1. PLASTICS POLLUTION
*Can We Stop Them in Indonesian Marine Environment?*
PLASTICS POLLUTION
*Can We Stop Them in Indonesian Marine Environment?*
Daring, June 04th, 2020
Dr. Agung Dhamar SYAKTI
TALKSHOW-PROBLEMATIKA SAMPAH PLASTIK
Center for Maritime Biosciences Studies (CMBS)
Jenderal Soedirman University
Raja Ali Haji Maritim University (UMRAH)
3. Source: David C Wilson 1993, 1997, 2001
HIERARCHY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
4. WHAT IS IT?
Marine Litter
“Any persistent, manufactured or
processed solid material discarded,
disposed of or abandoned in the marine
and coastal environment”
(UNEP, 2005; Galgani et al., 2010).
Plastics
“Synthetic organic polymers (i.e. they
contain carbon as an essential element
along their chains), which are long and
high molecular-weight molecules
consisting of repeating units called
monomers".
Macro : > 2 cm
Meso : 5 mm-2 cm
Micro : 50 µm – 5000 µm
Nano : < 50 µm (1000 time smaller than an algal cell)
(Andrady, 2011)
5. PE - polyethylene
PP - polypropylene
PS - polystyrene
PVC - poly(vinyl chloride)
PET - poly(ethylene terephthalate)
PU - polyurethane
SBR - styrene-butadienne rubber
Sources of Microplastic:
1) Primary (Plastic pellet,
microbead)
2) Secondary (Fragmentation
from macroplastic)
1
1 2
1
1
2
The Production of Plastics and the Origins of Microplastics
6. Microplastic : < 5mm
Size Range of Plastic
(Observed in the marine environment
and comparisons with living material)
The term microplastics was introduced
within the last decade to describe
small pieces of plastic found in the
ocean, commonly defined as < 5mm in
diameter.
7. PRIMARY
MICROPLASTICS
Those which enter the
aquatic environment
in their « micro » size
SECONDARY
MICROPLASTICS
Resulting from the
breakdown of larger
plastics in the aquatic
environment
TYPES OF MICROPLASTICS
Fibres Pellets
Microbeads
Fragments
Foam
Films
Source: Rocha International
9. 94 % microplastics in the Atlantic ocean were fibres. (Kanhai et al., 2017)
More and more clothing is being made from synthetic fibres: polyester,
polyethylene, nylon, acrylic, elastane.
Washing a polyester fleece can release nearly 2000 fibres into the marine
environment.
Plastic pellets are are typically between 2-5mm in diameter and shaped like
a disk or lentil. They also known as nurdles.
They are sometimes spilled into the marine environment
257,000 kilotons of plastic pellets are consumed globally per year – that’s
the weight of 2.5 million blue whales!
They represent 0.3% of the global release of primary microplastics in the
world ocean, and can be released through road runoff, wastewater, and
directly into the ocean.
https://www.nurdlehunt.org.uk/ for more information
10. Ingredients to avoid:
• Polyethylene
• Polypropylene
• Polyethylene terephthalate
• Polymethyl methacrylate
Sandblasting
Microbeads, in cosmetics, are present in a variety of
products for different purposes. They can be used to
create films, such as face masks, to aid deep cleansing
and exfoliating, as tooth-whiteners in toothpaste and in
deodorants to block pores.
The main ingredients to avoid are: Polyethylene,
polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and polymethyl
methacrylate.
For more information see: www.beatthemicrobead.com
campaign.
Microbeads have replaced traditional sand in industrial
sandblasting activities because of their durability.
Sandblasting can be used, for example, to clean ships.
This results in microbeads entering waterways.
