Running Head LEADERSHIP IN PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS 1111.docx

Running Head: LEADERSHIP IN PUBLIC HEALTH
PROGRAMS 1 1 1
1
LEADERSHIP IN PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS 3
Leadership in public health programs
Name
Institution
Professor
Course
Date
Important leadership characteristics needed for public health
promotion program
A doctor patient relationship is the basis of medical
practice and thus of medical ethics. Therefore, several patients
are in general not able or reluctant to make choices about their
healthcare, therefore, patient autonomy is at times extremely
challenging. Equally challenging are additional conditions of
the relationship, for instances the doctor’s obligation to keep
patient confidentiality in a time of computerized medical
records and managed care, and the duty to maintain life in the
face of petitions to hurry, and or speed up death. If patients feel

the doctor’s kindheartedness, they will be others likely to belief
the doctor to act in their best interests, and
This belief can be instrumental to the healing pathway (Pate,
1995). Having such individuals who may or may not forsake
their right to value and equal care, or are doctors expected to
formulate more, maybe even noble, attempts to develop and
keep good relationships with them? Those specific patients,
doctors should balance their liabilities for his or her-own safety
and protection and the same for their employees with their
responsibility to increase the safety of the patients. They ought
to try to find methods to honor both responsibilities (Wright &
Rowitz, 2000). If not possible, they must try to develop another
plan for the treatment of the patients. Additional disputes to the
standards of dignity and equal care for each patient evolves in
the treatment of infectious patients. In this case, there should be
very big cohesion relationship between the doctors and the
potential patient within the hospitals and nursing homes.
Doctors and nurses as potential leaders in public health
promotion program of choice
I have chosen doctors and the nurses as the potential
leaders in y health program following the fact that a healthcare
acquired infection (HAI) is one that a patient occurs while
receiving treatment in a healthcare facility. In this promotion
nursing care program, doctors in cooperation with the nurses
will be the leaders of focus. The institution or the organization
focused can be a hospital, nursing home, surgery center,
dialysis clinic or free clinic. It is estimated that on average one
in twenty hospitalized patients will contract and HAI. These
infections are a major public health concern not only because
they cost billions of dollars to treat, but because they can be
contracted from routine care, surgical procedures, catheters or
ventilators and from overusing antibiotics (Israel, Schulz,
Parker, & Becker, 1998). With the increasing rise of drug-
resistant bacteria finding antibiotics to treat bacterial infections
are becoming harder to find. At least one antimicrobial drug is
resistant to 70 percent of HAIs. There is hope for reducing

HAIs. There are simple prevention measures that healthcare
workers and facilities can take to ensure the safety of their
patients the reduce HAIs. Focus needs to be emphasized on
proper hand hygiene practices. Better sterilization techniques
for medical devices and importance of proper fit for respirators
and ventilators. Training courses need to be established for
healthcare staff that is tailored to their units (Brown, Cueto, &
Fee, 2006). Finally, there needs to be a more proactive approach
to data reporting on HAIs. Currently, the Center for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) collects data on HAIs through
the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN), but not all
states are required by law to report the data. Although, many
hospitals still submit data to the CDC, there still needs to be a
federal mandate that HAIs must bare ported in every hospital
facility health care program of my choice.
References
Brown, T. M., Cueto, M., & Fee, E. (2006). The World Health
Organization and the transition from “international” to
“global” public health. American journal of public
health, 96(1), 62-72.
Israel, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., & Becker, A. B.
(1998). Review of community-based research: assessing
partnership approaches to improve public health. Annual review
of public health, 19(1), 173-202.
Pate. (1995). Physical activity and public health: a
recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention and the American College of Sports
Medicine. Jama, 273(5), 402-407.
Wright, K., Rowitz, (2000). Competency development in public
health leadership. American Journal of Public Health, 90(8),
1202.

Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Nursing Practice and the Law
Chapter 3
*
ObjectivesIdentify three major sources of law.Explain the
differences among various types of laws.Differentiate between
negligence and malpractice.Explain the difference between an
intentional tort and an unintentional tort.
*
Objectives (cont’d)
Explain how Standards of Care are used in determining
negligence and malpractice.Describe how nurse practice acts
guide nursing practice.Explain the purpose of licensure.Explain
the difference between internal standards and external

standards.
*
Objectives (cont’d)Discuss Advance Directives and how they
pertain to patients’ rights.Discuss the legal implications of the
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).
*
Meaning of LawLaw refers to any system of regulations that
govern the conduct of individuals within a community and/or
society in response to the need for regularity, consistency, and
justice.Law is the rules that prescribe and control social conduct
in a formal and legally binding manner.
*

Types of LawsStatutory lawCommon lawAdministrative law
*
Statutory LawCreated by various legislative
bodiesCongressState legislaturesExamples of federal
statutesPatient Self-Determination Act of 1990The Americans
with Disabilities Act
*
Statutory Law (cont’d)Examples of state statutesNurse Practice
ActsGood Samaritan Law
*

Common LawComes from the traditional unwritten law of
England.Based on custom and usage.Develops within the court
system as judicial decisions are made.One decision creates the
precedence for another.
*
Administrative LawProcedures created by administrative
agenciesCity councilsCounty boardsState
governmentEstablished through the authority given to
government agencies by a legislative bodyBoards of Nursing
*
Sources of Law

*
The ConstitutionFoundation of American lawThe Bill of
RightsLimits the power of the government and protects citizens’
freedomsConstitutional law evolves as issues emerge.
*
StatutesLocalities, state legislatures, and the U.S. Congress
create statutes.OrdinancesLocal statutesExample: noise
ordinanceNurses can influence the development of statutory
laws.
*
Administrative LawCreated by administrative agencies that
develop specific rules and regulations that direct the

implementation of statutory law.Rules must be consistent with
statutory laws.Specific statutory laws give state Boards of
Nursing the authority to issue and revoke licenses.
*
AgenciesDepartment of Health and Human ServicesDepartment
of LaborDepartment of Education
*
Types of Laws
*

Criminal LawFelonyMisdemeanorJuvenile
*
Civil LawTortQuasi-intentional tortNegligenceMalpractice
*
Other Laws Relevant to Nursing Practice
*
Good Samaritan LawsCreated to encourage physicians and
nurses to respond to emergenciesProtects licensed health-care
providers from civil liability as long as they “behave in the

same manner as an ordinary, reasonable, and prudent
professional in the same or similar circumstances.”
*
ConfidentialityPatients have the right to
confidentiality.Information should only be shared with others
who have a “need to know.”Need permission to share
informationHIPAA
*
Social NetworkingUse of technology has caused an increase in
violations of confidentiality.Breach of confidentiality without
intentNeed to be aware of institutional policies on social
networkingImmediate terminationCancellation of
contracts/affiliation agreements with outside agencies

*
Slander and LibelQuasi-intentional tortsSlander refers to the
spoken word.Libel refers to the written word.Can refer to
patients, coworkers, or other individuals
*
False ImprisonmentConfining an individual against his or her
willRestrainingDetainingRemoving a patient’s clothesKeeping a
patient who has been medically discharged for an unreasonable
amount of time
*
Assault and BatteryAssault is the threat to do harm.Battery is
touching without consent.The significance of an assault is
embedded in the threat.Often, the terms are used
together.Informed consent

*
Standards of Practice
*
PurposeGuidelines to ensure quality of careCriteria to determine
if quality care has been deliveredMay be specialty
directedAACN standards of careAWHONN standards of care
*
Internal StandardsDeveloped within institutionsUsually
explained within specific policiesIncluded in Policy and

Procedure ManualsBased on current literature and
researchNursing responsibility to meet the institution’s
standards
*
Use of Standards in Nursing Negligence and MalpracticeOne of
the elements used to determine liabilityUse of professional
standardsInstitutional policyStandards of the Specialty
organization if warrantedExpert opinions
*
Patient’s Bill of RightsCreated by the American Hospital
Association in 1973 and amended in 1992In 2003, replaced by
the Patient Care PartnershipThe patient rights were derived
from the ethical principle of autonomy.

