This document provides an overview of an issue of Architectural Record from May 1976 that focuses on improving living conditions for the urban poor in developing countries. It summarizes the background and goals of an international design competition held to address the urgent issue of rapid urbanization and the growth of slums and squatter settlements. The issue features the winning designs from the competition and discussions on new strategies to upgrade settlements that combine community participation with minimal government intervention. It aims to draw global attention to solutions for housing the billions of people expected to live in cities in developing nations by the year 2000.

1. AR(HiTECTURAL RECORD MAY 1976
. BUILDING TYP(S STUDY ® 488
., '·'• '
- ~--~ ~ 1
just overctwo yéar~ ago, in. theJpril 'l974 issue, ARCHITECTU~AL RECORD announced
th~ formation ofthe non-profit lnternational Aré:hitectu1·al Foundation for the p.ur-
. pose of '~organizing an 'interriatiqnal ' design COmpetition for the urban envi/Ofl­~
entóf deVeloping countries."That prqject, conceived by the staffs of RECORD and
L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, is intended to focus the attention of architects and
planners around the' world ·on the accelerátiiíg urban crisis in developing coun­tries,
to encourage thedevelopn1entof thoughtful prototypical designs for housing
and community development, and to make the results of this effort known ·
throughout the world . In the hope thatthe resu lts of the design' competition do
"help make a world where hope makes sense," we present this issue to architécts,
planners, iriterr.tational aid and lending agencies, and government officials around
the world-on behalf of more :than a billion people who live in urban slums. ·
1 HUMAN
SETTlEMENTS
.--··
... an issue c:oncentrating on one of the urgent problerns of our time, with the winning designs in
The lnternational Design CmnpetitiO"~ for the Urban .Environrnent of Developing Countries .
¡
lnthe developing countries around the world, millions of families haye moved from the country­side
to the cities in hope of jobs, education, and a better standard of li ving-and instead have
found only a different k,i;~d of deprivation. N.owhere are the global problems of excessive popula­tion
. growth, unemployment, environmental decay, al.ienation, and urban squalür,;· more clearly
focused than in the urbansiums that have resu!ted. This . unpreceJent~d transition from rural to
urban societies has vast national and global repercussions-social, economic,, and pójitical.
As sen ior editor (and competition .juror) Mildred Schmertz points out in her article beginning
overleaf, there is new hope and new direction in efforts to help the urban poor. Her article-and
the phcito essay on page 100 by noted social scientist Aprodicid Laquian---{]escribes and evaluates
the principal strategies by which the devejoping countries are seeking to improve squatter settle­ments-
and focuses on the great promise of new strategies which combine sensitive and mínimum
governmental intervention with squatter community self-help. •
These new strategies were the basis for the cpmpetition program~eveloped with the assist­ance
and enthusiastic súpport of the f?hilippine govérnment, which agreed to build the winning
designas a prototype in a plann~d redevelopment in Manila for 140,000 squatters. The competi­tion
si te and it,s people~the framework for the competition-is described on page 106.
The competition, clearly the most sign ificant design competition of its kind ever held, also
proved to be one of the largest. An astonishing 2,531 registrations- from 68 countries-were
~eceived ; and 476 submissions were judged by a distinguished international jury (see page. 112).
The winning designs-and a number of unpremiated entries-are shown beginnin'g on page '114.
Finally, beginning on page· 156, is· a sumhlation that indudes an anthology of comments by
world l<;aders in the struggle·to improve the cond itions of the world's urban poor, the report of
'the jury, and an analysis by the editors of the significant achieverrients of the competition and
s'~eculation on its possible impac;:t on the futuré ~~ urban development around the world.
' ~-· · As we wrote in our first ed itorial on the competition two years ago: "We are not so naive
asto believe that arc'hitecture is the solution to all the problems ofthe world; that good planning
and design is a s'ubstitute for joqs that don't exist, or -food that does not exist or is too dear. But
housin'g and a sense of community are basic human needs-and that is the part of the problern
tllat we [the RECORD staff and architects everywhr:re] know most about and can best do something
ab~ut. So let us try .. : . ' ~ · . . · . .· . .., .
