Human Behavior and the Social Environment II
Human Behavior and the
Social Environment II
WHITNEY PAYNE
U N I V E R S I T Y O F A R K A N S A S L I B R A R I E S
F AY E T T E V I L L E , A R
Human Behavior and the Social Environment II by Whitney Payne is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License,
except where otherwise noted.
Content in his book is adapted was from
• Kennedy, Vera. (2018). Beyond race: cultural influences on
human social life. This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
International License
• “Beyond Race: Cultural Influences on Human Social Life” by
Vera Kennedy under the license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• Social Problems by University of Minnesota is licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
• Introduction to Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies by Miliann
Kang, Donovan Lessard, Laura Heston, Sonny Nordmarken is
licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License,
• Principles of Social Psychology by University of Minnesota
under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
ShareAlike 4.0 International License,
• McAdams, D. P. (2019). Self and identity. In R. Biswas-Diener &
E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign,
IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/3gsuardw.
Self and Identity by Dan P. McAdams is licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
4.0 International License.
• Immigrant and Refugee Families, 2nd Ed. by Jaime Ballard,
Elizabeth Wieling, Catherine Solheim, and Lekie Dwanyen is
licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where
otherwise noted.
Contents
Introduction 1
Attributions 4
Part I. Traditional Paradigms & Dominant
Perspectives on Individuals
Chapter 1: Self and Identity
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 The Social Actor 15
1.3 The Motivated Agent 19
1.4 The Autobiographical Author 21
1.5 End-of-Chapter Summary 26
1.6 Outside Resources 27
1.7 Discussion Questions 27
13
Chapter 2: Culture and Meaning
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Link between Culture and Society 34
2.3 Defining Culture 35
2.4 Cultural Sociology 39
2.5 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture 42
33
Chapter 3: Culture as a Social Construct
3.1 Social Production of Culture 53
3.2 Collective Culture 56
3.3 Cultural Change 69
53
Chapter 4: Cultural Power
4.1 Cultural Hierarchies 72
4.2 Cultural Hegemony 79
4.3 Prejudice and Discrimination 82
72
Chapter 5: Cultural Identity
5.1 Identity Formation 90
5.2 Sex and Gender 94
5.3 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation 99
5.4 Body and Mind 103
5.5 Race and Ethnicity 108
5.6 Religion and Belief Systems 114
5.7 Identity Today 120
90
Chapter 6: The Multicultural World
6.1 Globalization and Identity 133
6.2 Building Cultural Intelligence 138
...
Human Behavior and the Social Environment II
Human Behavior and the
Social Environment II
WHITNEY PAYNE
U N I V E R S I T Y O F A R K A N S A S L I B R A R I E S
F AY E T T E V I L L E , A R
Human Behavior and the Social Environment II by Whitney Payne is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License,
except where otherwise noted.
Content in his book is adapted was from
• Kennedy, Vera. (2018). Beyond race: cultural influences on
human social life. This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
International License
• “Beyond Race: Cultural Influences on Human Social Life” by
Vera Kennedy under the license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• Social Problems by University of Minnesota is licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
• Introduction to Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies by Miliann
Kang, Donovan Lessard, Laura Heston, Sonny Nordmarken is
licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License,
• Principles of Social Psychology by University of Minnesota
under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
ShareAlike 4.0 International License,
• McAdams, D. P. (2019). Self and identity. In R. Biswas-Diener &
E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign,
IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/3gsuardw.
Self and Identity by Dan P. McAdams is licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
4.0 International License.
• Immigrant and Refugee Families, 2nd Ed. by Jaime Ballard,
Elizabeth Wieling, Catherine Solheim, and Lekie Dwanyen is
licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where
otherwise noted.
Contents
Introduction 1
Attributions 4
Part I. Traditional Paradigms & Dominant
Perspectives on Individuals
Chapter 1: Self and Identity
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 The Social Actor 15
1.3 The Motivated Agent 19
1.4 The Autobiographical Author 21
1.5 End-of-Chapter Summary 26
1.6 Outside Resources 27
1.7 Discussion Questions 27
13
Chapter 2: Culture and Meaning
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Link between Culture and Society 34
2.3 Defining Culture 35
2.4 Cultural Sociology 39
2.5 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture 42
33
Chapter 3: Culture as a Social Construct
3.1 Social Production of Culture 53
3.2 Collective Culture 56
3.3 Cultural Change 69
53
Chapter 4: Cultural Power
4.1 Cultural Hierarchies 72
4.2 Cultural Hegemony 79
4.3 Prejudice and Discrimination 82
72
Chapter 5: Cultural Identity
5.1 Identity Formation 90
5.2 Sex and Gender 94
5.3 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation 99
5.4 Body and Mind 103
5.5 Race and Ethnicity 108
5.6 Religion and Belief Systems 114
5.7 Identity Today 120
90
Chapter 6: The Multicultural World
6.1 Globalization and Identity 133
6.2 Building Cultural Intelligence 138
...