*
Informed Consent Informed consent is a legal document in all
50 states.Requires physicians to divulge the benefits, risks and
alternatives to treatment, nontreatment, and/or
procedures.Allows individuals to be involved in choices about
their health care.
*
Informed Consent (cont’d)Permits health-care providers to
“touch.”Physicians are responsible for “obtaining” the informed
consent.Nurses are involved in the process whenWitnessing a
signatureClarifying questionsIf a nurse assesses that a patient
lacks a full understanding of the risks/benefits, the nurse should
notify the physician.
*

Criteria for Informed ConsentA mentally competent adult as
voluntarily given the consent.The client understands exactly
what he or she is consenting to.The consent includes the risks
involved in the procedure, alternative treatments, and risk of
refusal.The consent is written.
*
Implied ConsentOccurs when consent is assumedEmergency
situationsChild is involved and the health-care institution is
unable to reach parents and/or legal guardians
*
Staying Out of Court
*

PreventionPractice caring behaviors.Demonstrate an interest in
patients and their families.Assist patients and families in
making choices by providing information.Maintain
accountability.Adhere to Standards of Practice.
*
DocumentationNeeds to be legally credibleAvoid charting by
exception.Clear, concise, and accurateOnly sign off on
medications once administered.Document assessments after
completion.
*
Keys to Credible
DocumentationContemporaneousAccurateTruthfulAppropriate

*
Common Actions Leading to Malpractice SuitsFailure to assess
properlyFailure to report changes in a patient’s condition to the
appropriate personnelFailure to document in a patient’s
recordAltering or falsifying a patient’s recordFailure to obtain
an informed consentFailure to report a coworker’s negligence or
poor practiceViolation of internal or external standards of
practice
*
What to Do if Named in a SuitContact the legal department of
your institution.Answer the complaint. Obtain legal
guidance/representation.Only sign documents after review by
legal counsel or malpractice insurance company.Maintain a file
of all information connected to the case.BE HONEST.
*

Professional Liability InsuranceNurses need to consider
obtaining insurance.Policies protect nurses against personal
financial loss.If a nurse is found guilty of malpractice the
employing agency has the right to sue the nurse to reclaim
damages.
*
End-of-Life Decisions and the LawDo Not Resuscitate Orders
(DNRs)Advance DirectivesPatient Self-Determination
ActLiving WillHealth-Care Surrogate
*
Patient Self-Determination ActAllows individuals to make
decisions regarding treatment in advance of a time when they
may be unable to make these decisions.Federal law directs that
health-care institutions that receive federal funding inform

patients of their right to create advance directives.
*
Provisions of the ActProvide information to every
patient.Document.All patients must be asked if they have a
Living Will.Ask about a health-care surrogate (Durable Power
of Attorney). Must be placed in the patient’s record.Educate.Be
respectful of patients’ rights.Have cultural humility.
*
Nursing ImplicationsThe Patient Self-Determination Act does
not specify who should discuss treatment decisions or advance
directives with patients.Nurses are patient advocates.Nurses
need to have knowledge about documents pertaining to the
Act.Review institutional policies.

*
Issues Affecting PracticeLegal implications of mandatory
overtimeAffects patient safetyPosition statements from nursing
organizationsNurse Practice
ActsLicensureQualificationsEndorsementMultistateDisciplinary
action
*
NCLEX-RNPreparationReview coursesNCSBN online NCLEX-
RN study programTest planTest plan blueprint changed in April
2013Changes in the blueprint are based on findings from
practice.Level of difficulty increasedAlternative question
formats
*
Preparing for NCLEX-RNBe positive.Use relaxation

techniques.Advance planning.Pack an “NCLEX bag.” Perform a
“dry run” at the same time you would leave to get to the test
site to familiarize yourself with the area, parking, etc.Call the
Center and see if you may bring water or snacks.Eat well and
get a good night’s sleep the night before the test.
*
On the Day of the TestEat before you leave.Leave early and
give yourself sufficient time to arrive at your destination.Bring
a jacket or sweater.
*
ConclusionNurses need to understand the legal issues regarding
practice.It is important to know and understand the Nurse
Practice Acts in your state.Patients expect nurses to provide
safe, competent, and quality care.