This issue is the result of two years of trying by literal! y thousands of people. '-V1. W
ARCH iTECTL!RA.L RECORD ,VIay 7976 95
1,

2. · from slum to community, from despair to hope:
Upgrading the slum and squatter settlements
that are spreading as a blight
in and around the sprawling and fast~growing cities
of the developing world
~/ fi'
fi·
·t-''
'· ~:
~-.
increase in spite of the ~.ass i ve en1ígrations ·ter the citíes. {:.
1
In lhe developing nationst masses of humanity are moving from iso­lated
rura l vill ages to intermediate towns and smaller cities on their
way lo the big rnetropolitan centers. They swarn'l into SeotJI, · Bonibay,
Mexico City and Sao Paolo, which havé populations of over S.¿;nillion.
Cities oí over 4 million such as Manila, Hong Kong, )akarta, Delhi and ·
Cairo are still absorbing an incessant flow. ·Bangkok, Calcutta,
Madras, Karachi and Tehrari have now reached populaticms of more
than 3 million. Citiés of 2 million and more such as'Lima, Bogotá,
Buenos Aires, Santiago, Caracas, lstanbul, SingapÓre and Taipei a;e
hosts to an evér-growing numbé• of unwanted migrants: In many of
these cities, squatters corriprise at least orie-half of the 'populatlon. In.
Calcutúi, jakarta, Lirna, and Baghdad they add up to more than one~
halL In the words of social scientist Aprodicio A. Laquian (who has
COITlributed a photo essay to this issue beginning ()n page 1 00): "These
poorest of the urban poor live in dilapidated .settlements that cling
precariously to hillsides; line srnelly canals; block roadsides; or crowd
inner-city al leys. In their tattered misery, they mock the aspirations 61
all those who yearn to make their cities sophisticated and mocle'rn.
They serve as an all too visible reminder of the econom ic 'and soCial
injustices that sti ll plague 6ur society."
as urban areas. As .a res·uit, the riumbers of rural people continue to· Jl·;;}
·The amount of work i'rÍ agriculture available to lhe individual is ' !' .
.decreasing, however, largely betaUse of this ihcréase in nurnbers, but : ;,
princ
more
nitie•
~
1
1 ¡
1
¡ .
Furthermore, these. human beings are unwelcomé because th,ey
build shacks on urban land to which they have no legal right and for
which there is little or no. infrastructure of public ~erv ices. The con- ·
struction bY,- the publ ic sectqr of such a conventio.ríal urbán nétwork­which
should include roads, a public transportation system, piped
water, storm water and san itary sewers, waste colle¿tion ancl dispos~l,
ancl electricity-is considered lo be too heavy a burclen' upon the fi­nancia!
resources of the expandi~g cities of the cleveloping world,. '
In the next thirty years; the world's population will reach the 6.5
billion mark, nearly double the number of people alive today. By the
year 2000,3.5 billion people .will have become urban,living in cities
of over 20,000 inhabitants. In the clevelopiríg countries where río sig­nifican!
decline in population growth is expected, the number. of. ur­banized
people will grow from 464.3 million in 1970 to 1 A37 billion
in .the year 2000. Today's largest cities-Calcutta, Bombay, )akarta,
Mexico City, Buenos Aires and others will becorne urban mega'
regions of over 10 million each.
Choosing urban squalor-over rural misery:.
the escape from village life
Why does the rural peasant cÓme to the city? In response to its opp~r­tunities
for growth for him and for his family. For many such ~en ahd
women, it is no longer possible to lead a tolerable lifé and provicle for
their children's future in the environinent in which their famil ies have
lived for generations. Pover.ty is a worsening problem, because of di­minishecl
availability of land and overpopulation. The rural environ­rnent
itself is becoming so overpopulated that the peasant family can
no. longer function as it did in the past. lmprovernenls iri health ca re·
and sanital ion ha ve dt•amatically reduced death rates iri rural as well
96 ARCI-IITEC f URAL RECORD May 1976
also because of the gradiml mechanization' offarming and the in)c .
, provecl yields brought about by modern methcids of agronomy. Where'
there has been land reform, the peasant has usually not been granted
a sufficient number of acres to be able .to bequeath a significan! ·
an10unt of farmlancl to ea eh of his sons, who are then forced to make
the ir way to the city. In Southeast Asia, hovv only l~ per cent urban,
the migration of ónly one out of six such sons will (i ssliming thé cur­ren
birth rate) clouble the natural growth rate of the city to which he
moves for a better future.
