Discussion Memory DistortionsConsider eyewitness testimony, a f.docx
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Discussion: Memory Distortions Consider eyewitness testimony, a facet of the judicial system that relies on the soundness of memory for its effectiveness. The following story demonstrates the grave consequences inherent in certain kinds of memory distortion. In the days following Jennifer Thompson’s 1984 rape by an unknown assailant, law enforcement officials presented her with a “photographic lineup.” It was composed of local individuals who loosely fit Thompson’s description, including one man the police considered a likely suspect in the attack. Police and the prosecution relied on Thompson’s eyewitness testimony as a critical building block in the case against Ronald Cotton. Thompson’s memory-based selection of Cotton’s image eventually brought him to trial as a defendant. Jennifer Thompson’s eyewitness testimony led to the conviction of Ronald Cotton for rape. Thompson described memorizing the details her attacker’s appearance that fateful night so that she might later help to catch him. Based on Thompson’s testimony, the prosecution won, and Cotton received a sentence of life plus 54 years in prison. After serving nearly 11 years, Cotton was exonerated on the basis of DNA evidence. In the years since Cotton’s release from prison, he and Thompson have reconciled. They now travel together throughout the United States, speaking about the lack of reliability of eyewitness testimony in criminal cases. Unreliable eyewitness accounts of crimes serve as one example of memory distortion. Consider factors in the Cotton case that may have affected the accuracy of Thompson’s memory. In this Discussion, you examine factors that might influence and create distortions of memory. You also explain potential consequences of memory distortion on eyewitness testimony. Reference: Innocence Project. (n.d.) Eyewitness misidentification. Retrieved April 25, 2012, from http://www.innocenceproject.org/understand/Eyewitness-Misidentification.php With these thoughts in mind: By Day 4 Post a brief description of factors that might influence and create distortions of memory. Then explain how one of those factors might create a memory distortion. Provide an example to support your response. Finally, explain three consequences of memory distortion in the context of eyewitness testimony. Justify your response using the Learning Resources and current literature. Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources. .
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Consider eyewitness testimony, a facet of the judicial system th.docx
Consider eyewitness testimony, a facet of the judicial system that relies on the soundness of memory for its effectiveness. The following story demonstrates the grave consequences inherent in certain kinds of memory distortion.
In the days following Jennifer Thompson’s 1984 rape by an unknown assailant, law enforcement officials presented her with a “photographic lineup.” It was composed of local individuals who loosely fit Thompson’s description, including one man the police considered a likely suspect in the attack. Police and the prosecution relied on Thompson’s eyewitness testimony as a critical building block in the case against Ronald Cotton. Thompson’s memory-based selection of Cotton’s image eventually brought him to trial as a defendant.
Jennifer Thompson’s eyewitness testimony led to the conviction of Ronald Cotton for rape. Thompson described memorizing the details of her attacker’s appearance that fateful night so that she might later help to catch him. Based on Thompson’s testimony, the prosecution won, and Cotton received a sentence of life plus 54 years in prison.
After serving nearly 11 years, Cotton was exonerated on the basis of DNA evidence. In the years since Cotton’s release from prison, he and Thompson have reconciled. They now travel together throughout the United States, speaking about the lack of reliability of eyewitness testimony in criminal cases. Unreliable eyewitness accounts of crimes serve as one example of memory distortion. Consider factors in the Cotton case that may have affected the accuracy of Thompson’s memory.
In this Discussion, you examine factors that might influence and create distortions of memory. You also explain the potential consequences of memory distortion on eyewitness testimony.
Reference:
Innocence Project. (n.d.) Eyewitness misidentification. Retrieved April 25, 2012, from http://www.innocenceproject.org/understand/Eyewitness-Misidentification.php
With these thoughts in mind:
Post
a brief description of factors that might influence and create distortions of memory. Then explain how one of those factors might create a memory distortion. Provide an example to support your response. Finally, explain three consequences of memory distortion in the context of eyewitness testimony. Justify your response using the Learning Resources and current literature.
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.
.
Free Term Papers Term Paper Topics For Students
1. Last Man Standing by Norman Collins describes the author's experiences as a soldier in World War I. Collins joined the British army at age 18 and was deployed to France at age 19.
2. The book uses Collins' letters home from the war zone as well as his later recollections to describe what he witnessed and endured as a soldier, from serving in trenches to burying dead bodies.
3. Covering Collins' time in the war from 1914 to 1917, the book aims to convey the experiences of soldiers who survived WWI to help readers understand what they faced.
STUDENT REPLIESDISCUSSION 2STUDENT REPLY #1 Darlene Milan On.docx
STUDENT REPLIES
DISCUSSION 2
STUDENT REPLY #1 Darlene Milan
One major technological advancement I think will affect profiling practices in the future is CGT (Criminal Geographic Targeting). CGT is a computerized geographic profiling technique used in police investigations of complex serial crimes (Rossmo, 1995). A criminal analysis technique that uses the locations of a connected series of crime sites to determine the most probable area of the offender's residence. According to Rossmo, geography plays an important role in the offender's selection of suitable victims, which is why this program will be important in the future. The CGT produces a map showing specific details, for example, patrol saturation, grid and area searches, police information and record systems, outside agency databases, and zip code prioritization. This process includes investigation reports, witness statements, autopsy reports, and psychological profiles (1995). In addition, a detailed examination of a crime scene, interviews with lead investigators, crime analysts, and demographic data (Holmes & Holmes, 2004).
The computer revolution has arrived in our world and is becoming the next major advance in our arsenal of weapons against crime. The computer revolution has dramatically influenced the criminal justice system and is used to track crimes and criminals. The future of computerized monitoring, for example, is that of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), which uses a tracking system called the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). In addition, computerized profiling may soon help law enforcement personnel define efficiently the types of personalities associated with violent crimes such as murder, rape, and serial murder (Holmes & Holmes, 2004).
References
Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2009). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
STUDENT REPLY #2 Shaquanta Frazier
I think the technology advancements in criminal profiling in the future and I do believe that GPS and Drones will be more effective in the future because with GPS it can give the location of the suspect, it helps with high-speed chases, and it even help the law enforcement where the victim was last seen through their cellphones tower and GPS systems. GIS systems help with keeping track of police vehicles and give the department their location at any time. Drones give more adapt process of the suspect and it can help you cover more area to help in locating the suspect, give you more details of crime and help in finding evidence that law enforcement missed during their first investigation. Drones can reach harder places and can be beneficial to the crime scene.
References:
Legal Technology Advancements for the Criminal Justice System
Legal technology for the criminal justice system has evolved and allow them to work more efficiently. Learn more about the new legal tech.
Practice Panther
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Read the two peer-reviewed journal articles on eyewitness testimon.docx
Read the two peer-reviewed journal articles on eyewitness testimony that I have attached on memory eyewitness testimony. Read the articles, then in 750-1,000 words, do the following:
Briefly summarize the findings from each article.
Based upon the information read, discuss if eyewitness testimony is reliable or unreliable.
Connect your research to a memory theory discussed in Chapter 7 of your textbook.
When writing in APA style, it is important that your analysis is written in third person. Writing in third person, using support from the article to support your position, helps with clarity and conciseness throughout your paper.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment for plagiarism.
Chapter 7 on memory
To understand the three processing phases of memory, consider that right now you are reading the information in this textbook. Presumably, you are trying to remember the information. In the encoding phase, your brain changes information—for example, what you see on the page when you are reading this text—into a meaningful neural code that it can use (Figure 7.2, Step 1). The storage phase is how you maintain the coded representation in a network of neurons in the brain. Storage can last a fraction of a second or as long as a lifetime. In retrieval, the third phase of memory, you re-access the information. Think of this phase as bringing to your mind a previously encoded and stored memory when it is needed, just as answers to an exam.
REVIEW ARTICLE
Consequences of False Memories in Eyewitness
Testimony: A Review and Implications for
Chinese Legal Practice
Jianqin Wang1, Henry Otgaar1,2, Tom Smeets1, Mark L. Howe1,2,
Harald Merckelbach1, and Chu Zhou3
1Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The
Netherlands; 2Department of Psychology, City, University of London, UK;
and 3Department of Psychology, Fudan University, China
Abstract
False memories can result in severe legal consequences including the imprisonment of innocent people.
False memory in eyewitnesses is the largest factor contributing to miscarriages of justice in the United
States. To date, no study has focused on how false memories might play a role in the Chinese legal
system. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest findings on false memory and eyewitness
testimony in the literature, and to shed some light on how the Chinese legal system may incorporate
these experiences into practice. Overall, false memories of eyewitnesses are generated either by external
misleading information or by internal cognitive processes; false memories may guide police
investigations in the wrong direction or cause eyewitnesses to misidentify an innocent perso ...
Criminal Justice 4: Organizing and Writing a Report
The document discusses guidelines for organizing and writing effective police reports. It recommends starting to organize information at the crime scene by noting details about yourself, victims, witnesses, suspects, evidence and the disposition. When writing the report, follow your agency's procedures and include an opening sentence with key details like date, time, location, names of those involved and the nature of the call. Each subsequent paragraph should focus on a witness, victim or suspect. Include all investigative steps, contact information, verbatim quotes, evidence details and fully explain how the case was resolved.
Amanda Knox was an American student in her early 20’s studying abroa.docx
Amanda Knox was an American student in her early 20’s studying abroad at a university in Perugia, Italy. In November 2007 she was arrested, later charged and in 2009 she was found guilty of the murder of her roommate Meredith Kercher. In 2011, an appellate court reviewed the matter and she was released from prison and allowed to return home to the United States.
This case received exclusive media attention all over the world. Much discussion has been had over the murder and the police and the forensic investigations, the statements and confessions of the parties involved, the trial and the appeal, prison conditions and also about the judicial pretrial publicity and the impact on the trial.
In a 3-5-page paper, and using APA style formatting, analyze this case in detail in terms of how it was handled in the Italian court system. Discuss in detail the appellate process that was employed. You must use outside and supporting sources and make sure to properly cite any outside sources that you use.
Discuss whether or not the U.S. police and court systems would have handled the case differently and, if so, how would it have been handled. Would the outcome have likely been different in the United States? Would the prison sentence have been different? What does this case say about prison conditions? What about the handling of the appeal within the two systems – how does that differ?
Finally, select one of the four major legal systems in the world: Civil law, socialist law, Islamic law, and common law. Suppose that you are advising an individual travelling to a county which follows each of these different systems – what advice would you give this individual in terms of how these systems differ and why? How does the system that you selected handle appeals?
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The document discusses the documentary Bowling for Columbine and its examination of the causes of gun violence in America. It explores how the media drives fear and discrimination in American culture. The film questions who is responsible for gun violence and concludes it is not due to gun ownership but the exploitation of violence through the media and government. Fear is intensified by the media and controlled by the government to manipulate society. While gun ownership is a constitutional right, gun control policy remains controversial as it debates this right versus preventing crime.
