Submission Ide 835ef1b2-a792-4233-98df-017c7cec2bc485 SI.docx

Submission Ide: 835ef1b2-a792-4233-98df-017c7cec2bc4
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TB.edited.docx
Summary
TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE
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Tuberculosis Disease
Students Name
Instructors Name

Course
Date
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis can also be called TB in short, and this is its
common name. TB can be described as a
contagious infection that destroys a person's lungs and that
which is capable of infecting other parts
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aused by
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of the body, such as the spine and the brain. TB is caused by a
bacterium known as Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. TB was once the primary cause of deaths in the

United States of America in the 20th
century though recently, it has found a cure and is curable with
antibiotics within a very long period,
which may take up to 6 to 12 months to complete the dose.
There are two main types of TB. Namely,
the Latent TB and the Active TB (Rijkers, 2019). Latent TB is
the type of TB that exists in a person's
body but does not spread because it is prevented from
spreading by the robust immune system of the
carrier. The TB infection is alive in the shape of the carrier,
but it is not active. This does not
necessarily mean that the disease cannot become active, but
may become active someday. Active TB,
on the other hand, is the type of TB in a person that has
increased in amount and has thus caused the
carrier to fall sick. The sick individual can quickly spread the
disease to other people through various
means, as we will see in this paper. Adults infected with Latent
TB are more likely to contract Active
TB in the case when the Latent TB becomes activated. This is
possible when the immune system of
the carrier becomes weakened.
Tuberculosis is notable through the various signs and symptoms
that accompany the disease, as I will

explain below. Before I get to the signs and symptoms of TB,
it is essential to note that Latent TB has
no signs and symptoms, and a person would only know they are
infected with it after either a blood
or a skin test (Rijkers, 2019). The signs and symptoms of Active
TB are; experiencing a cough that
really prolonged that which would actually last for up to or
more than three good weeks. Chest pain
is another common symptom which originates from the
prolonged cough that individual experience.
The patient with TB may also cough up blood occasionally due
to the infected lungs. Feeling fatigued
all the time is another notable sign for TB, sweating at night,
feeling cold, having a fever, weight loss,
which is as a result of loss of appetite are among the signs and
symptoms that accompany this
particular disease which can lead to death if proper measures to
cure the disease are not taken. In case
a person experiences any of the above signs, it is essential
actually it is vital for them to see a physician
and get tested so as to receive medical attention and assistance
immediately. TB is caused by bacteria
that spread by means of air (Rijkers, 2019). In case, an infected
individual with TB coughs without

covering their mouth with a handkerchief or a piece of cloth or
do any activity using the mouth such
as talking, air and saliva droplets containing TB germs are let
into the air, and when someone who is
not sick with TB inhales them, they definitely get infected with
this disease. Tuberculosis can be
diagnosed through skin tests where an individual is injected
with a particular medical fluid, which is
left t rest in the body of the individual and then checked after
two or three days and tested. This test
is not always accurate and thus can be repeated several on a
person so as to get the correct and precise
result (Rijkers, 2019). A test on one’s blood can also be done
to determine if an individual is infected
with tuberculosis or not. In case of positive results, the doctor
proceeds to do chest X-ray to have a
look at changes in the lungs, which are attacked and destroyed
by the Tuberculosis bacterium .
When the individual is finally declared infected with TB, one is
treated as per the results found. If an
individual is diagnosed with Latent TB, they are given
medicine to prevent the inactive germs from
becoming Active TB by killing the bacteria. In case an
individual is diagnosed with active TB, the

doctor will administer to them a dose of antibiotics that must be
taken for a period of not less than six
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months and not longer than 12 months so as to completely do
away with the bacterium which can

cause the disease again if not well treated (Rijkers, 2019). The
complications of TB are that it might
not really get cured if the patient suffering from it does not
have a robust immune system and thus not
able to fight the bacteria. Tuberculosis can mutate as well in
case the drugs are not well administered,
and this is another complication of the disease. Tuberculosis
can be prevented through the
administration of a vaccine, avoiding being in crowded and
poorly ventilated places, taking
medication as prescribed by the doctor in case you are
suffering from Latent TB to avoid developing
Active TB. Tuberculosis is a reportable disease. If an
individual is suspected or confirmed to be
infected with TB, he or she is required by the law to report
within one day after the identification of
the TB control section. One can communicate through phone
calls to the responsible personnel dealing
with the department of communicable diseases so as to report a
TB case as required by the law (S., U.
& ., 2017) .
Social determinants of health
Social determinants of health are those particular environmental
conditions in the settings where