Rural people are frequently displacedbydevelopme,nt-'--the con­structiori
of roads, clams (which flood settled areas) and industrial ánd
éommercial ceriters. lf the peasant owns his land and se lis it toa devel- .
Oper, the Slllll he teceives is usually hOt sufficier~t for him lo acquire
land ofsimilar agricultura! quality. Many use the money as a stake .in ·
the city to tide thern over until they find a job.
In Muslim. indonesia, a peásant who has so!cl his land rnay spen~J.
the entire su m paid him for a once-in-a-l ifetime trip to Mecca. Afte; .
returning home a hero to his féllm• w6rshippers of Allah, he rnigrates
to·}~karta or Bandung-poor in everything but spiril.
.The rural migrant who makes it to th~ city
· fÍghts to stay there .
Although the squatter 01' slum dweller endures great harcJships in his ·
aclopted éity, he will not return to the country .. of his t)Wf1 volition, nor
cioes he submit to being sent back against his will by the government.
lf t he city cloes manage to deport hirn tq. a rural are a, he soon 111akes
his way back. í fa vela songfrom BraziybyZé Keti expresses his spirit:
1 may be arrested, 1 may be hit;
1 may not even ha ve something to eat
But 1 wón't change m y opinion
hvon't ever move from . this hi/1.
lf there is no. vvater /'// dig myself a we/1
.ff there is no meai, 1'11 buy a bone
. And put it in the sourr-/llget on, 1'1/ get on:
They ca;, say what they like
1-/ere 1 don't ha veto pay rent
lf 1 die tomorinw moming, /'m very near ¡J,e sky!
. . -¡. .·-.y
. . . ¡ ·,
According to stud ies conducted in six Philippine cities by Laquian '"'d
his tea m of researchers; under a research grant from the Southeast Asia ..
Development Advisory ·,GrOup of the Asia Society, New York, the .
squatting process is clifficult to reverse: His· team, from i.he lntemá-­tional
Development Research Centre in o'ltawa, found that most uf
those iníerviewed prefer thei1· present ·urbbn life to their rural past,
•:".
J ..•
í ,·,,
l
' ¡;.
' . , ..1<
• ¡, •
' ,.'. ,;::'-
-~ ''?.
: !:'
1
~. :
),''
,,._.
""
in th
neigl
red u'
e rabi
servi
illeg;
as th<
tion 1
tiCiílS
cent
ve y el
lstan'
squa
norrl'
tose
farm.
betw
the e
. in 1st
Slun1
a farr
Laqu
adve1
harsl-their
i!lld ~
r:argc
or W(
the s
get k
notfc
squat
lutun
hil115(
m ociE'
' and n
and 1-
feelin
work
with i1
shack
; l ~'~~--·~---:-..----------=-===~-,.,;.....~"'===="o=""""' ~~. ..... -..-.-~ .......,..,..~..,,...,.;..,,..,....,....,.,.,.... ,.,_.-... ..., _---.. a-·-..., . ____ .,,.,, __ ?ftl.l!l. .. WIWIIIII:MIIII_IIIII.Íiltill.-_~¡.j-¡,j~~;~

3. :ant
áke
>an,
:ur­'
he
c.nd
.fter ·
ites
his
nor
!nt.
k es
rit:
nd
beca.use of better economic conditions in the city. Jobs are
available, in comes are 'higher, and better educational opportu­
·nities improve the job prosp6cts for their children.
Laquian's Philippine respondents appear to appreciate their lives
squatter community. The urban squatter's friends, relatives and
are there, the communities are close to their places of work
transportation costs and time, and th~y have invested consid­erable
tjme ancl money in their dwellings and communityfacilities ancl
services. Of great significance to them, of course, is the fact that as
illegal occupants they pay little or no rent ortaxes and such amenities
as they have are cheap. Laquian's figures support histhesis that rei()~Ca­tion
techniques will ll9tWork unlessthe new arei.)S offer better coñdi­tions
than those the migrant has already gained .
