 80%
 MagnesiumChloride: around 12%
 MagnesiumOxide: around 4%
 MagnesiumTaurate: moderate to high (the exact
percentage is not well established)
 MagnesiumThreonate: higher than other forms, particularly
for brain function (exact percentage is not well established)
MagnesiumGlutamate:There is limited research on the
bioavailability of magnesium glutamate
 MagnesiumOrotate: It is believed to have a moderate to
high bioavailability, Magnesium Phosphate: It is believed to
have a moderate bioavailability,

75. 10.
Magnesium
Dosage,
Timing and
Titrating
 Recommended dosages for different types of magnesium
supplements
 The recommended dosage of magnesium supplements depends
on the type of supplement, age, and sex of the individual.
Generally, the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for
magnesium is:
 - 400-420 mg/day for men aged 19-30 years
 - 310-320 mg/day for women aged 19-30 years
 - 420 mg/day for men aged 31 and above
 - 320 mg/day for women aged 31 and above

76. Best times to
take
magnesium
supplements:
 The best time to take magnesium supplements depends on the
form of supplement and the reason for taking it. For example:
 - Magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide supplements are best
taken on an empty stomach to enhance absorption.
 - Magnesium glycinate is best taken at bedtime as it may help
improve sleep quality.
 - Magnesium supplements can be taken before or after exercise to
help prevent muscle cramps.
 It is generally recommended to split the daily dose of magnesium
supplements into two or three smaller doses throughout the day,
as this can enhance absorption and reduce the risk of
gastrointestinal side effects.

77. Potential Risks
andSide
Effects of
Magnesium
Supplements
 Possible side effects of magnesium supplements Magnesium
toxicity and its symptoms Individuals who should avoid taking
magnesium supplements
 Magnesium supplementation is generally safe for most people
when taken in recommended dosages. However, there are
potential risks and side effects to be aware of, including:
 Gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal
cramping
 Changes in blood pressure and heart rate
 Muscle weakness and fatigue
 Difficulty breathing
 Allergic reactions in rare cases

78. Certain
individuals
may be at a
higher risk for
magnesium
toxicity
 People with kidney disease or kidney failure
 People taking certain medications, such as antibiotics or diuretics
 People with a history of bowel obstruction or other
gastrointestinal disorders
 People with heart disease or an irregular heartbeat
 Pregnant or breastfeeding women (in some cases, high doses of
magnesium can cause harm to the foetus or new-born

79. Titrating
method
 Magnesium mineral supplement treatment with slowly increase
method. A titrating method is a common approach used for
gradually increasing magnesium supplementation.This method
involves starting with a low dose of magnesium and slowly
increasing the dosage over time until reaching the desired level.
 The reason for this gradual approach is that sudden high doses of
magnesium can cause digestive discomfort, such as diarrhea,
nausea, and abdominal cramps. By starting with a low dose and
gradually increasing the amount, the body has time to adjust and
minimize these side effects.
 For example, if a person wants to take a magnesium supplement
with a dose of 1000 mg, they may start with a low dose of 100-200
mg per day and gradually increase the dosage by 100-200 mg
every few days until reaching the desired level.

81. interactions of
magnesium
with other
nutrients and
medications.
Magnesium's interactions with other essential
nutrients:This section explains how magnesium
interacts with other essential nutrients, such as
calcium and vitamin D. It discusses the importance of
balancing magnesium intake with these other
nutrients to maintain optimal health.
Potential drug interactions with magnesium
supplements:This section explores the potential
interactions between magnesium supplements and
prescription medications. It highlights the importance
of consulting with a healthcare provider before taking
magnesium supplements if you are taking any
medications.

82. interactions of
magnesium
with other
nutrients and
medications.
 Calcium: Magnesium and calcium work together in the body to promote strong
bones and teeth. Magnesium helps regulate calcium levels in the blood and
supports calcium absorption in the bones.
 Vitamin D: Magnesium is required for the activation of vitamin D, which helps
the body absorb calcium.
 Potassium: Magnesium and potassium work together to regulate blood
pressure and support healthy heart function.
 Zinc: Magnesium and zinc both play important roles in immune function, and
magnesium is necessary for the proper utilization of zinc in the body.
 Vitamin B6: Magnesium is required for the activation of vitamin B6, which is
involved in many metabolic processes in the body, including the production of
neurotransmitters and the formation of red blood cells.

83. interactions of
magnesium
with other
nutrients and
medications.
 it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking
magnesium supplements if you are taking any medications. Some
medications that may interact with magnesium supplements
include:
 Antibiotics: Magnesium can reduce the absorption of certain
antibiotics, such as tetracyclines and quinolones, if taken at the same
time.
 Diuretics: Some diuretics, such as thiazide diuretics, can cause the
body to excrete magnesium, leading to magnesium deficiency.
 Bisphosphonates: Bisphosphonates, used to treat osteoporosis, may
be less effective when taken with magnesium supplements.
 Blood pressure medications: Magnesium supplements can lower
blood pressure, so taking magnesium supplements with blood
pressure medications can potentially cause blood pressure to drop
too low.
 Muscle relaxants: Magnesium supplements can enhance the effects
of muscle relaxants, such as baclofen and tizanidine, leading to
excessive sedation or muscle weakness.

84. 2 Hours
 The timing of magnesium supplementation in
relation to medication intake can vary depending on
the medication and the individual's specific health
needs. In general, it is recommended to take
magnesium supplements at least 2 hours before or
after taking medications, as magnesium can
potentially interact with certain medications and
reduce their effectiveness. However, the exact
timing may vary depending on the medication and
the individual's health status, so it is important to
consult with a healthcare provider for personalized
guidance.