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Consider eyewitness testimony, a facet of the judicial system th.docx
Consider eyewitness testimony, a facet of the judicial system that relies on the soundness of memory for its effectiveness. The following story demonstrates the grave consequences inherent in certain kinds of memory distortion.
In the days following Jennifer Thompson’s 1984 rape by an unknown assailant, law enforcement officials presented her with a “photographic lineup.” It was composed of local individuals who loosely fit Thompson’s description, including one man the police considered a likely suspect in the attack. Police and the prosecution relied on Thompson’s eyewitness testimony as a critical building block in the case against Ronald Cotton. Thompson’s memory-based selection of Cotton’s image eventually brought him to trial as a defendant.
Jennifer Thompson’s eyewitness testimony led to the conviction of Ronald Cotton for rape. Thompson described memorizing the details of her attacker’s appearance that fateful night so that she might later help to catch him. Based on Thompson’s testimony, the prosecution won, and Cotton received a sentence of life plus 54 years in prison.
After serving nearly 11 years, Cotton was exonerated on the basis of DNA evidence. In the years since Cotton’s release from prison, he and Thompson have reconciled. They now travel together throughout the United States, speaking about the lack of reliability of eyewitness testimony in criminal cases. Unreliable eyewitness accounts of crimes serve as one example of memory distortion. Consider factors in the Cotton case that may have affected the accuracy of Thompson’s memory.
In this Discussion, you examine factors that might influence and create distortions of memory. You also explain the potential consequences of memory distortion on eyewitness testimony.
Reference:
Innocence Project. (n.d.) Eyewitness misidentification. Retrieved April 25, 2012, from http://www.innocenceproject.org/understand/Eyewitness-Misidentification.php
With these thoughts in mind:
Post
a brief description of factors that might influence and create distortions of memory. Then explain how one of those factors might create a memory distortion. Provide an example to support your response. Finally, explain three consequences of memory distortion in the context of eyewitness testimony. Justify your response using the Learning Resources and current literature.
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.
.
Free Term Papers Term Paper Topics For Students
1. Last Man Standing by Norman Collins describes the author's experiences as a soldier in World War I. Collins joined the British army at age 18 and was deployed to France at age 19.
2. The book uses Collins' letters home from the war zone as well as his later recollections to describe what he witnessed and endured as a soldier, from serving in trenches to burying dead bodies.
3. Covering Collins' time in the war from 1914 to 1917, the book aims to convey the experiences of soldiers who survived WWI to help readers understand what they faced.
STUDENT REPLIESDISCUSSION 2STUDENT REPLY #1 Darlene Milan On.docx
STUDENT REPLIES
DISCUSSION 2
STUDENT REPLY #1 Darlene Milan
One major technological advancement I think will affect profiling practices in the future is CGT (Criminal Geographic Targeting). CGT is a computerized geographic profiling technique used in police investigations of complex serial crimes (Rossmo, 1995). A criminal analysis technique that uses the locations of a connected series of crime sites to determine the most probable area of the offender's residence. According to Rossmo, geography plays an important role in the offender's selection of suitable victims, which is why this program will be important in the future. The CGT produces a map showing specific details, for example, patrol saturation, grid and area searches, police information and record systems, outside agency databases, and zip code prioritization. This process includes investigation reports, witness statements, autopsy reports, and psychological profiles (1995). In addition, a detailed examination of a crime scene, interviews with lead investigators, crime analysts, and demographic data (Holmes & Holmes, 2004).
The computer revolution has arrived in our world and is becoming the next major advance in our arsenal of weapons against crime. The computer revolution has dramatically influenced the criminal justice system and is used to track crimes and criminals. The future of computerized monitoring, for example, is that of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), which uses a tracking system called the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). In addition, computerized profiling may soon help law enforcement personnel define efficiently the types of personalities associated with violent crimes such as murder, rape, and serial murder (Holmes & Holmes, 2004).
References
Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2009). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
STUDENT REPLY #2 Shaquanta Frazier
I think the technology advancements in criminal profiling in the future and I do believe that GPS and Drones will be more effective in the future because with GPS it can give the location of the suspect, it helps with high-speed chases, and it even help the law enforcement where the victim was last seen through their cellphones tower and GPS systems. GIS systems help with keeping track of police vehicles and give the department their location at any time. Drones give more adapt process of the suspect and it can help you cover more area to help in locating the suspect, give you more details of crime and help in finding evidence that law enforcement missed during their first investigation. Drones can reach harder places and can be beneficial to the crime scene.
References:
Legal Technology Advancements for the Criminal Justice System
Legal technology for the criminal justice system has evolved and allow them to work more efficiently. Learn more about the new legal tech.
Practice Panther
Significance Test
A significance test (hyp.
Read the two peer-reviewed journal articles on eyewitness testimon.docx
Read the two peer-reviewed journal articles on eyewitness testimony that I have attached on memory eyewitness testimony. Read the articles, then in 750-1,000 words, do the following:
Briefly summarize the findings from each article.
Based upon the information read, discuss if eyewitness testimony is reliable or unreliable.
Connect your research to a memory theory discussed in Chapter 7 of your textbook.
When writing in APA style, it is important that your analysis is written in third person. Writing in third person, using support from the article to support your position, helps with clarity and conciseness throughout your paper.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment for plagiarism.
Chapter 7 on memory
To understand the three processing phases of memory, consider that right now you are reading the information in this textbook. Presumably, you are trying to remember the information. In the encoding phase, your brain changes information—for example, what you see on the page when you are reading this text—into a meaningful neural code that it can use (Figure 7.2, Step 1). The storage phase is how you maintain the coded representation in a network of neurons in the brain. Storage can last a fraction of a second or as long as a lifetime. In retrieval, the third phase of memory, you re-access the information. Think of this phase as bringing to your mind a previously encoded and stored memory when it is needed, just as answers to an exam.
REVIEW ARTICLE
Consequences of False Memories in Eyewitness
Testimony: A Review and Implications for
Chinese Legal Practice
Jianqin Wang1, Henry Otgaar1,2, Tom Smeets1, Mark L. Howe1,2,
Harald Merckelbach1, and Chu Zhou3
1Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The
Netherlands; 2Department of Psychology, City, University of London, UK;
and 3Department of Psychology, Fudan University, China
Abstract
False memories can result in severe legal consequences including the imprisonment of innocent people.
False memory in eyewitnesses is the largest factor contributing to miscarriages of justice in the United
States. To date, no study has focused on how false memories might play a role in the Chinese legal
system. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest findings on false memory and eyewitness
testimony in the literature, and to shed some light on how the Chinese legal system may incorporate
these experiences into practice. Overall, false memories of eyewitnesses are generated either by external
misleading information or by internal cognitive processes; false memories may guide police
investigations in the wrong direction or cause eyewitnesses to misidentify an innocent perso ...
Criminal Justice 4: Organizing and Writing a Report
The document discusses guidelines for organizing and writing effective police reports. It recommends starting to organize information at the crime scene by noting details about yourself, victims, witnesses, suspects, evidence and the disposition. When writing the report, follow your agency's procedures and include an opening sentence with key details like date, time, location, names of those involved and the nature of the call. Each subsequent paragraph should focus on a witness, victim or suspect. Include all investigative steps, contact information, verbatim quotes, evidence details and fully explain how the case was resolved.
Amanda Knox was an American student in her early 20’s studying abroa.docx
Amanda Knox was an American student in her early 20’s studying abroad at a university in Perugia, Italy. In November 2007 she was arrested, later charged and in 2009 she was found guilty of the murder of her roommate Meredith Kercher. In 2011, an appellate court reviewed the matter and she was released from prison and allowed to return home to the United States.
This case received exclusive media attention all over the world. Much discussion has been had over the murder and the police and the forensic investigations, the statements and confessions of the parties involved, the trial and the appeal, prison conditions and also about the judicial pretrial publicity and the impact on the trial.
In a 3-5-page paper, and using APA style formatting, analyze this case in detail in terms of how it was handled in the Italian court system. Discuss in detail the appellate process that was employed. You must use outside and supporting sources and make sure to properly cite any outside sources that you use.
Discuss whether or not the U.S. police and court systems would have handled the case differently and, if so, how would it have been handled. Would the outcome have likely been different in the United States? Would the prison sentence have been different? What does this case say about prison conditions? What about the handling of the appeal within the two systems – how does that differ?
Finally, select one of the four major legal systems in the world: Civil law, socialist law, Islamic law, and common law. Suppose that you are advising an individual travelling to a county which follows each of these different systems – what advice would you give this individual in terms of how these systems differ and why? How does the system that you selected handle appeals?
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Reaction paper social problems
The document discusses the documentary Bowling for Columbine and its examination of the causes of gun violence in America. It explores how the media drives fear and discrimination in American culture. The film questions who is responsible for gun violence and concludes it is not due to gun ownership but the exploitation of violence through the media and government. Fear is intensified by the media and controlled by the government to manipulate society. While gun ownership is a constitutional right, gun control policy remains controversial as it debates this right versus preventing crime.
394C H A P T E R 8Identification of SuspectsLineups .docx
394
C H A P T E R 8
Identification of Suspects:
Lineups and Showups
Law enforcement may have the elements of a contest about it, but it is not a game.
—JUSTICE BYRON WHITE,
DISSENTING IN MASSIAH V. UNITED STATES, 377 U.S. 201, 213 (1964)
CHAPTER OUTLINE
The Persistence of Mistaken Identification
Identification and the Right to Counsel
The Right to Counsel at Post-indictment Lineups
When Does the Right to Counsel at Lineups Attach?
Does the Right to Counsel Apply to Photographic
Identification?
Identification and the Fifth Amendment
Due Process and Eyewitness Identification
Law in Society: Reducing the Error of Eyewitness
Identification
Understanding Memory and Recall
Toward More Accurate Identification
Improving Lineups
Summary
Legal Puzzles
Justices of the Supreme Court: Nixon’s Conservatives:
Burger and Rehnquist
Warren Earl Burger
William H. Rehnquist
KEY TERMS
cross-examination
exoneration
eyewitness
identification parade
lineup
showup
suggestibility
testimonial evidence
wrongful conviction
THE PERSISTENCE OF MISTAKEN IDENTIFICATION
Eyewitness identification is the most important source of truth in most criminal cases and, ironical-
ly, the leading source of error that results in the conviction of innocent people. The use of eyewit-
nesses at every stage of the criminal process is self-evident. A street mugging victim sits in a police
car and is asked whether a suspect matches her description. A store clerk at a police station lineup is
asked whether each person in the lineup is or is not the armed robber. At a trial, a homeowner sitting
in the witness box is asked to identify the burglar; he raises his arm, points to the person sitting next
to the defense lawyer, and says, “That’s the man; I’d know him anywhere.”