11. Micro Plastic: An Emerging of Marine Pollutants
Vast majority of plastics in the ocean (80%) are
micro-plastics (>1 mm) (Thompson et al 2004)
Abundance of microscopic plastics in the water column
of NE Atlantic increased considerably over the last 40
yrs, consistent with the global rise in plastic
production (Browne, Galloway,Thompson, Learned Discourses, 2007 SETAC)
Sources: Small particles used in cleaning products, and
breakdown of larger pieces through photo-degradation,
wave action, and abrasion (Andrady and Gregory 2003)
Publications by year
(GESAMP, 2015)
12. Distribution of Plastics in Marine Environment by
Count Density (pieces/km2)
Model results for global count density (pieces km2) in four size classes: 033-
1.00 mm, 1.01-4.75 mm, 4.76-200 mm and > 200 mm (Ericksen et al 2014)
13. Model results for global weight density (g/km2) in four size classes: 033-1.00 mm,
1.01-4.75 mm, 4.76-200 mm and > 200 mm (Ericksen et al 2014)
Distribution of Plastics in Marine Environment by
Weight Density (g/km2)
14. Ingestion by
animals
Changing
properties of
beaches
Vectors for
harmful
pathogens
Co-Pollutants
MICROPLASTICS IMPACT
Why is this justified?
-- microplastics are widespread
-- composition and size highly variable (primary & secondary types)
-- they can be ingested by biota
-- they absorb Co-Pollutants
-- they are very persistent
-- overall environmental impact is unknown
-- relevance to developing policy unclear
15. Biomagnification
Biomagnification - "Biomagnification is the
sequence of processes in an ecosystem by
which higher concentrations of a
particular chemical are reached in
organisms higher up the food chain,
generally through a series of prey-
predator relationships." - Oxford
University, 2008
-How chemicals work their way up the food chain, and become more
concentrated as they do
16. Acampora et al. (2014)
Cole et al., (2013)
SOME RESEARCH
Synthetic fibres have been discovered
in the soft tissue of mussels on sale in
supermarkets in Belgium (De Witte et
al, 2014)
33% of oysters sampled from markets
in California were found to contain
microplastics (Rochman et al, 2014).
17. Syakti et al. (2019)
Bleaching and necrosis of staghorn coral (Acropora formosa) in laboratory assays:
Immediate impact of LDPE microplastics
• The size <100 μm of LDPE microplastics
suppress the health of Acropora formosa.
• Necrosis and/or bleaching of coral were the
immediate impacts on corals due to LDPE.
• Zooxanthellae increases in the water column
during the course time.
• Microplastics have been ingested and
partially egested.
Microplastic impacts during 14 days of
experimentation. A (day 2), B (day 7), and C (day 14).
19. Chemicals Transfer: Potential Plastic-
mediated Bioaccumulation
Wastewater and runoff carry
microplastics into waterways.
Plastic objects are broken down into
smaller pieces by sunlight and surf action.
Marine plastics are often
mistaken for food.
Bioaccumulation may be
amplified by plastics
shuttling pollutants into
marine organisms.
Bioaccumulation
Potential plastic-mediated
Persistent,
bioaccumulative, and
toxic compounds in
seawater preferentially
sorb to plastics. At the
same time, constituents
of the plastics
themselves, such as
additives, leach into the
tissues of organisms that
consume the particles.
More research is needed
to learn how these
processes ultimately
affect body burdens in
humans.
POPs, PAHs, Additives, etc
20. Additives – plastics compounding –
a role in toxicity?
Plastics are cocktails of polymers/
co-polymers combined with additives
•Phthalates (dibutyl phthalate,
diethylhexyl phthalate, dimethyl
phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate)
•Bisphenol A (BPA)
•Flame retardants (e.g. PBDE and
nonhalogenated FRs)
•Antioxidants (e.g. amines)
Some are Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and
Carcinogen !!
21. Plastic Association with
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) : PCBs
http://www.pelletwatch.org/
International Pellet Watch (IPW):
Global monitoring of POPs by using
beached plastic resin pellets.