Human Behavior and the Social Environment II
Human Behavior and the
Social Environment II
WHITNEY PAYNE
U N I V E R S I T Y O F A R K A N S A S L I B R A R I E S
F AY E T T E V I L L E , A R
Human Behavior and the Social Environment II by Whitney Payne is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License,
except where otherwise noted.
Content in his book is adapted was from
• Kennedy, Vera. (2018). Beyond race: cultural influences on
human social life. This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
International License
• “Beyond Race: Cultural Influences on Human Social Life” by
Vera Kennedy under the license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• Social Problems by University of Minnesota is licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
• Introduction to Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies by Miliann
Kang, Donovan Lessard, Laura Heston, Sonny Nordmarken is
licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License,
• Principles of Social Psychology by University of Minnesota
under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
ShareAlike 4.0 International License,
• McAdams, D. P. (2019). Self and identity. In R. Biswas-Diener &
E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign,
IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/3gsuardw.
Self and Identity by Dan P. McAdams is licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
4.0 International License.
• Immigrant and Refugee Families, 2nd Ed. by Jaime Ballard,
Elizabeth Wieling, Catherine Solheim, and Lekie Dwanyen is
licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where
otherwise noted.
Contents
Introduction 1
Attributions 4
Part I. Traditional Paradigms & Dominant
Perspectives on Individuals
Chapter 1: Self and Identity
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 The Social Actor 15
1.3 The Motivated Agent 19
1.4 The Autobiographical Author 21
1.5 End-of-Chapter Summary 26
1.6 Outside Resources 27
1.7 Discussion Questions 27
13
Chapter 2: Culture and Meaning
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Link between Culture and Society 34
2.3 Defining Culture 35
2.4 Cultural Sociology 39
2.5 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture 42
33
Chapter 3: Culture as a Social Construct
3.1 Social Production of Culture 53
3.2 Collective Culture 56
3.3 Cultural Change 69
53
Chapter 4: Cultural Power
4.1 Cultural Hierarchies 72
4.2 Cultural Hegemony 79
4.3 Prejudice and Discrimination 82
72
Chapter 5: Cultural Identity
5.1 Identity Formation 90
5.2 Sex and Gender 94
5.3 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation 99
5.4 Body and Mind 103
5.5 Race and Ethnicity 108
5.6 Religion and Belief Systems 114
5.7 Identity Today 120
90
Chapter 6: The Multicultural World
6.1 Globalization and Identity 133
6.2 Building Cultural Intelligence 138
...
Human Behavior and the Social Environment II
Human Behavior and the
Social Environment II
WHITNEY PAYNE
U N I V E R S I T Y O F A R K A N S A S L I B R A R I E S
F AY E T T E V I L L E , A R
Human Behavior and the Social Environment II by Whitney Payne is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License,
except where otherwise noted.
Content in his book is adapted was from
• Kennedy, Vera. (2018). Beyond race: cultural influences on
human social life. This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
International License
• “Beyond Race: Cultural Influences on Human Social Life” by
Vera Kennedy under the license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• Social Problems by University of Minnesota is licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
• Introduction to Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies by Miliann
Kang, Donovan Lessard, Laura Heston, Sonny Nordmarken is
licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License,
• Principles of Social Psychology by University of Minnesota
under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
ShareAlike 4.0 International License,
• McAdams, D. P. (2019). Self and identity. In R. Biswas-Diener &
E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign,
IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/3gsuardw.
Self and Identity by Dan P. McAdams is licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
4.0 International License.
• Immigrant and Refugee Families, 2nd Ed. by Jaime Ballard,
Elizabeth Wieling, Catherine Solheim, and Lekie Dwanyen is
licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where
otherwise noted.
