1) The document provides an introduction to pediatrics/paediatrics including definitions, history, and key figures. 2) It discusses how pediatrics originated from ancient Greek and Indian medical traditions and texts, and important historical figures include Sushruta, Charaka, and Hippocrates. 3) The document outlines major developments in pediatrics including the first pediatric hospitals in Europe, America, India, and key individuals like Achar who helped establish pediatrics as a recognized medical field in India.

2. Lecture-1
INTRODUCTION OF PAEDIATRICS
Prof. Dr. Sunil Natha Mhaske
Dean
Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s Medical College
and Hospital,
Ahmednagar (M.S.) India-414111
Mo- 7588024773
Mail-sunilmhaske1970@gmail.com

3. • Pediatric (without an a) is the spellings most commonly used
in American English which were changed back in 19th century, thanks to
Noah Webster and his ‘theory of difference’ of American from the rest of
the English speaking world.
• The original spellings of the word are Paediatrics (with an
a), which were first derived from the Greek language and are still used in all of
the world except America.
• So, both of the spellings are correct but the ones you choose to use depend on your
area of residency, origin and audience.

4. The word Paediatrics/ Pediatrics is a Greek
word –
Pedio - Pias - child.
Iatrike - surgery or medicine- treatment.
Ics- science.

5. Definition-
The science which deals with compressive and
continuous care to the child, family and
environment is known as Paediatrics.

6. Age of Paediatrics Patients
• In India, a child means from birth to the age of 18
years.
• The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends
people be under pediatric care through the age of
21.
• In the United Kingdom, Paediatrics covers patients
until age 18.

7. Age -group Age
Newborn 0 days to 1 month
Infant 1 month to 1 yr
Toddler 1-3 yrs
Pre-school 3-6 yrs
School age child 6-12 yrs
Adolescents 12-18 yrs
Paediatrics age is divided as-

8. • God of Indian Medicine
• An incarnation of Vishnu
• Emerged from the Milky-
Ocean at the end of the
churning by the devas and the
asuras.
Dhanvantari

9. World’s first Paediatrician…
• Indian
• 6th century B.C.
• Whose pioneering works on the child care and
children's disease are relevant today, in spite of the
modern concepts of child health.
• He has written “Kashyapa Samhita or Braddha
JivakiyaTantra” reference book on in the fields of
Ayurvedic Paediatrics, gynecology and obstetrics.
• He had very important role in development of
Paediatrics.
• he studied -
 Galactogouges
 Teeth eruption
 described fertilization and development of
embryo.
 He observed manifestations of diarrhea.
 Infantile colic
 dyspnoea.
• Both scholarly treatises on child care and children's
diseases.

10. • B.C.-800-400
• Indian Hippocrates
• Written many aspects of child
rearing such as infant feeding ,viral
fever, liver diseases etc.
• Innovative chapters on surgery,
attributed to Sushruta
• Cataract surgery was performed by
Sushruta before 800 BC
Sushruta

11. • Born in 300 BC
• One of the principal contributors to the ancient art and
science of Ayurveda.
• He has written Charka samhita.
• He Studied the anatomy of the human body and
Physiology and embryology.
• Known as the father of anatomy.
• He was the First physician to present the concept of digestion,
metabolism and immunity.
• Charka knows the fundamentals of genetics
Charka

12. Ebers Papyrus (Papyrus Ebers)
• It is an Egyptian medical
papyrus of herbal knowledge dating
to circa 1550 BC.
• Among the oldest and most
important medical papyri of ancient
Egypt, it was purchased
at Luxor (Thebes) in the winter of
1873–74 by Georg Ebers.
• It is currently kept at the library of
the University of Leipzig, in
Germany.
• 1552 BC: The Ebers
Papyrus discussed many topics
including breastfeeding, cure for
worms and treatment of ocular
diseases.

13. Hippocrates of Cos
• 460 BC – ca. 370 BC)
• Ancient Greek physician.
• Referred to as the Western father of medicine.
• He first described "Hippocratic fingers".
• Also the first physician to describe Hippocratic
face.
• Devoted a great part of his life to treatise to
children and made significant observations found
in children.

15. Hippocrates' funeral monument
• It is in the capital of the Thessaly region of Greece, to the small village of Iannouli.
• He was born in Kos, but lived for 40 years in Larissa, where he thought and
practiced medicine until his death, in 377 B.C.
• Under the statue there is the place where it is believed that the original tomb of
Hippocrates.

16. Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus
• He was born in AD 129 – 199/217
• Physician, surgeon and philosopher.
• Contributed greatly to the understanding of Anatomy,
Physiology, Pathology, Pharmacology, Neurology,
Philosophy, and logic.
• Galen's understanding of anatomy and medicine were
principally influenced by Hippocrates.
• His theories dominated and influenced Western
medical science for nearly two millennia.
• Galen wrote in his treatise entitled-
“That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher”
• He Wrote extensively on care of infant and children.

