NCERT based class ix
“The land of India displays great physical variations”. Based on physical features, India physical geography is broadly divided into the following sections-The great mountain of North; Northern Plain ; Peninsular Plateau; Coastal Plains; Desert; Islands
4. ACTIVITIES RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE FORMATION OF LANDFORMS
THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS
Crust of earth made up of seven major and some minor plates.
Movement caused stresses with in the plates and continental
rocks.
Volcanic
activity
Faulting
Folding
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8. THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS
LOFTIEST YOUNG FOLD MOUNTAINS.
RUGGED MOUNTAIN BARRIERS OF THE WORLD.
FORMED FEW YEARS AGO BY FOLDING THE EARTH CRUST.
PARALLEL RANGES SECTIONS
HIMADRI
HIMACHAL
SHIWALIK
PUNJAB HIMALAYAS
KUMAON HIMALAYAS
NEPAL HIMALAYAS
ASSAM HIMALAYAS
HIMALAYAS
THREE PARALLEL RANGES
TO THE LONGITUDINAL EXTENT
DIVIDED INTO FOUR
SECTIONS
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9. Page: 10
They form an arc, which covers a distance of about 2,400 Km.
Their width varies from 400 Km in Kashmir to 150 Km in Arunachal Pradesh.
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10. FORMATION OF HIMALAYAS
According to theory of tectonic plates the earth’s crust was
initially a single , giant landmass called PANGEA.
Northern part known as Angara land, Southern part was known
as the Gondwana Land
The crust was split due to convectional currents
Drift of Indo-Australian plate towards north.
Northern drift resulted in the collision with the Eurasian Plate
Accumulation in the geosyncline (known as TETHYs) in the
sedimentary rock due to collision were folded to form to form
Mountain system in western Asia.
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11. HIMADRI
(Great or Inner
Himalayas)
Most continuous
range
Northernmost
range
Loftiest peak
(height) 6000mtrs
Covered with snow
throughout the
year
Contains
prominent peaks
HIMADRI
(Lesser
Himalayas)
Rugged mountain
system
Composed of highly
rugged and altered
rocks
Avg height 3700-
4500mtrs
Width: 50kms
Famous ranges: Pir
Panjal, Dhaula Dhar,
Mahabharta ranges
Famous valleys:
Kashmir, Kullu,
Kangra
SHIVALIKS
(Outer
Himalayas)
Outermost range
Height 900-
1100mtrs.
Composed of
unconsolidated
rock
Prone to
earthquakes and
landslides
Called Duns like
dehradun, Kotli
dun patti dun etc.
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12. PUNJAB HIMALAYAS
(Between Indus and Satluj)
KUMAON HIMALAYAS
(Between Satluj and Kali)
NEPAL HIMALAYAS (Between
Kali and Tista)
ASSAM HIMALAYAS (Between
Tista and Dibang)
Himalayas
division as per
sections
PURVACHAL OR THE EASTERN HILLS AND MOUNTAINS.
Bharamputra river
Hills running through the north-eastern states.
Composed of strong sandstones, (sedimentary rocks).
Covered with dense forests, (run as parallel ranges and valleys).
Comprises the Patkai hills, the Naga hills, the Manipur hills and the Mizo hills.
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13. 1. Distinguish between Convergent Boundaries, Divergent Boundaries and
transform Boundaries.
2. Describe how the Himalayas are formed?
3. Which hills are called Purvanchal?
4. How Purvanchal or Eastern hills formed?
5. Classify Himalayas on the basis of
1. Sections from the west to east 2. longitudinal ranges
(A)Mountain Ranges: The Karakoram, The Zaskar, The Shiwalik, The
Aravali, The Vindhya, The Satpura, Western & Eastern ghats
(B) Mountain Peaks – K2, Kanchan Junga, Anai Mudi
Note: use your previous year maps for map work or try to trace your map.
14. NORHERN PLAINS
1.Ganga Plains 2.Punjab Plains
3.Bhrahamputra Plains
Total Area of 7lakhs
sq.km. , (2400km long
240-320km broad)
Rivers entering from
northern mountains
associated with
depositional work.
Split in the numerous
channels(lower course) due
to deposition of slit known
as DISTRIBUTARIES
Have three sections and
four regions with
different relief features
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15. BHABAR
(Lies at shiwalik, a
narrow 8-16km wide
belt of pebbles)
TERAI
(West marshy area
with wildlife & forest)
KHADAR
(Young alluvial of the
flood plain)
BANGAR
(Older alluvial plain
rises above the level of
the flood plain)
THE NORTHERN PLAINS
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16. Check point 02 (G2)
1.Give an account of the Northern
plains of India.
