1. Offshore Wind Energy – Rotary BeLux
30th November 2015 Royal Waterloo Golf Club
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
Dr. Chris Golightly GO-ELS Ltd.
Geotechnical & Engineering Geology Consultant
Source: Univ. Mass. 1974Source: WINDFLOAT Website
Sources from top left
clockwise: Arup, BIFAB, NREL
Source: BELWIND Website
3. LCOE Renewables Ranges and Averages [IRENA, 2015]
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
4. LCOE Ranges [Bloomberg NEF, 2013]
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
5. 5000 BC
Sailboats used on
the Nile indicate
the power of wind
500-900 AD
First windmills
developed in
Persia
1300 AD
First horizontal-
axis
windmills in
Europe
1850s
Daniel Halladay and
John Burnham build
Halladay Windmill;
start US Wind
Engine Company
Late 1880s
Thomas O. Perry
conducted 5,000
wind experiments;
starts Aermotor
Company
1888
Charles F. Brush
used windmill to
generate electricity
in Cleveland, OH
Early 1900s
Windmills in CA
pumped saltwater
to evaporate ponds
1941
In VT, Grandpa’s
Knob turbine
supplies power to
town during WWII
1979
First wind turbine
rated over 1 MW
began operating
1985
CA wind capacity
exceeded 1,000 MW
1993
US WindPower developed
first commercial variable-
speed wind turbine
2004
Electricity from
wind generation
costs 3 to 4.5 cents
per kWh
2013
Wind power provided
over 17% of renewable
energy used in US
History of Wind Energy
6. Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
7. Offshore Wind Turbines – Bigger & More Efficient: Too Big?
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
8. EWEA - European Offshore Wind Industry in 2014
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
9. Belgian Offshore Wind Projects
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
7 No.Belgian Nuclear – 5.75 GW
Doel-Tihange
Wind Onshore Power @ Peak ~ 1.2 GW
Wind Offshore Power @ Peak ~ 0.6 GW
10. Maps: UK Round 3, French & German North Sea/Baltic Sites
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
11. US Wind Resources and Population
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
12. European Offshore Wind Costs [Carbon Trust, 2015]
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
13. Offshore Wind Cost Trends –
Need for Reductions
• Cost increases since 2005 due to
commodity price rises (mainly
steel) and marine installation costs
• Monopile costs per kW flat-lining
from 1991 to 2008
• Deeper waters, further out to sea:
- heavier and longer over-designed
monopiles & jacket towers
- more extensive and expensive
equipment and vessel spreads
- higher downtime and weather
standby costs
• Insistence on “known technology”
leading to lack of innovation,
conservatism, risk aversion on the
part of developers and lenders.
• Lack of experience in developer
organisations; skills shortage.
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
Source: van der Zwaan et al, 2011
Source: The Offshore Valuation, 2010
14. Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
15. Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
16. Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
17. Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
18. Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
19. Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
20. Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
21. Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
22. Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
23. Offshore Wind; Measurement, Monitoring, Mitigation (2: Bucket Jacket Foundation)
Presentation Oceanology International 2014 – Norwegian Geotechnical Institute – Per Sparrevik
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014
24. Building the European Offshore Transnational European Grid
• More predictable energy
output needed
• Connections to more
than one country
• Power trading between
countries
• Viable alternative to
onshore grid construction
• Connection to other
energy sources
• Economical grid
utilisation via shared use
• Greater energy security
• Interconnection capacity
means “firmer“ power
• Single European
electricity market
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
25. Energy Geotechnics – New Frontiers: Onshore Facilities
and Terminals Saddlers Hall London 31st May 2012
Offshore Wind in 2015
Denmark, UK & Germany
North Sea and Baltic
26. Offshore Floating Wind – Huge Potential Resource UK Example
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
Source: The Offshore Valuation, 2010.
27. Floating Wind – Huge Potential Offshore Wind Resource
Majority of OW developments have been in the Southern North Sea, a relatively flat shallow water
continental shelf, mainly dense sand, stiff glacial clayey soils & soft sediment filled paleo-valleys.