17. • Rhazes or Rasis
• 865– 925
• Persian physician
• Greatest clinician of all times.
• pioneer of neurosurgery and ophthalmology.
• Numerous “firsts” in medical research, clinical care,
and chemistry are attributed to him.
• Known as “Father of Paediatrics.”
Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi

18. Soranus of Ephesus
• 1ST /2ND Century A.D.
• A Greek Physician, Gynaecologist, Obstetrician, and
Paediatrician.
• He Wrote the first known manuscript devoted to
Paediatrics.
• He described fingernail test for breast milk quality-
if the droplet clings to the nail, it contains sufficient
fat, if not it is watery.
• His writings concerned women’s diseases, pregnancy, and infant care for nearly
1,500 years.
• His work on midwifery and the diseases of women, includes descriptions of
contraceptive measures.
• Soranus developed special skills in the art of the diseases of women and children in
addition to his diverse interest in surgery, to which his works testify and later
soranus went to rome to practice.
• The gynaecology book is in four major parts-"Things normal" are dealt with in
books 1 and 2, and "things abnormal" in books 3 and 4.
• It is in book 1 that we find an extraordinary chapter "on the care of the newborn,"
probably the first chapter ever devoted entirely to the care of newborn infants.

19. • The chapter on "care of the mother and baby" at delivery testifies to
the meticulousness of soranus's observation and practice. Both
psychological and physical comforts of the mother are stressed.
• Soranus states that some of the newborns survive at seven months
of gestation. This is the only reference he makes to prematurity.
• A long discourse follows about feeding and other problems of the
baby, breast feeding, testing the milk, weaning from the breast milk,
problems of nursing, excess of crying, constipation, teething,
assessment of growth and development, tonsillitis, thrush, skin
lesions, diarrhoea in infants, and wheezing and coughing.
• He is probably one of the first to describe clinical signs of rickets
in roman children.

20. Babllerders Little Book on diseases in
children
• Italian-1472.
• This was the first medical treatise, and
probably also the first scientific treatise, to
make its original appearance in printed form
rather than having prior circulation in
manuscript.
• This concerns the life and the academic
career of Paulus Bagellardus a Flumine,
professor of medicine at the University of
Padua from 1444 to 1480.
• It exclusively deals with children's diseases.
• The text is divided in two parts: the first on
assistance to infants in the first months of
life, the second on the diseases of children
up to the age of seven years.
First Printed Book on Paediatrics

21. “Book of children”
Written by-Thomas Phaer,
• 1514-1562
• Father of English Paediatrics.
• He is now best known as the author of the Boke of Chyldren,
which is acknowledged as the first English book on Paediatrics.
• His other medical texts are hardly known.
• One is concerned with Phlebotomy it is called "Declaration of
the Veynes of Man’s Body, and to what Dyseases and
Infirmities the Opening of Every One of Them Doe Serve".
• He also wrote a treatise on the Plague.
First English Book on Paediatrics

23. wrote the first important printed book about children in 1583
“De Morbus Pusiorum”
Hieronymus

24. Abraham Jacobi
• May 6, 1830 - July 10, 1919
• He was a pioneer of pediatrics
• He opened the first children's clinic in the U.S.
• 1861 at the New York Medical College, he was
a professor of childhood diseases.
• In Mount Sinai Hospital he established the first Department of
Pediatrics at a general hospital.
• He was a president of the New York State Medical Society.
• He advocated birth control and civil service reform and opposed
prohibition.
• He helped found the American Journal of Obstetrics.
• He is regarded as the Father of American Pediatrics.

25. Jacobi Medical Center in New York
City was named in his honor

26. • Born in1898
• He was an American Pediatrician.
• Known as "the father of Pediatrics".
• He authored the leading pediatric textbook (now known
as the "Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics")
• Nelson was well known for the textbook that he authored for half a
century, the Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics.
• He led the Pediatrics department at Temple
University
School of Medicine.
Waldo E. Nelson

27. • Between 1959 and 1978, he also served as editor for The Journal of
Pediatrics.
• The journal's circulation tripled during his tenure.
• Nelson practiced medicine into his eighties and continued to attend
and speak at meetings in his nineties.
• He died of a stroke on March 2, 1997

28. • Opened in 1802 in Paris.
• The hospital is famed for the care of patients
only up to the age of 15 years.
• Reason was simply keep the children and
adults separate from each other.
• Maison Royale de l'Enfant Jesus was
transformed by decree into a hospital for sick
children (Enfants Malades)
• 149 boys and 92 girls aged from 2 to 14 years
old were housed in separate wings, each
containing 30 to 40 beds, according to their
ages, pathologies and sex.
FIRST PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL IN THE WORLD.
Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades
(Necker Hospital - Hospital for sick children)
French teaching hospital, Paris, France

29. • The hospital for children was finally merged with the nearby Necker
Hospital for adults on 1st January 1927, giving origin to the hospital
group Necker-Enfants Malades.
• During the 19th and 20th centuries the Necker-Enfants Malades has always
remained one of the world's leading institutions in the development of
pediatrics specialties.
• a milestone in the history of this hospital was, in 1816, the invention of the
stethoscope by René Laennec to whom recently has been dedicated the
brand new mother-child medical-surgical building, which replaced some of
the old pavilions of the hospital.