Honestly mistaken identification is recognized by commonsense psychology. An attorney
conducting a cross-examination of an eyewitness in a criminal trial asks commonsense questions
to cast doubt on the accuracy of the witness’s perception. How long did the witness observe the
perpetrator? Was the witness wearing eyeglasses? What were the lighting conditions? The legal
system places great faith in the ability of cross-examination to ferret out the truth. A century ago,
M08_ZALM7613_06_SE_CH08.QXD 1/11/10 7:33 PM Page 394
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Identification of Suspects: Lineups and Showups 395
Dean John Wigmore of Northwestern University Law School called cross-examination “the
greatest legal engine ever invented for the discovery of truth.”1 The Supreme Court said that “cross-
examination is the principal means by which the believability of a witness and the truth of his
testimony are tested” (Davis v. Alaska, 1974). Nevertheless, it has been known for a century that
human identification is fraught with error. Classroom experiments by psychologist Hugo
Münsterberg were published in 1908 and dramatically demonstrated that human recall of recent
events is filled with err.
Eyewitness Encounters Summary
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable summarizing or commenting on legal documents without proper context or authorization.
1. First, watch those tow movies An Unreal Dream The Michael Mo.docx
1. First, watch those tow movies:
"An Unreal Dream: The Michael Morton Story" (2013), and
"Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer" (2003)
(about Aileen Wuornos, an infamous female serial killer who was executed in Florida in 2002).
For the paper, submit a
minimum of SEVEN and maximum of TEN
pages addressing and analyzing
AT LEAST TWENTY
Criminal Law issues (TEN from each film). You will base your analysis on material covered in the textbook as well as in class discussions. Issues chosen can be from any of the chapters in the textbook. I will be looking for focus/analysis/review from the films on the criminal justice system: mental state, prosecutors and defense lawyers, criminal trial court judge, possible faulty police investigation, prosecutorial misconduct, coerced false confessions, bogus expert testimony, biased judges, etc.
You MUST answer the following questions in your papers:
List your 20 issues by numbering: "An Unreal Dream: The Michael Morton Story" 1-10; and "Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer" 1-10. List each issue with its definition and
put the issue in bold and underlined.
Next, what does this selection have to do with my issues? (provide a summary of the main ideas and important supporting details from the movie relating to Criminal Law issues you choose to analyze)
What solutions can you offer to remedy any problems which your movie or book presents?
Concluding paragraph for EACH movie: what is your opinion of each movie in terms of what we have discussed in this class?
The paper must be between 7 - 10 typed pages.
Double-spaced, 12-point font, Times New Roman (or similar).
...
What Are We Shooting At
This document analyzes media coverage of gun control debates through the framework of Herman and Chomsky's propaganda model. It discusses how the model's five filters - ownership, advertising, sourcing, flak, and framing - shape media messages on this issue. Specifically, it examines how the concentration of media ownership among a few large corporations influences coverage. It also looks at how advertising dollars and pressure from groups like the NRA impact what information is reported and how gun control is framed in the media. The document concludes that the propaganda model sheds light on how media coverage can distort understanding of this debate.
Wrongful_Convections[1]
The document discusses the causes and impacts of wrongful convictions. It examines eyewitness misidentification, false confessions due to interrogation pressures, and prosecutorial misconduct as leading causes. It presents the case of Kirk Bloodsworth, the first death row exoneree based on DNA evidence, who served 9 years in prison for a crime he did not commit. On average, exonerees spend 14 years in prison and are 26 years old at the time of their wrongful conviction. There have been 330 post-conviction DNA exonerations in the US.
Law and psychology
The Supreme Court case Roper v. Simmons established that it is unconstitutional to sentence juveniles under the age of 18 to the death penalty. The American Psychological Association submitted an amicus brief highlighting neurological and psychological research showing that juveniles lack maturity and have an underdeveloped sense of responsibility, making the deterrent and retributive purposes of capital punishment ineffective for those under 18. The Court agreed, citing that juveniles are more susceptible to outside pressures and have greater potential for reform, overriding the dissenting opinion that not all juveniles lack sufficient reasoning capacity. This ruling set a national standard prohibiting the death penalty for crimes committed in adolescence.
ASSIGNMENTSPersuasive Speech written outPersuasive speech o.docx
ASSIGNMENTS:
Persuasive Speech written out
Persuasive speech outline with a bibliography
Topic: For legalizing marijuana in Texas
Speech must be at least 6 minutes long
The purpose is to persuade us of your position through the use of logic, evidence, and reasoning while also using ethical and emotional appeals after thoroughly researching the topic. Not interested in opinions. You must support your assertions with evidence and reasoning. Use examples, statistics, quotations from authorities, etc.
Research all side but only take a position on one. (which I have chosen for legalization)
Persuasive Speech Outline:
A complete sentence outline with a bibliography with at least 10 sources is required.
See example below:
EXAMPLE of OUTLINE
· The Death Penalty
Introduction
China, Iran, Iraq, Liberia, Nigeria, Thailand, and the United States - What do these countries have in common?
Canada, France, East Germany, England, all other western industrial nations except the Unites Dates - What do these countries have in common?
The former are countries that practice capital punishment. The later are countries that have abolished capital punishment.
There are many reasons for abolishing the death penalty but I would like to talk about three of them. They are that the death penalty does not deter violent crime, that the death penalty is irreversible, and that the death penalty costs more than life imprisonment.
Body
I. The death penalty does not deter violent crime.
A. It might, if the person that considers homicide makes a rational decision and expects to be arrested, convicted, sentenced to death and executed.
1. Most people who murder do not see beyond their action; they kill quickly in moments of great fear or emotional stress and under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
2. When the crime is premeditated, the individual rarely believes he or she will be
apprehended or executed.
B. In the past 25 years dozens of researchers have analyzed crime statistics for evidence
that capital punishment affects the crime rate.
1. The studies show that murder rates in a death penalty state such as
Illinois differ little from another with a similar population density without
the death penalty such as Michigan.
2. In 1975, the year before Canada abolished the death penalty, its homicide rate was 3.09 per 100,000. In 1986 the rate was down to 2.19, the lowest in fifteen years.
3. In 1985 FBI statistics show that the number of law enforcement officers killed was almost four times as great in states with capital punishment than in states without it.
C. The use of the death penalty may in some cases increase the crime rate.
1. In New York between 1903 and 1963 individ ...
21st Century Criminology A ReferenceHandbookWrongful Co.docx
This document summarizes a chapter from the book "21st Century Criminology: A Reference Handbook" about wrongful convictions. It discusses how DNA evidence revealed that innocent people have been wrongly convicted of crimes. Eyewitness misidentification is identified as the leading cause of wrongful convictions, occurring in 79% of DNA exoneration cases. Surveys estimate the rate of wrongful felony convictions could be around 1% annually in the US, resulting in thousands of innocent people being imprisoned or jailed each year. While the exact scale is unknown, studies find common factors that contribute to wrongful convictions, such as flaws in eyewitness identification procedures and suggestive police practices.
Discussion questions – Twain, The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg.docx
Discussion questions – Twain, “The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg”
Mark Twain wrote this story in 1898, toward the end of his career, and long after publishing his masterpieces
Tom Sawyer
and
Huckleberry Finn
. However, “Hadleyburg” reflects one concern that interested Twain throughout his entire career: the sarcastic skewering of middle-class morality and mannerisms. We will examine Twain’s critique of the false righteousness and hidden hypocrisies of common, civilized life as an example of Realism.
1. Hadleyburg prides itself on the honesty of its citizens. However, this focus on honesty has allowed other, less moral attitudes to take root and grow among the people. Find 2 passages that reveal at least two different sinful attitudes shared by the citizens of Hadleyburg.
2. The stranger’s plot is perfectly designed to attack the one source of pride of the townspeople. Focus on the scene describing the night the owner of the sack of gold is to be revealed. Explain what Twain to saying about human nature through the behavior of Wilson the lawyer. Find 1 passage that supports your interpretation. (Hint: Does Wilson tell the truth?)
2a. Also, Dr. Harkness ends up buying the sack of (fake) gold. Why does he do this, and what is Twain trying to say about politics and morality through that subplot? Find 1 passage that supports your interpretation. (Hint: Harkness creates a fake story about the gold. Also, why is he desperate to win the election?)
3. The Richardses were spared the humiliation the other nineteen families experienced. They even receive a reward for $38,500! However, their lives end miserably. Their miserable end is related to the one moral weakness that Richards consistently exhibits throughout the story. What is this weakness (it’s not greed) and explain how it causes a terrible ending to the Richardses’ lives. Find 1 passage that reveals this weakness.
.
Discussion Questions The difficulty in predicting the future is .docx
Discussion Questions
: “The difficulty in predicting the future is that the outcomes are unreliable, due to the occurrence of wild-card events that distort the relatively well-understand trends for the near to mid-future.” Offer an example of such a “wild-card” event and some ways in which the security professional might address it in an effective manner. Regarding the need for the security industry as a whole to maintain the professionalism and competencies needed to address emerging threats and hazards, what do you feel are its primary areas of weakness and what proposals could you offer to address them?
The Future of the Security
When considering what awaits the security profession in the years to come and those that will operate within it, developments and forecasts related to security science will in large part be impacted by what has occurred in the past and in present day. What
might
occur, what is most
plausible
and
feasible
given current and expected occurrences, and what has proven to be effective (or not) will all need to be considered in determining those issues that will remain relevant or change. So predicting the future (not in the form of Nostradamus or similar prophets) as it relates to security is a technique that considers probable or desirable outcomes in the face of known or anticipated risks. So given this backdrop, where is security heading?
Physical Security
As long as there are structures that people operate within and house various assets, there will continue to be a need to offer needed protection related to them. All of the topics discussed in this course related to walls, fencing, sensors, alarm systems, guards, locks, and other such issues will be needed in some form or fashion. Whether through manual or technological means, these will remain a constant for the security administrator in providing appropriate defensive measures for the material, tangible assets they oversee. Concerning technology, the same trend will continue in serving as a needed aid in providing security moving forward. Mobile devices of various types, functions, capabilities, and their ability to access data, the ever-increasing use of robotics and the functions they can carry out, sensors that will be able to gain more intelligence regarding detection, and high frequency security cameras that will have the capability to verify the chemical compound of an object at a distance are just some of the many technical innovations on the horizon. Yet, just as technology has taken on a greater role in providing these efforts, so too does technology represent ever-increasing concerns to the security manager.
Cyber Security
As society becomes connected on an ever-increasing basis, attention must be directed towards what implications this environment has related to not only security, but related privacy concerns as well. In
Future Scenarios and Challenges for Security and Privacy
(2016, Williams, Axon, Nurse, & Creese), the researchers took a ver.
Discussion questions – Dunbar Paul Lawrence Dunbar was a pio.docx
Discussion questions – Dunbar
Paul Lawrence Dunbar was a pioneering African-American literary artist. He was among the first black writers who achieved fame among predominantly white audiences with the accurate use of black vernacular and realistic depictions of the attitudes of African Americans while using the literary styles and conventions familiar to white writers. Only within the past twenty years have literary critics begun to appreciate the subtle and perceptive criticism of racial relations he provides beneath the smooth artistry of his works.
