Hikers in the wilderness are now admonished to filter their drinking water and not to rely on chlorox or iodine. What pathogens have caused public health officials to alter their advice to hikers? Why are these pathogens in pristine waters? Why the shift to filtration? Solution Pathogens are micro-organisms that can cause diseases.Pathogenic organisms can cause intestinal infections, dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid fever, cholera, and other illnesses.Pathogens of particular concern include bacteria, viruses and protozoa. Many pathogens can be spread through drinking water or bycontact with people who are sick, contact with animals,contaminated food, and swimming in contaminated pools. Human and animal wastes are a primary source of bacteria in water which include runoff from feedlots,pastures, dog runs and other land areas where animal wastes are deposited.it also include seepage or discharge from septic tanks, sewage treatment facilities and natural soil/plant bacteria.Bacteria can enter wells which are open at the land surface or do not have water tight casings. filtration is the process in which the water passes through filters which are made up of layers of sand, gravel, and charcoal that help remove even smaller particles.Water is passed through filters made of sand and anthracite coal to filter out remaining particles. Filtration is used to separate non settleable solids from water and wastewater by passing it through a porous medium.The most common system is filtration through a layered bed of granular media usually a coarse anthracite coal underlain by a finer sand. Filters may be classified as follows: The water treatment process may vary slightly at different locations depending on the technology of the plant and the water it needs to process but the basic principles are largely the same. Filtration is essentially a physical and chemical process and in the case of slow sand filtration biological as well. The actual removal complex but removal of colour and turbidity is based on characteristics a number of interrelated removal mechanisms within the filter media itself are relied upon to achieve high removal efficiencies.These removal mechanisms include the following processes: minerals sometimes found in water such as lead and copper are dangerous to your health.Disinfectant agents, chemicals and filtration systems are used to remove the minerals to help reduce risk and illness from filtration. .

1. Hikers in the wilderness are now admonished to filter their drinking water and not to rely on
chlorox or iodine. What pathogens have caused public health officials to alter their advice to
hikers? Why are these pathogens in pristine waters? Why the shift to filtration?
Solution
Pathogens are micro-organisms that can cause diseases.Pathogenic organisms can cause
intestinal infections, dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid fever, cholera, and other illnesses.Pathogens of
particular concern include bacteria, viruses and protozoa. Many pathogens can be spread through
drinking water or bycontact with people who are sick, contact with animals,contaminated food,
and swimming in contaminated pools.
Human and animal wastes are a primary source of bacteria in water which include runoff from
feedlots,pastures, dog runs and other land areas where animal wastes are deposited.it also include
seepage or discharge from septic tanks, sewage treatment facilities and natural soil/plant
bacteria.Bacteria can enter wells which are open at the land surface or do not have water tight
casings.
filtration is the process in which the water passes through filters which are made up of layers of
sand, gravel, and charcoal that help remove even smaller particles.Water is passed through filters
made of sand and anthracite coal to filter out remaining particles.
Filtration is used to separate non settleable solids from water and wastewater by passing it
through a porous medium.The most common system is filtration through a layered bed of
granular media usually a coarse anthracite coal underlain by a finer sand.
Filters may be classified as follows:
The water treatment process may vary slightly at different locations depending on the technology
of the plant and the water it needs to process but the basic principles are largely the same.
Filtration is essentially a physical and chemical process and in the case of slow sand filtration
biological as well. The actual removal complex but removal of colour and turbidity is based on
characteristics

2. a number of interrelated removal mechanisms within the filter media itself are relied upon to
achieve high removal efficiencies.These removal mechanisms include the following processes:
minerals sometimes found in water such as lead and copper are dangerous to your
health.Disinfectant agents, chemicals and filtration systems are used to remove the minerals to
help reduce risk and illness from filtration.