30. First Pediatric Hospital in U.K.
(informally GOSH or Hospital for Sick Children)
• Founded in London in 1852 as the Hospital for Sick Children making it the first
hospital.
• The Hospital for Sick Children was founded on 14 February 1852 after a long
campaign by Dr. Charles West, and was the first hospital in England to provide in-
patient beds specifically for children.
• 1852- Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) opened with just 10 beds, and
was the first hospital in the UK to offer dedicated inpatient care to children.
Great Ormond Street Hospital
for Children

31. • It is doing pioneering work in children's medicine.
• It is the largest centre for research into childhood illness
outside the United States and Canada, and a major
international trainer of doctors and nurses.

32. One of the largest and oldest
children's hospitals in the world.
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
• 1855- A Philadelphia physician, Dr. Francis West Lewis, inspired by a visit to the
new Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children in London.
• Established in 1855 the Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania (CHOP) is the first
hospital in the United States to dedicate itself exclusively to the care of children.
• Its main campus is one of the largest in the nation with 527 beds.
• All in all, the network serves approximately one million patients a year who suffer
from a range of conditions including genetic disorders, cancer, behavioral issues,
and dozens of others.
• It prides itself on family-centered care and offers a variety of support services
including family consultants, support groups, and home care.

33. • One of the largest Pediatric medical centers in the United States.
• Children's offers a complete range of health care services
for children from birth through 21 years of age.
• Children's hospital was founded in 1869 as a 20-bed facility at 9 Rutland
Street in Boston's South End and became affiliated with Harvard Medical
School in 1903.
• It is a 396-licensed bed children's hospital in the Longwood Medical and
Academic Area of Boston, Massachusetts.

34. Dr. George Cohelo
• First Paediatrician of India.
• In 1928 he made the beginning of Paediatrics in Mumbai
• He was Superintendent of the B.J. (Bai Jerbai Wadia) Hospital
for Children - the first children's hospital in India.
• He remained the head of the department of Pediatrics till 1953.
• He was Editor of JAPI (The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India) for
the period of 1955 – 1971.
• He was Head of the Department of Paediatrics at L.T.M.C. Medical College,
Sion, Mumbai (1967 to 1969).
• In 1950, he started the ‘Association of Pediatricians of India’ (API).
• In 1952 to 1959, he was editor of the ‘Indian Journal of Child Health.
• Under his guidance the postgraduate diploma in child health was started at Bai
• Because of his pioneering work in the field of Paediatrics he is honored as the
‘Father of Paediatrics in India’

35. First children's hospital in India.
• Paediatrics made a beginning in Mumbai in 1928, when Dr. George
Coelho, rightly called the Father of Indian Pediatrics, became the
Superintendent of the BJ Hospital for Children - the first children's
hospital in India.
• He remained the head of the department of Paediatrics till 1953.
• In 1929, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children became a separate
independent children's hospital.

36. Professor Dr. S. T. Achar
• Born on September 1902.
• In 1946, he worked to create one of the first departments of pediatrics,
located within the Government General Hospital in Chennai.
• Professor Achar went on to help establish a separate pediatric facility for children in
Egmore, Chennai known as the Institute of Children Health and Government
Children’s Hospital. This hospital, referred to as the ‘Egmore model’ has become a
model for other public pediatric facilities in India.
• In 1948, he was the first Professor of Paediatrics in India at the Madras Medical
College.
• He was the first Indian to have a FRCP in Paediatrics from Canada.
• His main work was on Paediatrics nutritional problem, childhood cirrhosis and
diarrheal disorders.
• He was elected as a fellow of Indian academy of medical sciences, honorary
fellowship of French, British and American Paediatrics society and American
academy of Paediatrics.
• He passed away in June 1968.
First Professor of Paediatrics in India

37. • Prior to 1948, there was no
pediatric department.
• 1948- the first pediatric
department of Tamilndau was
created in the Government
General Hospital, Madras.
• Late Dr.S.T.Achar was
appointed as Professor of
Pediatrics of Madras Medical
College.
First Separate Paediatrics
Department in India…

38. DR.K.C.CHAUDHARI
• He was from Calcutta.
• He was instrumental in establishing a private institute of child
health in Calcutta of which he was the first director.
• 1933- Dr. K C Chaudhary founded the first independent pediatric
journal named the Indian Journal of Pediatrics in Calcutta.
• 1948- Dr. Chaudhary started the Indian Pediatric society.
• 1958- the Indian Pediatric Society had organized nine National
Pediatric Conferences in different cities in India.