Contents
Introduction 1
Attributions 4
Part I. Traditional Paradigms & Dominant
Perspectives on Individuals
Chapter 1: Self and Identity
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 The Social Actor 15
1.3 The Motivated Agent 19
1.4 The Autobiographical Author 21
1.5 End-of-Chapter Summary 26
1.6 Outside Resources 27
1.7 Discussion Questions 27
13
Chapter 2: Culture and Meaning
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Link between Culture and Society 34
2.3 Defining Culture 35
2.4 Cultural Sociology 39
2.5 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture 42
33
Chapter 3: Culture as a Social Construct
3.1 Social Production of Culture 53
3.2 Collective Culture 56
3.3 Cultural Change 69
53
Chapter 4: Cultural Power
4.1 Cultural Hierarchies 72
4.2 Cultural Hegemony 79
4.3 Prejudice and Discrimination 82
72
Chapter 5: Cultural Identity
5.1 Identity Formation 90
5.2 Sex and Gender 94
5.3 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation 99
5.4 Body and Mind 103
5.5 Race and Ethnicity 108
5.6 Religion and Belief Systems 114
5.7 Identity Today 120
90
Chapter 6: The Multicultural World
6.1 Globalization and Identity 133
6.2 Building Cultural Intelligence 138
...
HIV-Sensitive Social Protection CambodiaJo Kaybryn
Presentation of the impact of HIV and the findings of the national consultative process to review the HIV sensitivity of Cambodia's social protection schemes.
Positive deviance: an innovative approach to improve malaria outcomes in MyanmarMalaria Consortium
This presentation is one of a series prepared for the Malaria Consortium symposium Taking the resistance out of elimination at the Joint International Tropical Medicine Meeting (JITMM) in Bangkok on 11 December 2013. It presents a pilot positive deviance project in a remote island, Kyun Su Township in Myanmar, and describes the positive deviance process being implemented in two phases.
A video of this presentation is available to watch here: http://www.malariaconsortium.org/pages/joint_international_tropical_medicine_meeting_bangkok_december_2013.htm
Safeguarding against radicalisation in primary schoolThe LearnScape
The world is going through a rough time right now: hate speech, terrorism and violence. Children notice this on social media or hear it from older siblings and therefore can't be kept in the dark anymore. It is not easy on the teachers either. How do you talk about this with your pupils? How can you build a culture of Respect and NoHate? What about Fake News? After this workshop the e-book to start working with your pupils will be given to the audience.
4th international conference on palliative care & Gerontology April 26, 2021. presented.
“An approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering using early identification and impeccable assessment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual”.
According to the WHO estimates, every year, 40 million people need palliative care. Amongst them, 78% live in low and middle-income countries. But worldwide, only 14% percent of those who need palliative care receive it (5). The need for palliative care keeps growing as modern medicine has led to increased life expectancy, resulting in a rise in the aging population and NCD incidence. Most of the governments in resource-limited settings are struggling to establish palliative care.
The population pyramid of Sri Lanka clearly shows that the population is aging steadily and will reach its peak in 2041. (9) This transition will lead to an increase in the dependent population, with increased comorbidity. The environment they live in should be able to cater to their needs. It will also create many socioeconomic issues, leading to an increase in the already existing disparities within the community
COVID 19 pandemic affected Sri Lanka by the beginning of 2020 creating many interferences and barriers for many developments. Similar to other activities, it also impeded the plans for the training program of the medical officers and nurses. Considering the ongoing, long-term pandemic, the team was forced to look for other alternatives.
Zahrah Nesbitt-Ahmed's presentation on Wednesday 31st March 2021 at the EPRI Global Webinar on Gender-sensitive social protection.
Learn more https://www.unicef-irc.org/events/global-webinar-gender-sensitive-social-protection.html
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In this webinar, part of our ‘Road to Recovery’ series exploring learning from COVID-19, our panel will consider the importance of community organisations to making and maintaining social connections, support and opportunities to participate in our communities as we age.
Find out more: https://www.ageing-better.org.uk/events/road-to-recovery-lessons-from-community-organisations
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This presentation was given by Dr Luret Lar, Research Manager COUNTDOWN Nigeria during the European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health on 17th September 2019. This was during an organised session titled 'Health systems and Neglected Tropical Diseases a policy and practice debate: Inclusion, integration, innovation and implementation.' It was chaired by Dr Rachael Thomson, COUNTDOWN Director and higlights were presented by Dr Akinola Oluwole and Professor Sally Theobald.
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This presentation reviews the syllabus for JNL-2105, Journalism Ethics, Professor Linda Austin's class at the National Management College, Yangon, Myanmar, starting June 1, 2015.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
HIV-Sensitive Social Protection CambodiaJo Kaybryn
Presentation of the impact of HIV and the findings of the national consultative process to review the HIV sensitivity of Cambodia's social protection schemes.
Positive deviance: an innovative approach to improve malaria outcomes in MyanmarMalaria Consortium
This presentation is one of a series prepared for the Malaria Consortium symposium Taking the resistance out of elimination at the Joint International Tropical Medicine Meeting (JITMM) in Bangkok on 11 December 2013. It presents a pilot positive deviance project in a remote island, Kyun Su Township in Myanmar, and describes the positive deviance process being implemented in two phases.