1. Dunbar’s “Mr. Cornelius” is extremely naturalistic, with Cornelius struggling against, and eventually losing to, large forces. What are the forces that are arrayed against him (2)? Find a passage that describes each force.
(Hint: Economics, discrimination, as well as emotional weakness are some examples of large forces.)
2. Dunbar was well aware of the story of the slave’s flight north to freedom, a traditional African-American narrative made famous by such works as Frederick Douglass’s
Narrative
and Harriet Beecher Stowe’s
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
. How is Dunbar’s story an ironic, inverted version of the flight-to-freedom story? What is Dunbar trying to say about the status of African Americans in a society newly changed by slavery’s end?
(Hint: Cornelius is from the south. Washington D.C. is north. Does going north mean freedom for him? He must return south at the end—what does going south mean for him?)
.
Discussion Questions Identify the top three threats to the home.docx
Discussion Questions:
Identify the top three threats to the homeland and describe why you chose those as the primary threats. Considering specific terrorist tactics that have been or could be used in the homeland, which do you consider to be the most intimidating and which do you see as the most likely to be used?
.
Discussion questions – Hurston Zora Neal Hurston attended Ho.docx
Discussion questions – Hurston
Zora Neal Hurston attended Howard University, then Barnard College, and studied anthropology while becoming a popular figure of the Harlem Renaissance. Her studies earned her a post-graduate fellowship to study Southern black folktales. These folktales become the basis for her fiction. During her life, Hurston’s writing, while popular with general audiences, was not well-received by critics, particular black literary reviewers who wanted her to focus more on racial inequality. After being wrongly accused of a crime, Hurston finished her career in poverty and obscurity. She has recently become an extremely important writer for her depictions of black women, particularly in the now-acclaimed
Their Eyes Were Watching God
(1937).
2. Hurston’s “How It Feels to Be Colored Me” is a modernist-style literary montage—a series of (loosely organized) images, impressions, memories, observations on experiencing life as a black woman. The montage is quite humorous since she often states that she doesn’t know what “colored” is. The montage can be broken down into a diverse set of themes. Find 1 passage for each theme:
a. earliest memories of life before she knew what “race” was
b. the idea of “race” is imposed on her by others
c. moments where she recognizes her racial identity emerging suddenly
d. she lives a life that is bigger than what “race” tells her she must be
Please use the Answer Sandwich method to answer each question. The passages you add to your answer should be around 2-4 sentences long. Please include a page reference.
Keep in mind that I may select any of these questions to be the upcoming quiz question. Also, I use these discussion questions to create the exams and the major paper assignment. So do your best on each question.
https://bucket-hozzify.storage.googleapis.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/08211149/Robert-S.-Levine_-Michael-A.-Elliott_-Sandra-M.-Gustafson_-Amy-Hungerford_-Mary-Loeffelholz-The-Norton-Anthology-of-American-Literature-Volumes-C-D-E-W.-W.-Norton-Company-2016.pdf
.
Discussion Questions Compare and contrast through a critical an.docx
Discussion Questions
: Compare and contrast through a critical analysis of the following laws and strategies with an emphasis on how they enhance port maritime operations: Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, The SAFE Port Act, and The Small Vessel Security Strategy.
Response must be 400 words or more in APA style format.
.
Discussion questions (self evaluation)Examine nursing roles th.docx
Discussion questions (self evaluation)
Examine nursing roles that meet the emerging health needs of individuals, families, communities and populations.
Explore historical, legal, social, cultural, political, and economic forces that influence the client, nursing practice, and the health care system.
Evaluate strategies that can be used by public and community health nurses to improve the health status and eliminate health disparities of vulnerable populations.
Predict trends in lifestyles that will affect the health of communities and the future challenges for nursing.
Plan, analyze, implement and evaluate public health surveillance and outbreak investigation
Develop strategies to deliver nursing care in the preparedness, response, and recovery phases of disaster management.
Initial should have 400 words. Reference in APA format 7th edition.
.
Discussion QuestionReflecting on what you have learned abou.docx
Discussion Question:
Reflecting on what you have learned about the social determinants of health, SDOH, how can nurses work collaboratively with physicians and other health care professionals to improve primary care, reduce overutilization and improve underutilization of healthcare services? Include in your response how fostering an environment of diversity and cultural awareness among healthcare providers builds a stronger healthcare team and improves care delivery to healthcare consumers.
Initial 400 words. Reference APA format 7th edition.
.
Discussion questionMotivation is the all-ensuing mechanism t.docx
Discussion question
Motivation is the all-ensuing mechanism that determines how much and how well a student will learn. Treating it as strictly an internal mechanism, explain how learners; needs, goals, beliefs, interests, and emotions can influence their motivation to learn.
RESPOND TO THESE STUDENTS POSTS
Tashi post
Motivation is something that looks different in everyone. When we look at what motivates one person and assume we can teach based on that, we will not be successful in reaching all students. Looking at motivation strictly from an intrinsic lens, meaning a student’s needs, goals, beliefs, interests and emotions, teachers need many resources. I think that one of the biggest tools that teachers need is relationships. Understanding where a student’s motivation is coming from, or not coming from, can lead to engagement. For example, if a student’s basic needs are not being met, they will not be motivated to learn their math facts because they have greater needs. This is where the relationship and understanding of where students are at is so important for a teacher. They have the ability to create goals with these students. However, on the flip side, a student that knows they want to go to college may be motivated based on their goals for themselves and will engage because they want to do well and achieve a goal in the future.
Motivation can create opportunity as well as hinder progress. It is so important in education. A student’s belief in themselves can create these opportunities or hinder their progress as well. Understanding how a teacher can use motivation through an intrinsic lens can help all students in their class.
Jasmine post
Motivation is defined as the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior. Motivated students put out more effort, persist longer, learn more, and score higher on tests (Lazowski & Hulleman, 2016). Intrinsic motivation is the natural human tendency to seek out and conquer challenges as we pursue personal interests and exercise our capabilities. When we are intrinsically motivated, we do not need incentives or punishments, because the activity itself is satisfying and rewarding (Anderman & Anderman, 2014; Deci & Ryan, 2002; Reiss, 2004). When I think of intrinsic motivation I don't associate it with younger children as much as I would with older children. I can relate to intrinsic motivation myself because just learning something new motivates me to learn more. Also, seeing those A's and B's keeps me wanting to learn more. I feel the more I learn the more I'll be able to teach someone in the future. That is motivation enough for me to keep going. The students I currently work with get excited when they are able to identify numbers and letters and this motivates them to keep learning. You can see the excitement on their faces when they answer something correctly.
.
Discussion QuestionHow much, if any, action on ergonomics in th.docx
Discussion Question:
How much, if any, action on ergonomics in the work-place should rely on the voluntary actions of employers (as favored by George W. Bush) and how much should be mandatory on the part of managements. Explain.
Read the following:
Chapter 9 – Institutional Issues under Collective Bargaining
Chapter 10 – Administrative Issues under Collective Bargaining
Chapter Summaries
Chapter 9 – Institutional Issues under Collective Bargaining
The rights and duties of the employers, employees, and unions are the institutional issues of collective bargaining. On occasion, they can be more troublesome than the economic questions involved with wages and benefits. Some of the longest and most bitter strikes have resulted from conflict over the institutional questions of labor relations.
One of the most controversial issues is union membership as a condition of employment. Labor organizations seeking greater security have negotiated a number of compulsory union membership devices, the most common being the union shop. The closed shop, maintenance-of-membership arrangement, agency shop, and the preferential shop are other security measures that appear less frequently. The growth of the union shop is best explained by the Taft-Hartley prohibition of the closed shop in firms engaged in interstate commerce. The goal of each of these measures is to establish and maintain the institutional security of the union. Such devices are present in about 82 percent of today’s collective bargaining contracts.
There are elements of morality, labor relations stability, and power in this area. Union security may provide stability in industrial relations, but is it moral to compel a worker to join a union? Are these ideological and philosophical issues a mere disguise for the real goal, increased power and influence? Some twenty-two states now have legislation that bans any form of compulsory union membership. These “right-to-work” laws are formidable obstacles in the path of union institutional security. Although Congress has preemptive power in the field of interstate commerce, this state legislation is likely to be allowed to stand.
More than 95 percent of current contracts contain a checkoff procedure by which the employer collects union dues, and often other fees, by deduction from the worker’s paycheck. The advantage to the union is a savings of time and money. The checkoff also can benefit the employer, which explains why it is not a crucial issue of negotiation. Taft-Hartley requires the written authorization of the employee for such an arrangement, which is irrevocable for one year, or the duration of the contract, whichever is shorter. Usually the individual has an annual opportunity to rescind his authorization. If he or she does not, the checkoff remains in force for another year.
The obligations of the union are typically set down in one or more provisions of the contract. The most important is a pledge by the union not to strik.
Discussion QuestionConsider a popular supplement you andor y.docx
Discussion Question:
Consider a popular supplement you and/or your family and friends take.
Can you think of a supplement that is commonly taken that could easily be replaced by eating more of a certain food or type of foods?
Is there a population group that would find it more difficult to get the recommended amount of vitamins and minerals through diet changes?
.
Discussion QuestionDiscuss opportunities for innovation and en.docx
Discussion Question
Discuss opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship in emerging global markets, particularly those with a growing middle class, or those where harsh economic conditions dictate the need for innovation if basic human needs are to be met.
What steps must be taken to encourage innovation in these markets?
Will the same incentives and techniques be effective in all emerging markets?
What can be done in instances where government does not encourage or is even hostile to entrepreneurship?
Design and present a list of talking points you might use when you meet with industry and government leaders in one of these markets as you attempt to build a creative mind-set among local civic leaders, businesses, and citizens.
The final paragraph (three or four sentences) of your initial post should summarize the one or two key points that you are making in your initial response.
Your posting should be about 1 page (400 to 500 words) in length.
.
Discussion Question(s)Im interested in the role of women-- in t.docx
Discussion Question(s)
I'm interested in the role of women-- in the colonial family, in colonial society, etc. Based on what you've read in the book (and in lecture), how much power do you think women had in colonial Latin America? what kind of control were they able to exert? (keep in mind two things: the patriarchal system, and the fact that patriarchy does not equal one-sided dominance.)
Lecture 9
Your author for this course, Burkholder (et. al.)*, states from the outset of the chapter we are reading this week that the Family is the foundation of colonial society (p. 216). That is a bold statement, especially since so much of colonial Latin America is built on violence, religion, labor, and the construction of Spanish political structures once Spaniards started settling in the Americas. However, he states it more clearly than I can when he says, "while race, wealth, occupation, and gender all helped to identify an individual's position in the social structure,
these elements were usually evaluated in the framework of a broadly defined family
" (p. 216).