39. • The Institute of Child Health (ICH) was set up
by Dr. K.C. Chaudhuri.
• Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister,
inaugurated the institute on 16 January 1957.
• ICH continues to offer medical and surgical
services to the ailing, and especially, the
under- privileged children of the society.
• Dr. K.C. Chaudhuri had in mind was not only
a children's hospital but an institution with
integrated services - promotive, preventive and
curative services for children, and also a centre
for teaching and research where the child
would be considered in his totality - his
emotional, intellectual and physical needs as
well as his relation to the milieu (Chaudhuri
1958a).
• Dr. K.C. Chaudhuri set forth, for the first
time, the concept of positive and total child
care in India.
• He died on the I6th October 1973 at Dehradun

40. • Association of Paediatrics of India
started in 1950 in Bombay by Dr George
Coelho .
• The Indian Paediatrics Society was
started by Dr. Chaudhuri in Calcutta.
• Later on both the associations merged to
form Indian Academy of Paediatrics as
the single representative body of
Pediatricians of India and the first
National Conference of the Indian
Academy of Pediatrics was held in Pune
in 1964.
• Journal – Indian Pediatrics
Associations of Paediatrics

41. Medical Colleges in India-
1823- Ecole de Medicine de Pondicherry medical college was established by the
French government in Pondicherry. Later, in 1956 it was named as Jawaharlal Institute
of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER).
1835- Calcutta Medical College, Kolkata Medical College and Madras Medical
College started.
1845- In Mumbai, the first medical college was named after Sir Robert Grant, then
Governor of Mumbai.
1854- Agra Medical School and Thompson Hospital (known as Sarojini Naidu
Medical College & Hospital.)
1877- Auxiliary Royapuram Medical School, Chennai
1878- The King Edward Medical School, Indore
1917- Stanley Medical School, Chennai named after Sir Frederick Stanley.
1926- The Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and the King Edward Memorial
Hospital, Mumbai.

42. Paediatrics as a separate subject for M.B.B.S students-
• 1948-First chair of Paediatrics.
• 1955-Medical education conference recommended
reconstructing Paediatrics education.
• 1956-Recommended Paediatrics as a separate teaching
subject.
• 1966-M.C.I. Accepted Paediatrics as a separate teaching
subject.
• 1976-M. C.I.-All universities- separate teaching subject.
• 1993-Paediatrics as separate teaching subject started for
M.B.B.S.

43. Post graduation in Paediatrics in India
• 1940-there were just 12 to 15 Paediatricians in the whole of India.
• 1944- The Diploma in Child Health (DCH) was started by the
College of Physicians and Surgeons (CPS) of Bombay at the B. J.
Hospital and Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for children.
• A few years later, the Department of Paediatrics, Irwin Hospital,
Delhi started the DCH examination and several candidates passed
out by 1957-58.
• The Doctor of Medicine (MD) courses in Paediatrics in most parts
of the country started in the 50’s.
• 1977-Professor Harish Chandra started the MD degree course at the
Osmania University at ‘Institute of Paediatrics’, Niloufer Hospital,
Hyderabad.
• 1964- The National Academy of Medical Sciences started its
examinations and presently gives a degree of the ‘Diplomate of
National Board’.

44. 1. Paediatrics in India., MS Tullu, JR Kamat, J Postgrad Med, 2000 ;46:233.
2. https://www.news-medical.net/health/A-Brief-History-of-Pediatrics.aspx
3. The History Of Paediatrics, Am J Dis Child. 1931;41(5):1258-1259.
doi:10.1001/archpedi.1931.01940110252017
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics
5. THE HISTORY OF PAEDIATRICS: THE PROGRESS OF THE STUDY OF DISEASES OF
CHILDREN UP TO THE END OF THE XVIIITH CENTURY, by George Frederic Still, M.D.
London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1965, 526 pp., 5.10.0 Samuel X. Radbill,
Pediatrics June 1966, 37 (6) 920
6. History of Paediatrics, B. Harris. Southampton University, UK, Arch Dis Child
2001;84(Suppl I):A10–A68
7. George Armstrong—Father of Pediatrics, Henry K. Silver, Pediatrics July
1974, 54 (1) 1-2;
8. A great paediatrician--the father of paediatrics in India, S S Manchanda, Indian J
Pediatr. 1974 Mar;41(314):70-1.
9. Three Stars of Indian Paediatrics, Sunil N. Mhaske1 , Ashish Tapdia2 , Shruti
Vadake3, Pediatric Education and Research Volume 1 Number 1, January - March
2013.
References-

45. Thanks a lot