A video of this presentation is available to watch here: http://www.malariaconsortium.org/pages/joint_international_tropical_medicine_meeting_bangkok_december_2013.htm
Safeguarding against radicalisation in primary schoolThe LearnScape
The world is going through a rough time right now: hate speech, terrorism and violence. Children notice this on social media or hear it from older siblings and therefore can't be kept in the dark anymore. It is not easy on the teachers either. How do you talk about this with your pupils? How can you build a culture of Respect and NoHate? What about Fake News? After this workshop the e-book to start working with your pupils will be given to the audience.
4th international conference on palliative care & Gerontology April 26, 2021. presented.
“An approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering using early identification and impeccable assessment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual”.
According to the WHO estimates, every year, 40 million people need palliative care. Amongst them, 78% live in low and middle-income countries. But worldwide, only 14% percent of those who need palliative care receive it (5). The need for palliative care keeps growing as modern medicine has led to increased life expectancy, resulting in a rise in the aging population and NCD incidence. Most of the governments in resource-limited settings are struggling to establish palliative care.
The population pyramid of Sri Lanka clearly shows that the population is aging steadily and will reach its peak in 2041. (9) This transition will lead to an increase in the dependent population, with increased comorbidity. The environment they live in should be able to cater to their needs. It will also create many socioeconomic issues, leading to an increase in the already existing disparities within the community
COVID 19 pandemic affected Sri Lanka by the beginning of 2020 creating many interferences and barriers for many developments. Similar to other activities, it also impeded the plans for the training program of the medical officers and nurses. Considering the ongoing, long-term pandemic, the team was forced to look for other alternatives.
Zahrah Nesbitt-Ahmed's presentation on Wednesday 31st March 2021 at the EPRI Global Webinar on Gender-sensitive social protection.
Learn more https://www.unicef-irc.org/events/global-webinar-gender-sensitive-social-protection.html
The Road to Recovery: Lessons from community organisations’ role supporting o...Centre for Ageing Better
In this webinar, part of our ‘Road to Recovery’ series exploring learning from COVID-19, our panel will consider the importance of community organisations to making and maintaining social connections, support and opportunities to participate in our communities as we age.
Find out more: https://www.ageing-better.org.uk/events/road-to-recovery-lessons-from-community-organisations
Participatory research methods to improve community engagement and programme ...COUNTDOWN on NTDs
This presentation was given by Dr Luret Lar, Research Manager COUNTDOWN Nigeria during the European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health on 17th September 2019. This was during an organised session titled 'Health systems and Neglected Tropical Diseases a policy and practice debate: Inclusion, integration, innovation and implementation.' It was chaired by Dr Rachael Thomson, COUNTDOWN Director and higlights were presented by Dr Akinola Oluwole and Professor Sally Theobald.
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How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
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The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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6. • Session 1: Epidemiology
• Session 2: Community prevention
• Session 3: Community surveillance
• Session 4: Community households
• Session 5: Stigma and discrimination
• Session 6: Communication and personal safety
• Session 7: Urban challenges in surveillance
34. Session 1: Epidemiology
• Session 2: Community prevention
• Session 3: Community surveillance
• Session 4: Community households
• Session 5: Stigma and discrimination
• Session 6: Communication and personal safety
• Session 7: Urban challenges in surveillance
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. Session 1: Epidemiology
Session 2: Community prevention
• Session 3: Community surveillance
• Session 4: Community households
• Session 5: Stigma and discrimination
• Session 6: Communication and personal safety
• Session 7: Urban challenges in surveillance
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50. Session 1: Epidemiology
Session 2: Community prevention
Session 3: Community surveillance
• Session 4: Community households
• Session 5: Stigma and discrimination
• Session 6: Communication and personal safety
• Session 7: Urban challenges in surveillance
56. Session 1: Epidemiology
Session 2: Community prevention
Session 3: Community surveillance
Session 4: Community households
• Session 5: Stigma and discrimination
• Session 6: Communication and personal safety
• Session 7: Urban challenges in surveillance
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62. Session 1: Epidemiology
Session 2: Community prevention
Session 3: Community surveillance
Session 4: Community households
Session 5: Stigma and discrimination
• Session 6: Communication and personal safety
• Session 7: Urban challenges in surveillance
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75. Session 1: Epidemiology
Session 2: Community prevention
Session 3: Community surveillance
Session 4: Community households
Session 5: Stigma and discrimination
Session 6: Communication and personal safety
• Session 7: Urban challenges in surveillance