*
Manager
Chapter 2
*
ManagementGetting work done through othersDoing what is
needed to assist employees to work well
*
Management Theories
*

Scientific ManagementEfficiency-focusedIncreasing
productivity is the goalWorkflow and time to complete tasks is
measured and evaluated.
*
Human Relations-Based Management Theory XWork is
something to be avoided.People want to do as little work as
possible.Use: Control Supervision Punishment
*
Human Relations-Based Management Theory YThe work itself
can be rewarding.People really want to do their job
well.Support usingGuidance Development Reward
*
Servant LeadershipPeople have value as people.Commit to

improving treatment at work.Employee first
*
Qualities of an Effective ManagerLeadershipClinical
expertiseBusiness sense
*
Management
DecisionalInterpersonalInformational
*
Behavior of an Effective Manager
InterpersonalNetworking Conflict negotiation and
resolutionEmployee developmentCoachingRewards and
punishments

*
Behavior of an Effective Manager (cont’d)Decisional
activitiesEmployee evaluationResource allocationHiring and
firingPlanning for the futureJob analysis and design
*
Behavior of an Effective Manager (cont’d)Informational
activitiesSpokesperson Monitoring Reporting
*
ConclusionNursing management is a complex, responsible
position.Ineffective managers may
harmEmployeesClientsOrganizations
*
Running head: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND NEEDS
ASSESSMENT
1

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT
5
Epidemiological and Needs Assessment
Student’s name:
Course:
Tutor:
Date:
Epidemiological Assessment in Union County Georgia
Chronic diseases are the leading causes of morbidity and death
in union County Georgia. Some of the chronic diseases that
lead in death rates include heart disease, stroke, cancer,
diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases. Obesity is a serious
health concern the increases the risk of other chronic diseases
(CHRR, 2014). A good proportion of UCG’s population is obese
with about 30% of adults 18 years and older being obese and
about 12% of high school student aged between 14-18 years.
Among the chronic diseases, cardiovascular disease was the
leading cause of death accounting for about 35% of all deaths in
Union County Georgia. Death rates resulting from
cardiovascular disease were high among men than among
women and higher for blacks than for whites (CHRR, 2014).
Most of those who died from these diseases were also below the
age of 65. Generally speaking of all the chronic diseases then

females were likely to suffer more than one chronic disease than
the males. Adults with public health insurance were also more
likely to suffer one or more of the chronic diseases.
Most of the chronic diseases are caused by lifestyle people
choose to live or by their preferred diets. Diet and eating habit
are risk factors for most of these chronic diseases and therefore
must be looked into. Taking obesity and stroke for instance,
they are both caused by taking high fat foods and lack of
physical exercise (OMMQT, 2014). High fat foods are usually
cheap and readily available thus the habit of taking high fat
foods often can be attributed to laziness or low socio economic
status to afford the healthy food on a daily basis. Smoking lack
of physical exercise, poor eating habits, obesity and diabetes are
all risk factors for most of the chronic diseases which results in
death and morbidity. Some of the cardiovascular diseases that
often lead to hospitalization include heart disease, type II
diabetes and stroke with heart disease being the reason for a
majority of chronic diseases admissions.
Cancer is also a major cause of death in Union County Georgia
and is among the chronic diseases. Cancer is caused by so many
factors but still diet comes in among the many factors some of
which include the genetics. Among the residents of Georgia
there are about 100 new diagnosis of cancer reported daily with
the exception of skin cancer and carcinoma. Prostate cancer
among men and breast cancer in women are the leading types of
cancer diagnosed in this community (UCB, 2014). Leukemia
cases are the least heard of though they also exist among the
residents here.
Health Needs Assessment in Union County Georgia
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in Union County
Georgia after heart disease. The burden associated with cancer
can be used by appropriately using mammography, colorectal
screening and early detection examinations. Most residents are
unable to access the health facilities for early detection
examination because they lack medical cover and are publicly
insured only for some diseases excluding most of the chronic