Think about some of the issues that we talked about last week concerning race (which I know is still fresh in your mind!). Among the issues that the lecture, the reading, and all the rest of us in this class discussed was how race was a bit more slippery than we usually think about it in the United States (this of course does not make it any less harmful, just different). Nonetheless, if we think about all the moves that some people were able to make racially-- up or down the ladder/hierarchy, depending on the situation-- a lot of those moves were not only based on the ideology of the family, but they were also decided on those terms as well. In other words, the ideology of the family helped organize colonial Latin American societies-- not just husband, wife, kids, grandparents, etc. Families were more than blood relations, but rather a collective of biological and fictive relationships that offer a means for people navigate colonial society both economically and politically.
Family meant a lot of different things, but most of all, it is important to remember that being a member of a family was certainly about marriage and blood relations, but it was also kind of like being a member of a "crew" (is that a word that people use these days? Yes? No? I'm a little old, so maybe there is a new word). Anyway, marriages, parentage, god-parentage, and even simply being close enough to a family to be considered part of it almost always had political implications. Like I said, it was how people made their moves.
Let's take marriage as an example. Because the population of colonial Latin America was diverse from the beginning (marriages or coupling between native folks and Spaniards in the early years of conquest and settlement started the ball rolling on a rather mixed population), people in different
castas,
(or "racial castes"-- people who were of mixed descent/race) would use marria.
Discussion Question(s)Why do you think that Native Allies and Af.docx
Discussion Question(s)
Why do you think that Native Allies and African Conquistadors were not mentioned in European accounts of the conquest? Do you think it was intentional or unintentional? Why?
Portrayals of Malintzin have been unfair to her, historically. My question is this: why do you think the stories have been so unfair to her, while Cortes and other conquistadors are either rewarded or ignored for actually carrying out the conquest?
How do your readings connect to either of these questions?
Lecture 3- Steamrolling?
"Malintzin was the indigenous woman who translated for Hernando Cortés in his dealings with the Aztec emperor Moctezuma in the days of 1519 to 1521. "Malintzin," at least, was what the Indians called her. The Spanish called her doña Marina, and she has become known to posterity as La Malinche. As Malinche, she has long been regarded as a traitor to her people, a dangerously sexy, scheming woman who gave Cortés whatever he wanted out of her own self-interest.
The life of the real woman, however, was much more complicated. She was sold into slavery as a child, and eventually given away to the Spanish as a concubine and cook. If she managed to make something more out of her life--and she did--it is difficult to say at what point she did wrong."
Actually, that is a good question: what did she do wrong? Not much, it turns out-- having been sold by her family, and again by the subsequent owners, exactly what kind of loyalty was she supposed to have? Who was it that she was supposed to not "sell out?" No one, it turns out. Historians today know that she was doing her best to stay alive, and make a life for herself, and given her situation and life experiences, it is hard to expect anything more.
For me, at least, this raises a simple question: why are people in such a hurry to blame Malintzin for the conquest, when, in fact, they should be blaming the Spanish? Why did the blame shift to her, instead of where it should have been-- on Cortes and his men? Just curious.
The Indigenous Allies:
Check out this Prezi presentation! Short and sweet! Think about it alongside your readings! (Links to an external site.)
ñ
Spanish, Slavery, and Encomiendas (Early Colonial Period)
In U.S. History, people debate quite a lot about the plight of Native Americans. Some people believe that Native Americans were given a chance to be a part of the developing American culture, others say they were not. Still others, citing the diminishing numbers of Native Americans and the active role that the U.S. government and its white citizens took in killing and displacing Native Americans, call it genocide. In Latin America, it is a little more complicated.
The removal, displacement, and murder of Native Americans is undeniable in U.S. history, but such actions did not take place in Mexico, or other parts of Latin America, at least not on the same scale. The reason for this is that the goals of the British and the Spanish were different wh.
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394
C H A P T E R 8
Identification of Suspects:
Lineups and Showups
Law enforcement may have the elements of a contest about it, but it is not a game.
—JUSTICE BYRON WHITE,
DISSENTING IN MASSIAH V. UNITED STATES, 377 U.S. 201, 213 (1964)
CHAPTER OUTLINE
The Persistence of Mistaken Identification
Identification and the Right to Counsel
The Right to Counsel at Post-indictment Lineups
When Does the Right to Counsel at Lineups Attach?
Does the Right to Counsel Apply to Photographic
Identification?
Identification and the Fifth Amendment
Due Process and Eyewitness Identification
Law in Society: Reducing the Error of Eyewitness
Identification
Understanding Memory and Recall
Toward More Accurate Identification
Improving Lineups
Summary
Legal Puzzles
Justices of the Supreme Court: Nixon’s Conservatives:
Burger and Rehnquist
Warren Earl Burger
William H. Rehnquist
KEY TERMS
cross-examination
exoneration
eyewitness
identification parade
lineup
showup
suggestibility
testimonial evidence
wrongful conviction
THE PERSISTENCE OF MISTAKEN IDENTIFICATION
Eyewitness identification is the most important source of truth in most criminal cases and, ironical-
ly, the leading source of error that results in the conviction of innocent people. The use of eyewit-
nesses at every stage of the criminal process is self-evident. A street mugging victim sits in a police
car and is asked whether a suspect matches her description. A store clerk at a police station lineup is
asked whether each person in the lineup is or is not the armed robber. At a trial, a homeowner sitting
in the witness box is asked to identify the burglar; he raises his arm, points to the person sitting next
to the defense lawyer, and says, “That’s the man; I’d know him anywhere.”
Honestly mistaken identification is recognized by commonsense psychology. An attorney
conducting a cross-examination of an eyewitness in a criminal trial asks commonsense questions
to cast doubt on the accuracy of the witness’s perception. How long did the witness observe the
perpetrator? Was the witness wearing eyeglasses? What were the lighting conditions? The legal
system places great faith in the ability of cross-examination to ferret out the truth. A century ago,
M08_ZALM7613_06_SE_CH08.QXD 1/11/10 7:33 PM Page 394
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Identification of Suspects: Lineups and Showups 395
Dean John Wigmore of Northwestern University Law School called cross-examination “the
greatest legal engine ever invented for the discovery of truth.”1 The Supreme Court said that “cross-
examination is the principal means by which the believability of a witness and the truth of his
testimony are tested” (Davis v. Alaska, 1974). Nevertheless, it has been known for a century that
human identification is fraught with error. Classroom experiments by psychologist Hugo
Münsterberg were published in 1908 and dramatically demonstrated that human recall of recent
events is filled with err.
Eyewitness Encounters Summary
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable summarizing or commenting on legal documents without proper context or authorization.
1. First, watch those tow movies An Unreal Dream The Michael Mo.docx
1. First, watch those tow movies:
"An Unreal Dream: The Michael Morton Story" (2013), and
"Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer" (2003)
(about Aileen Wuornos, an infamous female serial killer who was executed in Florida in 2002).
For the paper, submit a
minimum of SEVEN and maximum of TEN
pages addressing and analyzing
AT LEAST TWENTY
Criminal Law issues (TEN from each film). You will base your analysis on material covered in the textbook as well as in class discussions. Issues chosen can be from any of the chapters in the textbook. I will be looking for focus/analysis/review from the films on the criminal justice system: mental state, prosecutors and defense lawyers, criminal trial court judge, possible faulty police investigation, prosecutorial misconduct, coerced false confessions, bogus expert testimony, biased judges, etc.
You MUST answer the following questions in your papers:
List your 20 issues by numbering: "An Unreal Dream: The Michael Morton Story" 1-10; and "Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer" 1-10. List each issue with its definition and
put the issue in bold and underlined.
Next, what does this selection have to do with my issues? (provide a summary of the main ideas and important supporting details from the movie relating to Criminal Law issues you choose to analyze)
What solutions can you offer to remedy any problems which your movie or book presents?
Concluding paragraph for EACH movie: what is your opinion of each movie in terms of what we have discussed in this class?
The paper must be between 7 - 10 typed pages.
Double-spaced, 12-point font, Times New Roman (or similar).
...
What Are We Shooting At
This document analyzes media coverage of gun control debates through the framework of Herman and Chomsky's propaganda model. It discusses how the model's five filters - ownership, advertising, sourcing, flak, and framing - shape media messages on this issue. Specifically, it examines how the concentration of media ownership among a few large corporations influences coverage. It also looks at how advertising dollars and pressure from groups like the NRA impact what information is reported and how gun control is framed in the media. The document concludes that the propaganda model sheds light on how media coverage can distort understanding of this debate.
Wrongful_Convections[1]
The document discusses the causes and impacts of wrongful convictions. It examines eyewitness misidentification, false confessions due to interrogation pressures, and prosecutorial misconduct as leading causes. It presents the case of Kirk Bloodsworth, the first death row exoneree based on DNA evidence, who served 9 years in prison for a crime he did not commit. On average, exonerees spend 14 years in prison and are 26 years old at the time of their wrongful conviction. There have been 330 post-conviction DNA exonerations in the US.
Law and psychology
The Supreme Court case Roper v. Simmons established that it is unconstitutional to sentence juveniles under the age of 18 to the death penalty. The American Psychological Association submitted an amicus brief highlighting neurological and psychological research showing that juveniles lack maturity and have an underdeveloped sense of responsibility, making the deterrent and retributive purposes of capital punishment ineffective for those under 18. The Court agreed, citing that juveniles are more susceptible to outside pressures and have greater potential for reform, overriding the dissenting opinion that not all juveniles lack sufficient reasoning capacity. This ruling set a national standard prohibiting the death penalty for crimes committed in adolescence.
ASSIGNMENTSPersuasive Speech written outPersuasive speech o.docx
ASSIGNMENTS:
Persuasive Speech written out
Persuasive speech outline with a bibliography
Topic: For legalizing marijuana in Texas
Speech must be at least 6 minutes long
The purpose is to persuade us of your position through the use of logic, evidence, and reasoning while also using ethical and emotional appeals after thoroughly researching the topic. Not interested in opinions. You must support your assertions with evidence and reasoning. Use examples, statistics, quotations from authorities, etc.
Research all side but only take a position on one. (which I have chosen for legalization)
Persuasive Speech Outline:
A complete sentence outline with a bibliography with at least 10 sources is required.
See example below:
EXAMPLE of OUTLINE
· The Death Penalty
Introduction
China, Iran, Iraq, Liberia, Nigeria, Thailand, and the United States - What do these countries have in common?
Canada, France, East Germany, England, all other western industrial nations except the Unites Dates - What do these countries have in common?
The former are countries that practice capital punishment. The later are countries that have abolished capital punishment.
There are many reasons for abolishing the death penalty but I would like to talk about three of them. They are that the death penalty does not deter violent crime, that the death penalty is irreversible, and that the death penalty costs more than life imprisonment.
Body
I. The death penalty does not deter violent crime.
A. It might, if the person that considers homicide makes a rational decision and expects to be arrested, convicted, sentenced to death and executed.