Not globally representative. Most coastal areas are steep, rocky, with thin (< 5 to 10 m) soil cover.
Piling is costly for fixed or floating structures. Soils insufficient for drag or suction caisson anchoring.
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
Source: Statoil Global Offshore Wind 2014
28. Comparison Oil Drilling Semi-Sub Vs Offshore Wind Floater
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
29. The Future: Offshore Floating Wind Leaders
HYWIND Statoil [NO] statoil.com/en/TechnologyInnovation
PELASTAR Glosten [US] pelastar.com
WINDFLOAT Principle Power [PO/US] www.principlepowerinc.com/products/windfloat.html
IDEOL IDEOL Partners [FR] ideol-offshore.com/en
WINFLO DCNS-Alstom [FR] fr.dcnsgroup.com/produit/eoliennes-flottantes/
INFLOW EDF-IFP-Nenuphar [FR] inflow-fp7.eu/floating-vertical-axis-wind-turbine/
GICON GICON-Fraunhofer [DE] gicon-sof.de/en/sof1.html
FUKUSHIMA Mitsubishi-Hitachi [JA] fukushima-forward.jp/english/
DEEPCWIND 30 diverse members [US] composites.umaine.edu/our-research/offshore-wind/deepcwind-consortium/
SANDIA Sandia Labs [US] energy.sandia.gov/energy/renewable-energy/wind-power/offshore-wind
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
Source: Myhr et al, 2014.
30. Floating Wind Platforms – Semi-Sub - Spar - TLP - Taut Buoy
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
31. Vertical Axis Wind Turbines [VAWT]– Pros and Cons
ADVANTAGES
o Omni-directional
- accepts wind from any direction
o Components mounted at sea level
- ease of service & maintenance
- lighter weight composite structures
o Can theoretically use less materials to
capture the same amount of wind
DISADVANTAGES
o Rotors lower at reduced wind speeds
o Centrifugal force over-stresses blades
o Poor self-starting capabilities
o Often requires support at turbine
rotor top
o Rotor needs removing for bearings
replacement
o To date, poorer performance &
reliability than HAWTs
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
32. Closing Thoughts – Future of Offshore Wind Energy
Aim: Most Efficient Abstraction of Kinetic Energy From Moving
Turbulent Air [OFFSHORE WIND]
How Would That Be Done in 2015 From A Standing Start? Fixed
Structure Top Heavy 3 Bladed Onshore HAWT on Fixed Steel Towers?
>> No. Too Expensive and Subsidy Dependent
What Will The Global Mix Be Between Fixed Vs Floating?
>> Deeper Waters/Sloping Seabeds >> FLOATING VAWT
Will There be a Real Offshore Wind “Gamechanger” - or not? Yes
there must be soon.
>> [$$$ ECONOMICS $$$]
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
33. References & Links
References
Douglas-Westwood (2013), “World Offshore Wind Market Forecast 2013 -2022”, 5th Edition.
Golightly, C.R. (2014), “Tilting of Monopiles; Long, Heavy and Stiff; Pushed Beyond Their Limits”, Ground
Engineering; 2014, vol 47, No. 1, pp 20-23.
van der Zwaan, R., Rivera-Tinoco, R., Lensink, S. & van den Oosterkamp, P., (2010) “Evolving Economics of Offshore
Wind Power: Cost Reductions from Scaling and Learning “, Amsterdam 2010, p. 9.
The Offshore Evaluation Group (2010), “The Offshore Valuation Report; A Valuation of the UK’s Offshore Renewable
Energy Resource”, Public Interest Research Centre, p. 108.
Maine International Consulting (2013), “Floating Offshore Wind Foundations; Industry Consortia and Projects in the
United States, Europe and Japan; An Overview, May 2013, p. 45
Roland Berger (2013), “Offshore Wind Toward 2020; On The Pathway to Cost Competitiveness”, April 2013, p. 25.
