a ppt based on the non alignment movement in india

1. Non Alignment
Movement
Arjun Gupta
XII-A

2. History
 At the Bandung Conference (Conference of
Asian-African leaders), in 1955, 29 Asian and
African countries identified themselves as
neutral. Adopted a 10-point “declaration on the
promotion of world peace and cooperation,”
based on the UN Charter and the Five
Principles of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru
 Non-Aligned Movement was formed in 1961
 Five founding members of NAM: Nehru of
India, Tito of Yugoslavia, Sukarno of
Indonesia, Nasser of Egypt and Nkrumah of
Ghana
 Neutrality was not specific to the Cold War
 Over 100 states were involved throughout the
20th Century

3. A map of NAM countries in 2019

4. Non-Alignment in India
 After independence, India’s relations with the United States diminished
substantially
 India rejected U.S. capitalism, and created a series of five year plans, with a
very small private sector
 As a result of the economic disputes between India and the U.S., India
refused to join the U.S. alliance in the Cold War
 Because India did not fully support the Soviet Union either, India became an
organizer of the Bangung Conference
 Indian leader, Jawaharlal Nehru went to the Bandung Conference with five
objectives:
 Peace and Disarmament
 Self-Determination
 Economic Equality
 Cultural Equality
 Multilaterism through strong support of the UN

5. THE IMPACT OF NON-
ALIGNMENT
 The Nonalignment Movement
encountered several difficulties that
made it less effective:
 All members agreed to the ten-point
declaration and were against bloc
politics, but they were by no means
unified in their foreign policies or
goals
 Many member-nations were from the
Third World, and had little sway in
international affairs compared to the
powerful blocs
 The nonalignment movement
succeeded in being an alternative to
the bloc system and a means of
avoiding the influence of the blocs
Nasser, Tito, and Nehru

6. The Third World and Non-alignment in
the 1960s
 As colonial empires disappeared, newly independent states that
gained nationhood after World War II still found themselves
economically dependent on the industrialized, wealthier Western
states and caught between the tensions of great-power rivalry. The
conclusion of the Second World War in 1945 brought neither peace
nor actual war but almost continuous international crisis as the East
and the West struggled for advantage in the Cold War.
 Yet, some emerging states in Africa and Asia were especially
sensitive to the dangers of neo-colonialism, made possible by the
necessary importation of business managers and technicians,
dependence upon imported military supplies, and reliance upon set
patterns of trade and outside sources of investment. Closely tied with
the fear of neo-colonialism was the determination of Third World
nations to avoid becoming pawns in the East-West competition.

7.  The economic needs of the Third World states made them vulnerable
to foreign influences and pressures. Much needed resources for
economic development came through economic ties and trade with
United States and the Soviet Union, which blamed each other to
capture the political support of the newly independent countries. To
support developmental projects, governments sought loans and
technical assistance from the great powers, many of which were their
former colonial overlords. While seeking such ties, the emerging
nations have sought to loosen the dominance by the leading
industrialized nations.
 The diplomatic policy of non-alignment regarded the Cold War as a
tragic and frustrating face of international affairs.
 The non-alignment held that peaceful coexistence with the great
powers was both preferable and possible. India's Jawaharlal Nehru
saw neutralism as a means of forging a "third force" among non-
aligned nations and the Egyptian leader Jamal Abdel Nasser
maneuvered between the superpowers in pursuit of his goals.

8.  The most famous Third World meeting was the Bandung Conference of African
and Asian nations in 1955 to discuss mutual interests and strategy, which
ultimately led to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961. The
conference was attended by twenty-nine countries representing more than half of
the population of the world. Anti-imperialism, economic development, and
cultural cooperation were the principal topics.
 There was a strong push in the Third World to secure a voice in international
relations, especially the United Nations, and to receive recognition of their new
sovereign status
 Initially consisting of 51 members, the UN General Assembly had increased to
126 by 1970. The dominance of Western members dropped to 40 percent of the
membership, with Afro-Asian states holding the balance of power. The ranks of
the General Assembly swelled rapidly as former colonies won independence, thus
forming a substantial voting bloc with members from Latin America. Anti-
imperialist sentiment, reinforced by the Soviets, often translated into anti-Western
positions, but the primary agenda among non-aligned countries was to secure
social and economic assistance measures.