1. Most people who murder do not see beyond their action; they kill quickly in moments of great fear or emotional stress and under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
2. When the crime is premeditated, the individual rarely believes he or she will be
apprehended or executed.
B. In the past 25 years dozens of researchers have analyzed crime statistics for evidence
that capital punishment affects the crime rate.
1. The studies show that murder rates in a death penalty state such as
Illinois differ little from another with a similar population density without
the death penalty such as Michigan.
2. In 1975, the year before Canada abolished the death penalty, its homicide rate was 3.09 per 100,000. In 1986 the rate was down to 2.19, the lowest in fifteen years.
3. In 1985 FBI statistics show that the number of law enforcement officers killed was almost four times as great in states with capital punishment than in states without it.
C. The use of the death penalty may in some cases increase the crime rate.
1. In New York between 1903 and 1963 individ ...
21st Century Criminology A ReferenceHandbookWrongful Co.docx
This document summarizes a chapter from the book "21st Century Criminology: A Reference Handbook" about wrongful convictions. It discusses how DNA evidence revealed that innocent people have been wrongly convicted of crimes. Eyewitness misidentification is identified as the leading cause of wrongful convictions, occurring in 79% of DNA exoneration cases. Surveys estimate the rate of wrongful felony convictions could be around 1% annually in the US, resulting in thousands of innocent people being imprisoned or jailed each year. While the exact scale is unknown, studies find common factors that contribute to wrongful convictions, such as flaws in eyewitness identification procedures and suggestive police practices.
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394C H A P T E R 8Identification of SuspectsLineups .docx
1. First, watch those tow movies An Unreal Dream The Michael Mo.docx
1. First, watch those tow movies An Unreal Dream The Michael Mo.docx
ASSIGNMENTSPersuasive Speech written outPersuasive speech o.docx
ASSIGNMENTSPersuasive Speech written outPersuasive speech o.docx
21st Century Criminology A ReferenceHandbookWrongful Co.docx
21st Century Criminology A ReferenceHandbookWrongful Co.docx
More from duketjoy27252
Discussion questions – Twain, The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg.docx
Discussion questions – Twain, “The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg”
Mark Twain wrote this story in 1898, toward the end of his career, and long after publishing his masterpieces
Tom Sawyer
and
Huckleberry Finn
. However, “Hadleyburg” reflects one concern that interested Twain throughout his entire career: the sarcastic skewering of middle-class morality and mannerisms. We will examine Twain’s critique of the false righteousness and hidden hypocrisies of common, civilized life as an example of Realism.
1. Hadleyburg prides itself on the honesty of its citizens. However, this focus on honesty has allowed other, less moral attitudes to take root and grow among the people. Find 2 passages that reveal at least two different sinful attitudes shared by the citizens of Hadleyburg.
2. The stranger’s plot is perfectly designed to attack the one source of pride of the townspeople. Focus on the scene describing the night the owner of the sack of gold is to be revealed. Explain what Twain to saying about human nature through the behavior of Wilson the lawyer. Find 1 passage that supports your interpretation. (Hint: Does Wilson tell the truth?)
2a. Also, Dr. Harkness ends up buying the sack of (fake) gold. Why does he do this, and what is Twain trying to say about politics and morality through that subplot? Find 1 passage that supports your interpretation. (Hint: Harkness creates a fake story about the gold. Also, why is he desperate to win the election?)
3. The Richardses were spared the humiliation the other nineteen families experienced. They even receive a reward for $38,500! However, their lives end miserably. Their miserable end is related to the one moral weakness that Richards consistently exhibits throughout the story. What is this weakness (it’s not greed) and explain how it causes a terrible ending to the Richardses’ lives. Find 1 passage that reveals this weakness.
.
Discussion Questions The difficulty in predicting the future is .docx
Discussion Questions
: “The difficulty in predicting the future is that the outcomes are unreliable, due to the occurrence of wild-card events that distort the relatively well-understand trends for the near to mid-future.” Offer an example of such a “wild-card” event and some ways in which the security professional might address it in an effective manner. Regarding the need for the security industry as a whole to maintain the professionalism and competencies needed to address emerging threats and hazards, what do you feel are its primary areas of weakness and what proposals could you offer to address them?
The Future of the Security
When considering what awaits the security profession in the years to come and those that will operate within it, developments and forecasts related to security science will in large part be impacted by what has occurred in the past and in present day. What
might
occur, what is most
plausible
and
feasible
given current and expected occurrences, and what has proven to be effective (or not) will all need to be considered in determining those issues that will remain relevant or change. So predicting the future (not in the form of Nostradamus or similar prophets) as it relates to security is a technique that considers probable or desirable outcomes in the face of known or anticipated risks. So given this backdrop, where is security heading?
Physical Security
As long as there are structures that people operate within and house various assets, there will continue to be a need to offer needed protection related to them. All of the topics discussed in this course related to walls, fencing, sensors, alarm systems, guards, locks, and other such issues will be needed in some form or fashion. Whether through manual or technological means, these will remain a constant for the security administrator in providing appropriate defensive measures for the material, tangible assets they oversee. Concerning technology, the same trend will continue in serving as a needed aid in providing security moving forward. Mobile devices of various types, functions, capabilities, and their ability to access data, the ever-increasing use of robotics and the functions they can carry out, sensors that will be able to gain more intelligence regarding detection, and high frequency security cameras that will have the capability to verify the chemical compound of an object at a distance are just some of the many technical innovations on the horizon. Yet, just as technology has taken on a greater role in providing these efforts, so too does technology represent ever-increasing concerns to the security manager.
Cyber Security
As society becomes connected on an ever-increasing basis, attention must be directed towards what implications this environment has related to not only security, but related privacy concerns as well. In
Future Scenarios and Challenges for Security and Privacy
(2016, Williams, Axon, Nurse, & Creese), the researchers took a ver.
Discussion questions – Dunbar Paul Lawrence Dunbar was a pio.docx
Discussion questions – Dunbar
Paul Lawrence Dunbar was a pioneering African-American literary artist. He was among the first black writers who achieved fame among predominantly white audiences with the accurate use of black vernacular and realistic depictions of the attitudes of African Americans while using the literary styles and conventions familiar to white writers. Only within the past twenty years have literary critics begun to appreciate the subtle and perceptive criticism of racial relations he provides beneath the smooth artistry of his works.
1. Dunbar’s “Mr. Cornelius” is extremely naturalistic, with Cornelius struggling against, and eventually losing to, large forces. What are the forces that are arrayed against him (2)? Find a passage that describes each force.
(Hint: Economics, discrimination, as well as emotional weakness are some examples of large forces.)
2. Dunbar was well aware of the story of the slave’s flight north to freedom, a traditional African-American narrative made famous by such works as Frederick Douglass’s
Narrative
and Harriet Beecher Stowe’s
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
. How is Dunbar’s story an ironic, inverted version of the flight-to-freedom story? What is Dunbar trying to say about the status of African Americans in a society newly changed by slavery’s end?
(Hint: Cornelius is from the south. Washington D.C. is north. Does going north mean freedom for him? He must return south at the end—what does going south mean for him?)
.
Discussion Questions Identify the top three threats to the home.docx
Discussion Questions:
Identify the top three threats to the homeland and describe why you chose those as the primary threats. Considering specific terrorist tactics that have been or could be used in the homeland, which do you consider to be the most intimidating and which do you see as the most likely to be used?
.
Discussion questions – Hurston Zora Neal Hurston attended Ho.docx
Discussion questions – Hurston
Zora Neal Hurston attended Howard University, then Barnard College, and studied anthropology while becoming a popular figure of the Harlem Renaissance. Her studies earned her a post-graduate fellowship to study Southern black folktales. These folktales become the basis for her fiction. During her life, Hurston’s writing, while popular with general audiences, was not well-received by critics, particular black literary reviewers who wanted her to focus more on racial inequality. After being wrongly accused of a crime, Hurston finished her career in poverty and obscurity. She has recently become an extremely important writer for her depictions of black women, particularly in the now-acclaimed
Their Eyes Were Watching God
(1937).
2. Hurston’s “How It Feels to Be Colored Me” is a modernist-style literary montage—a series of (loosely organized) images, impressions, memories, observations on experiencing life as a black woman. The montage is quite humorous since she often states that she doesn’t know what “colored” is. The montage can be broken down into a diverse set of themes. Find 1 passage for each theme:
a. earliest memories of life before she knew what “race” was
b. the idea of “race” is imposed on her by others
c. moments where she recognizes her racial identity emerging suddenly
d. she lives a life that is bigger than what “race” tells her she must be
Please use the Answer Sandwich method to answer each question. The passages you add to your answer should be around 2-4 sentences long. Please include a page reference.
Keep in mind that I may select any of these questions to be the upcoming quiz question. Also, I use these discussion questions to create the exams and the major paper assignment. So do your best on each question.
https://bucket-hozzify.storage.googleapis.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/08211149/Robert-S.-Levine_-Michael-A.-Elliott_-Sandra-M.-Gustafson_-Amy-Hungerford_-Mary-Loeffelholz-The-Norton-Anthology-of-American-Literature-Volumes-C-D-E-W.-W.-Norton-Company-2016.pdf
.
Discussion Questions Compare and contrast through a critical an.docx
Discussion Questions
: Compare and contrast through a critical analysis of the following laws and strategies with an emphasis on how they enhance port maritime operations: Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, The SAFE Port Act, and The Small Vessel Security Strategy.
Response must be 400 words or more in APA style format.
.
Discussion questions (self evaluation)Examine nursing roles th.docx
Discussion questions (self evaluation)
Examine nursing roles that meet the emerging health needs of individuals, families, communities and populations.
Explore historical, legal, social, cultural, political, and economic forces that influence the client, nursing practice, and the health care system.
Evaluate strategies that can be used by public and community health nurses to improve the health status and eliminate health disparities of vulnerable populations.
Predict trends in lifestyles that will affect the health of communities and the future challenges for nursing.
Plan, analyze, implement and evaluate public health surveillance and outbreak investigation
Develop strategies to deliver nursing care in the preparedness, response, and recovery phases of disaster management.
Initial should have 400 words. Reference in APA format 7th edition.
.
Discussion QuestionReflecting on what you have learned abou.docx
Discussion Question:
Reflecting on what you have learned about the social determinants of health, SDOH, how can nurses work collaboratively with physicians and other health care professionals to improve primary care, reduce overutilization and improve underutilization of healthcare services? Include in your response how fostering an environment of diversity and cultural awareness among healthcare providers builds a stronger healthcare team and improves care delivery to healthcare consumers.
Initial 400 words. Reference APA format 7th edition.
.
Discussion questionMotivation is the all-ensuing mechanism t.docx
Discussion question
Motivation is the all-ensuing mechanism that determines how much and how well a student will learn. Treating it as strictly an internal mechanism, explain how learners; needs, goals, beliefs, interests, and emotions can influence their motivation to learn.