Nature (2010), “Supergrid”, VOL 468, 2nd December 2010. p. 624 – 625.
Links
EWEA Offshore Statistics 2013 ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA_OffshoreStats_July2013.pdf
EC Marine Knowledge 2020 Database
ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/marine_knowledge_2020
Global Wind Energy Council Country & Global Reports
www.gwec.net/publications/country-reports
IRENA Costs Database; irena.org/costs
UK Govt. Offshore Wind Industrial Strategy
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads
USA Offshore Wind Database: offshorewind.net
4C Offshore Wind Database: 4coffshore.com
UPWIND EWEA Project Final Report: upwind.eu
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
34. Contact Details
Dr. C.R. Golightly, BSc, MSc, PhD, MICE, FGS.
Geotechnical and Engineering Geology Consultant
Rue Marc Brison 10G, 1300 Limal, Belgium
Tel. +32 10 41 95 25
Mobile: +44 755 4612888
Email: chris.golightly@hotmail.com
skype: chrisgolightly;
Linked In: www.linkedin.com/pub/5/4b5/469
“You Pay for a Site Investigation -
Whether You do One or Not”– Cole
et al, 1991.
“Ignore The Geology at Your Peril” –
Prof. John Burland, Imperial College.
Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. – Offshore Wind Energy – Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015
Editor's Notes
5000 BC - The history of wind energy is certainly long, beginning thousands of years ago. It is estimated that as early as 5000 B.C. sail boats were in use on the Nile as boatmen realized the power of the wind.
500-900 AD - The first windmills were developed in Persia for pumping water and grinding grain.
About 1300 - The first horizontal-axis windmills appeared in Western Europe.
1850s - Daniel Halladay and John Burnham worked to build and sell the Halladay Windmill, which was designed for the American West. It had an open tower design and thin wooden blades. They also started the U.S. Wind Engine Company.
Late 1880s - Thomas O. Perry conducted over 5,000 wind experiments trying to build a better windmill. He invented the mathematical windmill, which used gears to reduce the rotational speed of the blades. This design had greater lifting power, smoother pumping action, and could operate in lighter winds. Perry started the Aermotor Company with LaVerne Noyes.
The development of steel blades made windmills more efficient. Six million windmills sprang up across America as settlers moved west. Homesteaders purchased windmills from catalogs, traveling salesman, or they built their own. Mills were used to pump water, shell corn, saw wood, and mill grain.
1888 - Charles F. Brush used the first large windmill to generate electricity in Cleveland, Ohio. Windmills that produce electricity started to be called "wind turbines." In later years, General Electric acquired Brush's company, Brush Electric Co.
1893 - In Chicago, Illinois, the World's Columbian Exposition (aka the Chicago World Fair) highlighted 15 windmill companies who showcased their goods.
Early 1900s - Windmills in California pumped saltwater to evaporate ponds to produce salt for consumption.
1941 - On a hilltop in Rutland, Vermont, "Grandpa's Knob" wind turbine supplied power to the local community for several months during World War II. It had 53-meter blades and was the Smith-Putnam wind turbine.
1979 - The first wind turbine rated over 1 megawatt began operating. The cost of electricity from wind generation was about 40 cents per kilowatt-hour.
1985 - Many wind turbines were installed in California in the early 1980s to help meet growing electricity needs and take advantage of government incentives. By 1985, California wind capacity exceeded 1,000 megawatts, enough power to supply 250,000 homes. These wind turbines were inefficient compared to today’s turbines.
1993 - U.S. WindPower developed one of the first commercially available variable-speed wind turbines, the 33M-VS. The final prototype tests were completed in 1992. The $20 million project was funded mostly by U.S. Windpower, but also involved Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Pacific Gas & Electric, and Niagara Mohawk Power Company.
2004 - Electricity from wind generation cost 3 - 4.5 cents per kilowatt-hour.
2011 - Wind power provided 12.8 percent of the renewable energy consumed in the U.S. In the U.S., wind power produced enough electricity on average to power the equivalent of over 10 million homes.