diseases. Cancer can however be prevented by reducing or
stopping tobacco use, improving diet and increasing physical
activity. The community should come up with ways that can
help them identify the actual causes of death in order to
implement plans to prevent the disease, and also identify the
modifiable factors that can be modified to reduce the likelihood
of occurrence of the disease. The community needs more
education on cancer causes and screening methods. There is
need to check the chemical content in the air to ensure that the
air is safe for the residents. Chemical emissions into the air can
be cancerous to the residents therefore the amount of chemicals
emitted should always be regulated. Lower rates of screening as
a measure for early detection of cancer can be explained by the
fact that very few residents of Georgia are able access
insurance. The community should put in some more effort to
ensure that insurance is available for all the residents.
Heart disease and cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes
of death and often affects adults aged 65 years and older.
Cardiovascular diseases can result from modifiable risk factors
such as high blood pressure, tobacco smoking, poor nutrition
and obesity among others that can be impacted by the
community outreach healthcare programs that focus on
prevention and detection. There is need for more education and
community awareness as it regards some of the risk factors
related heart disease, stroke and other chronic diseases.
Diseases like obesity and diabetes can also be controlled at the
community level by ensuring that the high fat foods are not
readily distributed in the community. Community members
should join hand to promote healthy diet by advocating for
healthy foods other than the high fat and high cholesterol foods.

References
County Health Rankings and Roadmaps (2014). Retrieved from:
http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/georgia/2014/pulaski/
county/1/overal
Oasis Morbidity and Mortality Web Query Tool (2014).
GeorgiaDepartment of Public Health.
Retrieved from:
http://oasis.state.ga.us/oasis/oasis/qryMorbMort.aspx
U.S. Census Bureau: State and County Quickfacts
(2014).Retrieved from
http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13/13235.html
Running head: EVALUATION PLAN 1
EVALUATION PLAN 4

Evaluation plan
Student’s name
University affiliation
Evaluation plan
Process-formative
The first step is to begin by acquiring data regarding the number
of people that are facing challenges pertaining cancer. Data
should be acquired through the conduction of statistics that will
help in realizing some of the major causes of cancer. Moreover,
questionnaires can be conducted to the health professionals to
explain some of the critical issues that they have already
handled in the past (Issel, 2014). Additionally, audits are
necessary when trying to figure out most of the causes of
cancer. With these processes in place, evaluation becomes
effective regarding the health promotion program.
Impact-summative
The data obtained from this evaluation is effective since it
displays the regions that have been affected by cancer highly.
Moreover, the data creates an opportunity for the health
professionals to know which areas that they should focus.
Additionally, the data can grant information regarding which
health measures are not effective and have not assisted in
eradicating the cases of illnesses in the community. Therefore,

this data can be utilized to make the best changes that will
allow the health promotion program to be focused on the areas
that need much help. The health promotion program should be
created in a manner that allows the health professionals to offer
information to the patients regarding what they should do to
avoid facing these problems.
Outcome-summative
The result of the health promotion program is the advanced
commitment and collaboration among the health professionals
(Valente, 2002). The attainment of adequate data will create a
chance for the health practitioners to offer access to the best
drugs that should be utilized by the individuals to solve their
health problems. Additionally, the data ensures the
identification of the best technological measures that will be
utilized to achieve broad awareness in the society on the health
program. Therefore, it will become attainable regarding the
reduction of the many cases pertaining cancer in the community.
References
Issel, L. (2014). Health program planning and evaluation : a
practical, systematic approach for community health.
Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Valente, T. (2002). Evaluating health promotion programs. New
York: Oxford University Press.

Running Head LEADERSHIP IN PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS 1111.docx

Running Head LEADERSHIP IN PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS 1111.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Running Head LEADERSHIP IN PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS 1111.docx

Similar to Running Head LEADERSHIP IN PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS 1111.docx (12)

More from cowinhelen

More from cowinhelen (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Running Head LEADERSHIP IN PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS 1111.docx