RESPOND TO THESE STUDENTS POSTS
Tashi post
Motivation is something that looks different in everyone. When we look at what motivates one person and assume we can teach based on that, we will not be successful in reaching all students. Looking at motivation strictly from an intrinsic lens, meaning a student’s needs, goals, beliefs, interests and emotions, teachers need many resources. I think that one of the biggest tools that teachers need is relationships. Understanding where a student’s motivation is coming from, or not coming from, can lead to engagement. For example, if a student’s basic needs are not being met, they will not be motivated to learn their math facts because they have greater needs. This is where the relationship and understanding of where students are at is so important for a teacher. They have the ability to create goals with these students. However, on the flip side, a student that knows they want to go to college may be motivated based on their goals for themselves and will engage because they want to do well and achieve a goal in the future.
Motivation can create opportunity as well as hinder progress. It is so important in education. A student’s belief in themselves can create these opportunities or hinder their progress as well. Understanding how a teacher can use motivation through an intrinsic lens can help all students in their class.
Jasmine post
Motivation is defined as the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior. Motivated students put out more effort, persist longer, learn more, and score higher on tests (Lazowski & Hulleman, 2016). Intrinsic motivation is the natural human tendency to seek out and conquer challenges as we pursue personal interests and exercise our capabilities. When we are intrinsically motivated, we do not need incentives or punishments, because the activity itself is satisfying and rewarding (Anderman & Anderman, 2014; Deci & Ryan, 2002; Reiss, 2004). When I think of intrinsic motivation I don't associate it with younger children as much as I would with older children. I can relate to intrinsic motivation myself because just learning something new motivates me to learn more. Also, seeing those A's and B's keeps me wanting to learn more. I feel the more I learn the more I'll be able to teach someone in the future. That is motivation enough for me to keep going. The students I currently work with get excited when they are able to identify numbers and letters and this motivates them to keep learning. You can see the excitement on their faces when they answer something correctly.
.
Discussion QuestionHow much, if any, action on ergonomics in th.docx
Discussion Question:
How much, if any, action on ergonomics in the work-place should rely on the voluntary actions of employers (as favored by George W. Bush) and how much should be mandatory on the part of managements. Explain.
Read the following:
Chapter 9 – Institutional Issues under Collective Bargaining
Chapter 10 – Administrative Issues under Collective Bargaining
Chapter Summaries
Chapter 9 – Institutional Issues under Collective Bargaining
The rights and duties of the employers, employees, and unions are the institutional issues of collective bargaining. On occasion, they can be more troublesome than the economic questions involved with wages and benefits. Some of the longest and most bitter strikes have resulted from conflict over the institutional questions of labor relations.
One of the most controversial issues is union membership as a condition of employment. Labor organizations seeking greater security have negotiated a number of compulsory union membership devices, the most common being the union shop. The closed shop, maintenance-of-membership arrangement, agency shop, and the preferential shop are other security measures that appear less frequently. The growth of the union shop is best explained by the Taft-Hartley prohibition of the closed shop in firms engaged in interstate commerce. The goal of each of these measures is to establish and maintain the institutional security of the union. Such devices are present in about 82 percent of today’s collective bargaining contracts.
There are elements of morality, labor relations stability, and power in this area. Union security may provide stability in industrial relations, but is it moral to compel a worker to join a union? Are these ideological and philosophical issues a mere disguise for the real goal, increased power and influence? Some twenty-two states now have legislation that bans any form of compulsory union membership. These “right-to-work” laws are formidable obstacles in the path of union institutional security. Although Congress has preemptive power in the field of interstate commerce, this state legislation is likely to be allowed to stand.
More than 95 percent of current contracts contain a checkoff procedure by which the employer collects union dues, and often other fees, by deduction from the worker’s paycheck. The advantage to the union is a savings of time and money. The checkoff also can benefit the employer, which explains why it is not a crucial issue of negotiation. Taft-Hartley requires the written authorization of the employee for such an arrangement, which is irrevocable for one year, or the duration of the contract, whichever is shorter. Usually the individual has an annual opportunity to rescind his authorization. If he or she does not, the checkoff remains in force for another year.
The obligations of the union are typically set down in one or more provisions of the contract. The most important is a pledge by the union not to strik.
Discussion QuestionConsider a popular supplement you andor y.docx
Discussion Question:
Consider a popular supplement you and/or your family and friends take.
Can you think of a supplement that is commonly taken that could easily be replaced by eating more of a certain food or type of foods?
Is there a population group that would find it more difficult to get the recommended amount of vitamins and minerals through diet changes?
.
Discussion QuestionDiscuss opportunities for innovation and en.docx
Discussion Question
Discuss opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship in emerging global markets, particularly those with a growing middle class, or those where harsh economic conditions dictate the need for innovation if basic human needs are to be met.
What steps must be taken to encourage innovation in these markets?
Will the same incentives and techniques be effective in all emerging markets?
What can be done in instances where government does not encourage or is even hostile to entrepreneurship?
Design and present a list of talking points you might use when you meet with industry and government leaders in one of these markets as you attempt to build a creative mind-set among local civic leaders, businesses, and citizens.
The final paragraph (three or four sentences) of your initial post should summarize the one or two key points that you are making in your initial response.
Your posting should be about 1 page (400 to 500 words) in length.
.
Discussion Question(s)Im interested in the role of women-- in t.docx
Discussion Question(s)
I'm interested in the role of women-- in the colonial family, in colonial society, etc. Based on what you've read in the book (and in lecture), how much power do you think women had in colonial Latin America? what kind of control were they able to exert? (keep in mind two things: the patriarchal system, and the fact that patriarchy does not equal one-sided dominance.)
Lecture 9
Your author for this course, Burkholder (et. al.)*, states from the outset of the chapter we are reading this week that the Family is the foundation of colonial society (p. 216). That is a bold statement, especially since so much of colonial Latin America is built on violence, religion, labor, and the construction of Spanish political structures once Spaniards started settling in the Americas. However, he states it more clearly than I can when he says, "while race, wealth, occupation, and gender all helped to identify an individual's position in the social structure,
these elements were usually evaluated in the framework of a broadly defined family
" (p. 216).
Think about some of the issues that we talked about last week concerning race (which I know is still fresh in your mind!). Among the issues that the lecture, the reading, and all the rest of us in this class discussed was how race was a bit more slippery than we usually think about it in the United States (this of course does not make it any less harmful, just different). Nonetheless, if we think about all the moves that some people were able to make racially-- up or down the ladder/hierarchy, depending on the situation-- a lot of those moves were not only based on the ideology of the family, but they were also decided on those terms as well. In other words, the ideology of the family helped organize colonial Latin American societies-- not just husband, wife, kids, grandparents, etc. Families were more than blood relations, but rather a collective of biological and fictive relationships that offer a means for people navigate colonial society both economically and politically.
Family meant a lot of different things, but most of all, it is important to remember that being a member of a family was certainly about marriage and blood relations, but it was also kind of like being a member of a "crew" (is that a word that people use these days? Yes? No? I'm a little old, so maybe there is a new word). Anyway, marriages, parentage, god-parentage, and even simply being close enough to a family to be considered part of it almost always had political implications. Like I said, it was how people made their moves.
Let's take marriage as an example. Because the population of colonial Latin America was diverse from the beginning (marriages or coupling between native folks and Spaniards in the early years of conquest and settlement started the ball rolling on a rather mixed population), people in different
castas,
(or "racial castes"-- people who were of mixed descent/race) would use marria.
Discussion Question(s)Why do you think that Native Allies and Af.docx
Discussion Question(s)
Why do you think that Native Allies and African Conquistadors were not mentioned in European accounts of the conquest? Do you think it was intentional or unintentional? Why?
Portrayals of Malintzin have been unfair to her, historically. My question is this: why do you think the stories have been so unfair to her, while Cortes and other conquistadors are either rewarded or ignored for actually carrying out the conquest?
How do your readings connect to either of these questions?
Lecture 3- Steamrolling?
"Malintzin was the indigenous woman who translated for Hernando Cortés in his dealings with the Aztec emperor Moctezuma in the days of 1519 to 1521. "Malintzin," at least, was what the Indians called her. The Spanish called her doña Marina, and she has become known to posterity as La Malinche. As Malinche, she has long been regarded as a traitor to her people, a dangerously sexy, scheming woman who gave Cortés whatever he wanted out of her own self-interest.
The life of the real woman, however, was much more complicated. She was sold into slavery as a child, and eventually given away to the Spanish as a concubine and cook. If she managed to make something more out of her life--and she did--it is difficult to say at what point she did wrong."
Actually, that is a good question: what did she do wrong? Not much, it turns out-- having been sold by her family, and again by the subsequent owners, exactly what kind of loyalty was she supposed to have? Who was it that she was supposed to not "sell out?" No one, it turns out. Historians today know that she was doing her best to stay alive, and make a life for herself, and given her situation and life experiences, it is hard to expect anything more.
For me, at least, this raises a simple question: why are people in such a hurry to blame Malintzin for the conquest, when, in fact, they should be blaming the Spanish? Why did the blame shift to her, instead of where it should have been-- on Cortes and his men? Just curious.
The Indigenous Allies:
Check out this Prezi presentation! Short and sweet! Think about it alongside your readings! (Links to an external site.)
ñ
Spanish, Slavery, and Encomiendas (Early Colonial Period)
In U.S. History, people debate quite a lot about the plight of Native Americans. Some people believe that Native Americans were given a chance to be a part of the developing American culture, others say they were not. Still others, citing the diminishing numbers of Native Americans and the active role that the U.S. government and its white citizens took in killing and displacing Native Americans, call it genocide. In Latin America, it is a little more complicated.
The removal, displacement, and murder of Native Americans is undeniable in U.S. history, but such actions did not take place in Mexico, or other parts of Latin America, at least not on the same scale. The reason for this is that the goals of the British and the Spanish were different wh.
Discussion Question(This post must be at least 200 words.)What d.docx
Discussion Question(This post must be at least 200 words.)
What do you think of the tone of "Orders Given to the Twelve"? What
was
the tone? Do you think it is appropriate for the kind of document it is, given when it was written, and why it was written? Why or why not? How does that contrast to the tone in the second document (The Holy Men Respond...)?
Lecture, Week 4
Lecture------
Here is an excerpt from a historian (Camille Townsend) who talks about some of the myths surrounding Cortes's arrival in Mexico (keep an eye out for what I put in bold):
"In 1552, Francisco López De Gómara, who had been
chaplain
and secretary to Hernando Cortes while he lived out his old age in Spain, published an account of the conquest of Mexico. López de Gómara himself had never been to the New World, but he could envision it nonetheless. "Many [Indians] came to gape at the strange men, now so famous, and at their attire, arms and horses, and they said,
'These men are gods!' "
The
chaplain
was one of the first to claim in print that the Mexicans had believed the conquistadors to be divine. Among the welter of statements made in the Old World about inhabitants of the New, this one found particular resonance. It was repeated with enthusiasm, and soon a specific version gained credence: the Mexicans had apparently believed in a god named Quetzalcoatl, who long ago had disappeared in the east, promising to return from that direction on a certain date. In an extraordinary coincidence, Cortes appeared off the coast in that very year and was mistaken for Quetzalcoatl by the devout Indians."