people are born, learn, live, work, play, or even worship.
These determinants may include the
unavailability of resources required to meet the daily needs of
individuals such as housing and food,
access to economic, education and job opportunities, access to
health care facilities and services,
quality of employment, and training, among many other social
determinants. Provision of economic
stability, education, health care services, and a healthy
environment can go a significant way into
improving the health of many people in a way that this health
can be sustained over the long term.
The elimination of TB and its control can only be possible
through early detection of Active TB. Apart
from health care, there is a significant concern that has arisen
due to the harm that social factors have
caused, leading to the development of tuberculosis (Stewart,
Hardcastle & Zelinsky, 2014). These
social factors are well distributed, and they may influence all
the stages of TB pathogenesis. These
stages of pathogenesis include the risk of exposure, time to
diagnose and treat, the progression of the
disease, and the successful treatment of the disease. The risk of
exposure as an agent causing TB is

very dependent on social behaviors. When an individual works
or lives in a high incident environment,
that is an area prone to TB, overcrowded cities, and poorly
ventilated areas, increase the possibility of
getting infected with TB. Cases of malnutrition also increase
the susceptibility to TB. Low levels of
income limit individuals' access to proper health care services.
Stigmatization, which is a social
determinant, may make a patient not comply with treatment and
thus resulting in poor outcome of the
treatment process (Stewart, Hardcastle & Zelinsky, 2014).
Other social determinants include smoking,
use of alcohol, poor housing conditions, HIV, and diabetes
infection have also increased the level of
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contracting and spreading TB .
The epidemiologic triangle of TB
TB has long term effects, which can be examined using the
epidemiological triangle. These triangles
include compartments representing individuals grouped
together by the disease status. The links that
exist between the chambers stand for the transitions that occur
as an individual transit from one group
of the infection to another state (NIEDBALSKI, 2018). The
future of the epidemic can be calculated
by identifying a significant reproductive digit of the triangle.
The first unit is known as the epidemic
unit, which has an individual as its basic unit. These
epidemiological models divide the host
population into units grouped by their disease status. These
models have standard abbreviations used
to represent the status of the individuals. For instance, S is
used to describe susceptible individuals
who have not yet been infected. E represents exposed
individuals or individuals diagnosed with Latent
TB. I serve the infected individuals who can affect others, while
R represents the individuals in the

recovery process (NIEDBALSKI, 2018). The reproductive
number is very vital for it determines the
future of the epidemic. This number is the average number
found after calculating the secondary
infections produced after an individual who is infected is
placed in the unit of individuals who are
susceptible. Incidences and the prevalence is the rate at which
TB is transmitted. Their measurements
are based on the division of the population influenced by age
factors and ethnicity.
The diagram below illustrates the epidemiological model of
Blower et al.
There exist specific special considerations among schools, the
community, and the general population
by particular organizations such as NGOs and other CSOs.
These organizations have created different
community-based activities that contribute to the diagnosis,
preventions, and improved treatment and
adherence to drugs and TB care, which has resulted in a
positive treatment outcome. These activities
include creating awareness by developing effective
communication among the members of a
community. While most TB treatment processes and diagnoses
are done in a hospital setting, these

organizations conduct TB activities outside the hospital in
community structures such as churches,
schools as well as concrete settings. TB activities have also
been integrated with other healthy
activities such as child care and maternal health to improve the
impact and the synergy.
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(NIEDBALSKI, 2018)
Roles of a community nurse
Community nursing is an organization whereby there is an
embrace of evidence-based research in
cooperation with advances in science so as to improve health.

This particular doctrine considers the
social, economic, and culture of community members so as to
enhance their relations when working
together. A community health nurse is an individual
responsible for the treatment of sick patients
(Bergen, 2015). He or she also offers education to the
community members on the importance and the
know-how of maintaining good health to avoid adverse effects
that may result in death. They also
conduct screening, administer immunizations as well as
dispensing medication to the sick in society.
Distribution of health items such as condoms is also another
role of community nurses.
Demographic data is critical to the health of a community
because the analysis of the health conditions
of large populations of health is becoming very effective in
combating health issues on a large scale.
That is, health problems affecting many people can be dealt
with faster due to the availability of data
in the population health sector. Demographic data is also vital
for it facilitates the implementation of
comprehensive community health initiatives. Population data is
information on the health outcomes
of a particular group of individuals. This data has been helpful