PCBs
23. Mechanisms for the Bioaccumulation of
Chemicals from Plastic Debris
Bioaccumulation may occur:
1) Directly via ingestion of plastic
2) Indirectly via desorption of chemicals from plastic into
other environmental media followed by bioconcentration
from the water
3) Bioaccumulation via a prey item that is contaminated by
plastic
1 2 3
24. Co-Pollutant Problems :
a. Plastics also act as chemical "sponges ": Potential to
transfer toxic substances
b. Plastic debris accumulates persistent organic
pollutants such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)
up to 100,000 to 1,000,000 times the levels found in
seawater."- NOAA
c. Other pollutants include: DDT, organochlorine
pesticides, BPA, petroleum hydrocarbons
25. Definition : a class of chemicals that can be released by
ordinary garbage
Extremely toxic, even at low concentrations
Accumulate in the fatty tissues of marine mammals
POPs have been shown to disrupt hormones that could
result in cancer and birth defects
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs):
26. • BPA is a plastic additive in clear, hard plastic and aluminum can lining
• Canada has deemed BPA a "toxic substance", and European Union
has banned it from baby bottles
Bisphenol A, BPA :
27. • Disrupts the endocrine system
o endocrine system produces hormones
has been linked to obesity, thyroid dysfunction, and cancer
(just to name a few)
Effects reproduction in animals and impairs development in
crustaceans and amphibians
Superfeminization in mollusks
Superfeminization results in extra sex organs, enlarged
accessory sex glands, extra eggs released outside of the
normal spawning season,malformations of the pallial
oviduct and an increase in female mortality
Effects of BPA on human and animal health:
29. Geographical area Type of environment Object
Dominant debris / Co-
pollutant/ polymer
Authors
Cilacap coast Beach and water column
foams
Pulau Seribu, Jakarta Beach and ecosystem Macro debris Polystyrene blocks
Barrang Lompo, South
Sulawesi
Water column and
ecosystem
Macro debris Plastics
Macro and micro
plastics
PP, PC and PS.
Sekotong, Nusa Tenggara Sediment and coral reef Micro-plastic
Takalar Regency, South
Sulawesi
River mouth Macro debris Plastics
15 Cities located in Coastal Beach Macro debris Plastic bags
Langkat, North Sumatera
Sediment and
macrozoobenthos
Macro & micro
plastics
Films
Pangandaraan, West Java Beach Macro debris Cigarette butts
Cilacap coast PE & PP-water column
Co-pollutants on
Micro-plastic
PCBs & PAHs
Bintan water Beach and water column
macro & micro
plastics
fragments, fibers,
granule, and films
Bintan Island Beach Macro debris
LDPE, PS, PP, PET,
HDPE & PVC
Willoughby, 1986
Oktaviana et al., 2014
Cordova et al., 2018
Tangdesu et al., 2018
World Bank, 2018
Bangun et al., 2018
Purba et al., 2018
Syakti et al., 2017
Bouhroum, Syakti, 2018
Syakti et al., 2018
Syakti et al., 2019
30. A. Kusumaningtyas, AS Siregar, AD. Syakti (2019) - Unsoed :
The occurence of microplastics on Anadara granosa and Solen sp in Cilacap coast
A. granosa
Solen sp
Film
Fragment
Fiber
31. Rachman Hendra Saputra, AS Siregar, AD. Syakti (2019) - Unsoed :
The occurence of microplastics in digestive channel of Sardinella sp. and Cynoglossus sp in Cilacap coast
Sardinella sp
Cynoglossus sp
Film
Fragment
Fiber
32. National Agency Priorities for Marine Plastic Debris
Coordination Ministry for Maritime Affairs – Republic of Indonesia
National Plan of Action for Combating
Marine Plastic Debris consists five pillars :
Improving behavior change
Reducing land-based leakage
Reducing sea-based leakage
Reducing plastic production and use
Enhancing funding mechanisms, policy
reforms and law enforcement
Programs Action Plan at five level:
• Distric Provincial Level
• National Level
• International Level
• Industrial Sector
• Research and Development
GOALS : REDUCED OF 70% MARINE PLASTIC
33. Country priorities for research, monitoring and management
We focus on five main aspects :
Beach macro-litter monitoring
Microplastic monitoring in the environmental matrices
Co-pollutions occurrence evidence (PAHs, PCBs, heavy metals)
Ingested plastic on fish
Community Empowerment program in re-use of plastic litter
Strategies:
Encouraging a citizen science program in Indonesia.