Of course, Townsend continues by saying that no educated person really believes this story. In fact, it was largely fabricated by a chaplain who had never been to the Americas, but rather was taking care of Cortes in Spain during his last years.
Much has been made about the role of the church during the early years of the conquest, and I think that much of what has been written in recent years has been fair, even if they have been criticizing the church for many years. The truth is, the Catholic church (or its representatives back in the colonial period in Latin America) were quite rough on the indigenous people throughout Latin America, calling it a "spiritual conquest."
You will also remember from last week's lecture, when we talked about the ways in which encomiendas were being used, and how Antonio de Montesinos basically called out all of the
encomenderos
and called them bad Christians for not preaching to them while they were essentially enslaving indigenous folks on the land that the Spanish crown granted them.
I bring up this point because it is often forgotten that the military conquest and the "spiritual conquest" of Latin America go hand in hand.
A few years ago, Pope Francis admitted as much (not quite), when he apologized for all of the things that the Catholic Church and its representatives did to the indigenous people in Latin America durin.
Discussion Question(s)What were the colonial misgivings about m.docx
Discussion Question(s)
What were the colonial misgivings about "monarchy-wide
cortes
in February of 1810 (p. 350). What do you think of the relationship between the monarchy (or the Central Junta) and the colonials in Spanish America? Do you think that the
criollos
were waiting for independence the whole time? Why or why not?
Lecture 13
Over the last two weeks, we talked about the Caroline and Bourbon Reforms in Spanish America, and I am sure that after reading Chapters 9 and 10, you feel like movements for Independence in colonial Latin America were only days away from happening (maybe only a week, since I post these on Sunday). But no!
As upset as the
criollos
might have been by the dramatic economic and political changes that occurred (not the least of which the fact that the power that they had worked for generations to gain was being taken away by
peninsulares
), the
criollos
still remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. Independence was certainly something that was whispered about in dark corners, but only by the bold, and perhaps the stupid. If we start during this era of Independence in the Americas, we
have
to start with the American Revolution--
Hey-- I'm not happy about it either (this is
Latin American History
darn it!)!
But the American Revolution was the first war for independence in the Americas, so it certainly played an important role.
Kind of.
I mean, your book is kind of right-- the French Revolution definitely played a much bigger role, but keep in mind:
1) The American Revolution was fought from around 1775 to about 1783
2) The French Revolution was fought from 1789 through the 1790s.
Just because the American Revolution was first does not mean that it had a bigger influence than the French (it did NOT). However, keep in mind that the movements for independence throughout Latin America were just as much about ideas as they were about economics-- ok, they were
almost
as much about ideas as economics-- and thus, knowing that there was a neighbor to the north that was able to shrug off colonial power certainly had a psychological effect, if not quite a political one.
The truth is, the eventual movements of independence throughout Latin America was really a combination of things, but one of the largest factors was
time--
time was needed for these ideas to sink in, and time was needed for things to totally unravel in Europe.
And it really did start with the French Revolution, and Napoleon's rise to power:
No, not that Napoleon, THIS Napoleon:
Also happening in the late 18th century (the late 1700s) was the Haitian Revolution, which, if the world wasn't turned upside down already, it definitely was by then. Check out the generally informative Powerpoint I put together about the Haitian Revolution (via your email), and connect it to your text.
Freedom was happening everywhere, and it was happening in many different ways (and in Spain, it was happening largely in the context of Napoleon's at.
Discussion Question(s)The reading for this week was a grab bag o.docx
Discussion Question(s)
The reading for this week was a grab bag of different perspectives on life under colonial rule, or "living in an empire." They talked about the city and the countryside, religious life and secular life, popular culture, education, and intellectual development, and so on. Which of these sections struck you as being most interesting? Which struck you as being most important for the study of colonial (and perhaps modern!) Latin America? Why?
Lecture 10
What does it mean to live in an empire?
No, that's probably not what you were thinking. Instead, were you thinking something like this?
Maybe. Star Wars, for people who might not know (I don't know what college students are into these days), looks like a simple tale of good against evil. The evil empire fighting against a scrappy band of rebels intent on overthrowing their evil masters. In a sense, this might be the way that you see colonial Latin America, too-- the evil Spanish against the good indigenous people of the Americas. I wouldn't blame you, either-- after weeks of learning about the conquest, encomiendas, the mita system (under the Spanish) and the doings of the Catholic church (especially during the conquest), it would be easy to think of the Spanish empire (or the Spanish) as evil. In fact, I don't think I am going to try and convince you otherwise.
However, it might be worth remembering that we are looking at this history right now, in 2015-- not in the period itself. Therefore, whereas today you might think of the Spanish as evil, as time passed during the colonial era in Latin America, for the poor, the castas, and yes the indigenous folks, the Spanish and the Spanish colonial system was simply a way of life. It was something that they lived with, adjusted to, and yes, even sometimes rebelled against (locally, of course, not on a large scale. That happens later).
Therefore, to stretch the Star Wars metaphor even further (yikes), I would say that even though most of you might think of Spanish colonialism like this--
-- it is more likely that it was much more like this:
In other words, we can all agree that in hindsight that colonial Latin America was oppressive, but for most people, instead of plotting rebellion in their basements or back rooms, most people just tried to find a way to survive in the middle of it all, and make the best life they could for themselves despite the horrible conditions. So we can think about how nice and pure life would have been without the invasion of the Spanish, but since that was a luxury that the poor, the castas, and the indigenous people living in colonial Latin America did not have, we might instead think about the ways in which colonial society forced adjustments upon how various groups of people lived, as the colonial empire itself expanded and became more and more complex.
Spain asserted its control through urban planning. Cities were laid out in grids, centered on the most important government buil.
Discussion Question(s)Could Latin American reactions to the Bour.docx
Discussion Question(s)
Could Latin American reactions to the Bourbon (Caroline era) Reforms be attributed to intellectual change (Enlightenment), religious changes (expulsion of the Jesuits, for instance), economic change (taxes), or political change (taking criollos off their prestigious jobs and replacing them with Peninsulars)? Was it any one of these specifically? All of them? (and if you are going to say "all of them," do you think one might have had more influence than the others?) Why?
Lecture 12
This is where things start to get serious, because Spain isn't playing around anymore. Yes, we are still talking about the Bourbon Reforms- but more specifically, the Caroline Reforms (which happened during the reign of King Charles III, from 1759-1788). The reason that this is so important is because there was a lot of stuff happening during this period: rebellions, revolts, the expulsion of the Jesuits (a specific Catholic order of priests) from Spanish America and Spain, and perhaps most of all, more political reorganization.
But the question is the same as it was last week: why? Well, as we noted last week, there were a lot of conflicts in which Spain had found itself on the wrong side. Take, for example, The Seven Years' War: this particular war is known these days as the first true World War, but for a long time it was called the French and Indian War.
Oooh!!!!--- why was it called the "French and Indian War"? Because the people who named it that (British and British colonists in North America) believed that the world revolved around them. "we are fighting the French and the Indians-- let's call it the French and Indian War!" Of course, when you call it that you are ignoring the fact that it wasn't just the French, Indians, and British fighting one another. In fact, here is who was fighting:
1) France
2) Native Americans (on both sides in North America)
3) Britain
4) Saxony
5) Sweden
6) Russia
7) Prussia (basically Germany)
8) Hanover (basically more Germany)
9) Spain (later)
10) Portugal (later)
And this war (the fighting), with all these people involved, took place in:
1) Europe
2) Africa
3) North America
4) Philippines
5) India
6) Central America
The war was happening everywhere, it seems. And yet, people in the United States called it The French and Indian War. Dorks. I kind of want to tell the British and their colonists in North America this:
But that's why they called it the French and Indian War for so long.
In any case, Spain-- as noted above-- came late to the party, and joined the war on the French side in 1762.
As you might have predicted, this did not go well. France lost, but more importantly for our purposes, Spain lost by extension. And they lost big! First and foremost, they lost Cuba (albeit temporarily), they lost Florida-- gone forever in the Spanish empire (however, considering what it turned into in the 21st century,
maybe they dodged a bullet (this link is not for the faint of heart.
Discussion Question(s)Clearly there is potential for major probl.docx
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Clearly there is potential for major problems as the Bourbon Reforms are enacted over much of the 18th century. What were those problems? In what way do you think the Spanish crown could have lessened the pain of these reforms while still maintaining control over the Spanish colonies? Or was there no hope? (and if there was no hope, why do you say that?)
Lecture 11
Wen I was a young undergraduate (at a community college in southern California that will remain nameless-- I will give you all one guess in our discussion forum), I remember the week that my class was to discuss The Bourbon Reforms.
Sadly, it was not about what I was hoping.
Sigh.
Nonetheless, I remember being really interested in what was happening, because it was at this point in the class that I started to see the long chain of events that led to independence throughout most Latin American countries.
See, before I learned about the Bourbon Reforms, I was under the impression that the Independence movements (and wars) in Latin America happened from the bottom-up, which is to say that I thought they were led by Mestizos, Castas, and indigenous folks. For example, think of Mexico: Father Hidalgo, a priest and a champion of the peasant classes in New Spain (Mexico), he brings all these different people together-- people who have been stepped on for too long by colonial powers, and he issues "El Grito,", which was a unified cry of the underrepresented people for independence! Together, they would finally throw off the yoke of Spanish oppression and lead their own country to INDEPENDENCE! Yaaaaaayyyyy!
Sadly, it didn't happen like that.
Yes, Father Hidalgo did issue "El Grito de Dolores," but the conditions that led to the independence movement in New Spain (and the changing of its name to Mexico) didn't hit the peasants the hardest (the peasants were already being hit pretty hard), and the Independence movement was not led by peasants, the working classes, nor the indigenous people-- even if they did spark it. In fact, some say that Father Hidalgo and the people following him didn't want independence...they just wanted a better king.
But let's save that disappointment for later.
See, when I took that class and learned what the Bourbon Reforms were, I started to understand why independence happened throughout much of Latin America in the early 19th century (1800s).
The Bourbon Reforms (and the Caroline Reforms within them) were a set of political, economic, and administrative changes that came from Spain.
Now, speaking quite generally, one of the biggest changes was one that happened gradually, then suddenly: the termination of the sale of
audiencia
positions. See, up until this point, much of Spanish Latin America operated on that old saying that I have brought up a few times, "
obedezco pero no cumplo
", which roughly translated means, "I obey but I do not comply." (you may have a better translation-- give it a shot in the forum!)
.
Discussion Question Week #1· Discover which agencies, in.docx
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· Research if there are centralized or decentralized management of state responsibilities?
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· Be prepared to discuss in class, week #2
STATE IS FLORIDA!!
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