for it has facilitated activities such as
the implementation of health practices that curb drug abuse and
those which have encouraged healthy
sex activities in the societies .
NTCA
NTCA in full is the National Tuberculosis Controllers
Association. This organization was founded in
Atlanta in Georgia in the year 1995. NTCA is a nonprofit
organization that has around 400 members
and is interested in the prevention and control of tuberculosis
epidemic disease. It is focused on
eliminating TB in the united states through the power vested in
the national, state, and local
governments to implement policies that are capable of
preventing and controlling the disease with the
aim of eliminating it. NTCA has put in place measures such as
measures to give extensive care to TB
patients, strengthening the prevention if the disease and
intensifying the research in the journey to
eliminate the disease as a strategy to end the TB epidemic in the
United States of America .
Global impacts of TB
In the year 2018, 1.7 billion people were suffering from TB all

over the world; thus, a third of the
world population is infected with diseases. Unfortunately, TB
is also the leading disease killer in the
world, leading to at least 1.5 million deaths each and every
year. Over 3million people out of 10
million infected individuals in the world do not seek or are
unable to get healthcare, thus leading to
the spread of the disease as per a study done in the year 2018.
In the case of the misuse of TB
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antibiotics, there is a possibility of the development of
resistance to TB drugs. Such a condition can
occur in case of the wrong dosage or failure of the patient to
complete the TB drug package. Another
impact is the development of extensive drug resistance where
an individual's body does not respond
to the two drugs used to treat TB, thus leading to its spread and
finally leading to the death of the

patient. The other impact concerns individuals infected with
HIV and therefore have a weak immune
system leading to the development of TB and, finally, the death
of the individual.
In Africa, for instance, addressing the issue of TB is very
difficult for African countries, and other
developing countries lack laboratory infrastructure and
inadequate transport systems, which hinders
rapid diagnosis of the disease, and thus the disease spreads in
this countries faster and efficiently
leading to the death of many people. In America, TB is dealt
with efficiently, for there is the
availability of upgraded laboratories and has a lot of Green
Light Committee projects to curb the
disease. TB definitely occurs in all parts of the world but is
most experienced in the South East Asian
region, with about 44% of TB cases out of the 100% TB cases
reported in the world, and thus TB is
endemic in the Asian countries ( 2017).
In conclusion, tuberculosis is a hazardous disease. If not
detected and treated at an early stage, this
disease can lead to a painful death of the individual infected
with it. Therefore, it is vital for everyone

to ensure that they take the right measures, such as getting
tested for the disease just in case one
experiences the signs mentioned above. Measures to prevent
the spread of the disease should also be
taken. Thus, it can be done by avoiding overcrowded places,
among other many ways, as I have
discussed above. In the case whereby an individual is already
infected, it is essential for that particular
individual to abide by the instructions given by the doctor. The
community, friends, and family of the
infected person should also be supportive to the patient by
showing love and care and by encouraging
them to take their medication faithfully as they take measures
of preventing the spread of the disease
to them through various means such as ensuring there is enough
aeration in their houses. Shoeing
support to the infected person helps in achieving a positive
patient outcome, which is essential to the
patient going through the epidemic caused by tuberculosis
disease.
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References

Rijkers, G. (2019). Tuberculosis, the neglected infectious
disease. Tuberculosis, 115, 24-25. DOI:
10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.006
Stewart, R., Hardcastle, V., & Zelinsky, A. (2014). Health
Disparities, Social Determinants of Health,
and Health Insurance. World Medical & Health Policy, 6(4),
483-492. DOI:
10.1002/wmh3.113
Bergen, A. (2015). The role of community nurses as care
managers. British Journal Of Community
Health Nursing, 2(10), 466-474. DOI:
10.12968/bjch.1997.2.10.466
NIEDBALSKI, W. (2018). BTV-vector-host interaction: the
epidemiological triangle in disease
transmission. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 74(1), 5996-2018. DOI:
10.21521/mw.5996
Communicable Disease Chain
Infectious Agent

Microbes – All Types
Pathogenicity
Invasiveness
Virulence
Infective Dose
Resistance
Means of Transmission
Direct
Indirect

Portal of Re-entry
Same as Exit
Portal of Exit
Respiratory
Integumentary
Blood
GI
Sexual
Susceptible Host
Defense Mechanisms

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