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17. EASTERN AND WESTERN EDGES
1. Eastern Ghats
(Lower than Western Ghats)
2. Western Ghats
(Higher than eastern Ghats)
DIVIDED INTO TWO DIVISION
1.Central Highlands
2. Deccan Plateau
EASTWARD EXTENSIONS
LOCALLY KNOWN AS:
1.Bundelkhand and Bagahelkhand
2. Chotanagpur Plateau
DECCAN PLATEAU
The black soil found in this area known as
Deccan Plateau
THE PENINSULAR
PLATEAU
(A table land created by
breaking and drifting of
Gondawana land)
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18. FEATURES OF HIMALAYAN REGION
&PENINSULAR PLATEAU
HIMALAYAN REGION PENINSULAR PLATEAU
Young fold mountains formed by
uplift of the strata of sedimentary
rocks
Created from metamorphic and
igneous rock after splitting from
Gondwana
Loftiest mountains and deep valley Broad and shallow valley and rounded
hills
I-shaped ranges U-shaped valleys Horsts rift valleys and troughts
Origin of perennial river Rain fed seasonal valley
Unstable zone Stable zone
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19. Western Ghats Eastern Ghats
1. mark the Western
edges of the
plateau.
mark the Eastern
edges of the
plateau.
2. parallel and continuous
hill ranges with
no gaps.
Irregular and have gaps
through which
rivers flow into
the Bay of Bengal.
3. average height - 900-1600 metres average height -600 metres
4. The highest peaks
include the Anai
Mudi and the
Doda Betta.
Mahendragiri is
the highest peak
5. The Western Ghats
cause orographic
rain
The Eastern Ghats
do not cause
orographic rain.
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20. • Garo, Khasi and
Jaintia hills.
WEST TO EAST
RANGES
• Satpura range,
Eastern part-
Mahadev and
Kaimur hills and
the Maikal range.
NORTHERN
RANGES
• Aravali hills
WESTERN AND
NORTH-
WESTERN
MARGINS
• Meghalaya,
Karbi-Anglong
Plateau and
North Cachar
Hills.
• separated by a
fault (a crack in
the earth’s crust)
from the
Chotanagpur
Plateau.
NORTHEAST(to
cover a wide
area)
DECCAN PLATEAU
The Deccan Plateau is a part of the Peninsular Plateau.
It is triangular in shape and lies to the south of river Narmada.
It is higher in the west and slopes gently towards the east.
DECCAN TRAP:
Black Soil Area
Formed by lava that came out during volcanic activity
Rich in minerals and hence, very important for industrial development.
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21. CENTRAL HIGHLANDS
• Lie to the north of river Narmada,
• Covering -Malwa plateau
Chottanagpur plateau of the Peninsular plateau.
• Rivers: Ken, Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Damodar,
• Flow from south-west to north-east indicating the slope
of the land.
• The Central Highlands -wider in the west but narrower
in the east.
• The eastward extensions- Bundelkhand and
Baghelkhand.
• the extension takes it to the Chotanagpur Plateau.
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22. Check Point 03 (G2)
1. Distinguish between
(i) Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats
(ii) The Himalayan Region and Peninsular Plateau
2. Write a short note on Central highlands and
Deccan plateau
23. COASTAL PLAINS
The Peninsular plateau is flanked by stretch of narrow coastal strips,
running along the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the
east.
Western
Coastal Plain
Eastern
Coastal Plain
lies between the Western Ghats and the
Arabian Sea.
lies between the Eastern Ghats and the
Bay of Bengal.
Narrow Wide and level
Three sections. Two divisions
Northern- Konkan,
Central stretch-Kannad Plain
Southern-Malabar
Coast.
Northern-Northern
Circar
Southern-Coromandel
Coast.
No deltas Rivers like Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri,
Godavari form deltas.
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24. THE
INDIAN
DESERT
Towards the
western
margins of
the Aravali
Hills
Receives low
rainfall
(150mm per
yr.)
Only River-
Luni
Sandy plains
covered with
sand dunes
Major area
covered by
Barchans
(crescent
shaped
dunes)
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25. The
Islands
Andaman &
Nicobar
Elongated chain located in Bay
of Bengal
Bigger in size and scattered
Andaman(North)
Nicobar(South)
Lakshadweep
Lying close to Malabar coast of
Kerala
Composer of small coral islands
Small area of 32 sq km
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26. Check point 04 (G2)
Answer the following questions briefly.
(i) Which continents of today were part of the Gondwana
Land?
(ii) Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the
Vindhyan ranges?
(iii) Distinguish between Western Coastal Plain and
Eastern coastal Plain
(iv)Write a short notes on
(a) Indian Desert
(b) The Islands groups of India
27. Assignment 01 (G2)
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) A landmass bounded by sea on three sides is referred to as
(a) Coast
(b) Peninsula
(c) Island
(d) none of the above
2. Mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming its boundary with Myanmar are
collectively called as
(a) Himachal
(c) Purvanchal
(b) Uttaranchal
(d) none of the above
3. The western coastal strip, south of Goa is referred to as
(a) Coromandal
(b) Kannad
(c) Konkan
(d) Northern Circar
4. The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is
(a) Anai Mudi
(b) Mahendragiri
(c) Kanchenjunga
(d) Khasi