Collaboration for the cruise RV and portable FTIR
Collaboration for analytical instruments
FTIR
Assisted villages
34. MP Research Actors in Indonesia:
Map source : http://cheatssoul.blogspot.co.id
95 public state universities
3000 privates universities
7 Research Agencies
Ministry of Marine and Fisheries
Coordinator Ministry for Maritime Affairs
Agency for the Assesment and
Application of Technology
Bogor Agricultural University
Jenderal Soedirman University
Hasanuddin University
Padjajaran University
Airlangga University
Sepuluh Nopember
Institute of Technology
Diponegoro University
Raja Ali Haji Maritime University
35. Gap & Capacities Needed for MP Research Monitoring and Management
Capacities Needed:
Join research
Training of standardized
protocols for debris detection,
sampling and extraction of MP
Gaps:
The lack of standardized protocols for
debris detection, sampling and
extraction of MP.
The lack of infrastrusture for
detection MP (Analytical Instrument,
QA/QC)
The lack of data base about MP in
Indonesia
36. Concluding Remark and Perspective
Important of the broader study for microplastics
Dissemination of the results through international
publication and scientific communication in the
workshops and conferences or in form of reference
book/chapter as well as in the webs.
continuum lectureships for under graduated and
graduated student among collaborated universities.
38. Method for Monitoring of Plastic in Ocean
Observations of Macroplastics at Sea
• Visual sightings of macroplastics from ship-based observers
• Aircraft or satellite observations
Sampling Microplastics at Sea
• Towed nets, originally designed for sampling plankton
• Manta trawls are commonly used for surface sampling
• Bongo nets for mid-water
• On-board filtration of seawater (Desforges et al. 2014)
Seabed Observations
• Direct observation by cameras
• Towed bottom trawls as part of routine fisheries management surveys
• Side-scan sonar has been used to locate crab pots in Chesapeake
Automated Systems
• Video-based systems (Kako et al. 2010)
• A ship-mounted video system (JRC, 2013)
Sampling Biota
• Retrieving and examining dead organisms; and
• Examining faecal samples of larger living organisms
39. Polymer identification: FTIR
Manta Net Sampling
Classified + Counted
Collor grouping : Visual perception
Weight : DISCOVERY DV215CD ( 0, 001 mg),
L , W, S : Binocular microscope equipped by DCM
310 (4SB 2.0), 3M pixels, CMOS Chip
IR (Thermo Electron Corporation) equipped by
diamond cristal Smart Orbit tm
(ATR)
MantaNet dimension : 75 cm x 20 cm
Mesh size : < 5,000 µm.
Trajectory path : ca. 1800 m
Estimated volume : ca. 270 m3.
MP Joint Research Study at Cilacap
Waters, Central Java
45. PCBs
PCBs
Mixtures of up to 209 individual chlorinated compounds (known as congeners).
PCB’s are a fat-soluble, water-insoluble
low volatility but may be adsorbed on particles
7 PCBs-ICES
46. Stations MT-1 MT-2 MT-3 MT-4 MT-5 Mean
CB28 - 9 0.9 - 82.9 18.6
CB52 - 3,019 - - - 603.8
CB101 15,458 130.8 508 2,590 1.723 4082
CB118 - - - - - -
CB153 14.7 - 33 - 28.5 15.2
CB138 - 14.4 - - - 2.9
CB180 - - 12.3 3.1 15.2 7.7
∑PCBa 15,472.7 3,211.8 541.9 2,590 1,834.4 4730.2
Concentration of PCBs in ng .g-1 (floating microplastic).
a Sum of the 7 PCB recommended by the International Council
for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) .
PCBs concentration in Cilacap Coast, Central Java
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
MT-1 MT-2 MT-3 MT-4 MT-5
7 CL
6 CL
5 CL
4 CL
3 CL
NAG (Bouhroum et al.,
2017)
PCBs = 0.6-50 ng g-1
CAI = 300 times higher !!!
0
