8. HISTORY
◦ Onset
◦ Character
◦ Location and radiation.
◦ Motor sensory symptoms ,history of bladder and bowel involvement
◦ Duration of pain - < 6 wks acute, 6-12 week subacute, >12 week – chronic
◦ Intensity
◦ Associated symptoms
◦ Aggravating factors
◦ Relieving factors
9. Associated symptoms
◦ Stiffness
◦ Pain in other joints – rheumatic diseases
◦ Neurlogical symptoms- parasthesia ,numbness or weakness may point to the lesion of the nervous tissue
◦ Extra skeletal symptoms
◦ Mental status
10. CAUSES
◦ Congenital
Spina bifida
Spondylolisthesis
Hemivertebrae
Split vertebrae
Abnormalities in the articular processes
Sacralization of L5 vertebrae
◦ Traumatic
Lumbosacral sprain : muscles and ligaments
◦ Traumatic spondylolisthesis
Trauma to intervertebral disc
Compression fracture
Fracture of spinous processes or the transverse processes
Ruptured intervertebral disc
◦ Postural imbalance
AP imbalance
Pregnancy
Pot belly kyphosis
Backache in computer users
Lateral imbalance
Scoliosis
Discrepancy in length of both legs
11.
12.
13.
14. ◦ Inflammatory
Pyogenic
Tuberculosis
Brucellosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Myositis
◦ Degenerative
Spondylitis
Osteoporosis in the elderly
Prolapsed I V disc
Neoplastic
Primary –
Multiple myeloma
Haemnagioma
Eosinophilic granuloma
Aneurismal bone cyst
Osteoma
Secondary-
Breast
Bronchus
Kidney
Suprarenal
Prostrate
METABOLIC CAUSES
Osteoporosis
15. Other than back causes
Abdominal diseases
Pancreatitis
Cholecystitis
Peptic ulcer
Hiatus hernia
Pelvic diseases
Inflammation of ovaries anf fallopian tubes
Intraplevic tumor
Renal causes
Renal infection
Ureteric calculus
Vascular causes
Ischaemic pain from occlusion of the aorta or iliac arteries
Miscellaneous
Exposure to cold
Viral infection
Fibrosis
Myositis
Chronic constipation
Febril illness
Depressive psychosis
16.
17.
18.
19. Backache In elderly
Causes :
Lumbar spondylosis
Osteoporosis
Secondaries especially from prostrate
Psychogenic depression
20. Physical examination
◦ Standing position
Position
Spasm – more in acute back pain
Tenderness – may indicate ligament and muscle tear
Range of motion – spinal mobility from the hip to be differentiated.
◦ Lying down position
straight leg test
Neurological examination
Peripheral pulsations
adjacent joints to be examined
Abdominal examination
Rectal and pervagina examination
21. Investigations
◦ Diagnosis of backpain is essentially clinical but some tests may aid us in guiding towards the diagnosis.
1 ct
2 mri whole spine
3 blood investigations
4 electromyography
5 bone scan
25. Differential diagnosis
◦ Pain worsens on sitting and improves by walking or standing up
facet joint disease
◦ Pain worsens on walking or standing and on coughing sneezing or straining
Prolapsed intervertebral disc
◦ Pain worsens on walking gets relieved y rest and then again worsens on walking
Intermittent walking neurogenic claudication
◦ Patient is writhing in pain rather than lying still
Visceral pathology must be ruled out
◦ Pain loacalized to lower back associated with bony tenderness
Tuberculosis and secondaries
26. Treatment (conservative- acute and chronic)
◦ Rest
◦ Drugs
◦ Physiotherapy
◦ Traction
◦ Use of corset
◦ Education
◦ If conservative fails then surgical
27.
28. Indications of surgery
◦ Intractable leg pain or radiation in the leg
◦ Progressive neurological deficits
◦ Cauda equina syndrome
◦ Bladder/bowel involvement
◦ Loss of perianal sensation