. JYith support íro1Tr the lnternatiÓnal Oevelop~ent Research
Centre, . eight'teams of res~archers coordinated by Laquian al so sur-
. veyecl squatter settlements in Banclurig, s'eoul, Caracas, Kuala Lumpur,
1.1stanbul, Lirna, Manila arel La:gos_:cities where the rate of growth of
squaners and slum clwellers is reveáled to be tv;:o or three times the .
noánal growth rates for ,other city dwellers. The researchers wanted
to see if these settled, n'ow:urban migrants preferred the .. city to the
farm. Asked .if they wer~ willing to retun; home, the "no's" ranged
between 70.7 pei'cent a~cl 81.9 per cent. To the question of whether
the city was better for th~ir children, 88.9 per ce r1t of the respondents
. in lstanbul answered ;,yes."
Slums of hope: the typical squatter is
a family man; courageous and optimistic
Laquian's researches in the Philippines reveal the squatter to be an
· advérturous táker of risks, leaving his rural home to try his luck in a
harsh metropolis which does not want him. Says Laquian: ' 'Calling on
th e i rn~t i ve resourcefu)ness and surv.ival instincts, most of the squatters
and slum clwellers gel by. Even an .unskilled p~rson can work as a
cargo loacler ora tricycle driver. His wife can wash clothes,.ro ll cigars,
or work as a hawker and vendor. Cheap housing can be obtainecl in
the slums and squatter areas. Ancl 'the city is so fascinating one can
get lost in its whirl. Most importan' of all, the city pro~icles hope-ií
not for the squatters and slum dwe l l~rs, at least for their ch ilcl ren." The
~quatter is a farnily man willing to rnake sacr ifi d~s for. his ch il clren's
future, about which he is optimistic·. Although unskilled or semi-skilled
·.hihlself, he sees them in professionál ormanagerial positions, .or more
rnoclestly in coo1merce, teaéhing ancl skilled labgr.
He forms close ties with his own community of relatives, friencls
and neighbors. This strong community fee ling is rooted in his rural past
ancl has become essential to his urban existence. Sttch wiclely sharecl
feelings ha ve led to the clevelopment of cornmunity organizations that
,work to improve lile in the squatter settlements.
The squatter is indepenclent andself"sufficient He doeshis best,
'within .hisj!"verely lirnitecl financia! means, to improve his ~qu¡¡tter
· sha~ck ancl the neighborhood of which it is a pan. He hopes for even-tual
ownership, or at least secure tenure in the lancl upon which he
has built and to which he claims a right
Although his wife ancl ch ilclren also work, the family income is
.exceedingly low (in the Philippines it averages 371.43 pesos a rnonth
or $53.06 U.s'.). Nonetheless, he finds the lile it buys acceptable by
comparison to his former rural existence.
Bec;ause the non-taxpaying squatter is illegally based, ancl be­cause
his numbers overwhelrn the city's public services, he does not
ha ve equal áccess With Other citize[lS to roacls, public transport, pipe(.:!
water and drains anclmust clepencl upon himself for such services. As
a result, he has learned to expect little frorn the "government and to
view it cynically. On the other hancl, the means exist by which his
~oice can be heard within the· larger political and aclministrative
arenas. The .cornmunity organization to which he belongs has mem­bers
with access to politicians ancl government officials at varying
levels ofthe hierarchy. His cynicism, therefore, is mitigatecl by his own .
experience of some degree of political effectiveness.
, Slums of despair: npt all squatters
fit an optimistic profile
All sqllatter settlements have their share of social ills, but some slums
are worse than others. Not all slum dwellers possess the characteristics
ot' the migránts just described. Crim inals, fugitives, mental deficients,
alcohol ics, drug acldicts, pimps, prostitutes, soc ial outcasts· and the
inclolent are founcl in every slum. More common are those who are
unemployed or underemployecl and have become adjusted to poverty,
or for whom, as in Calcutta, it is simply inescapable. (In Calcutta1 600,-
000 people have no houses at all and live on .the city's pavernents.)
In the worl cl's worst slums such as those of India ancl Africa, many
people are.slowly starving. They are apathetic, hostile, and suspicious.
Me¡¡ns have been found, however, to motívate even such people as
these towarcl self-help in terms of making their own physica l improve­ments~
paving their lanes, ·in stalling electric lighting and new water
taps; and cleanliness~cleaning their drains, disposing of fecal rnatter,
whitewashing their houses.
Squatters and sluh1 clwellers, whatever their personal charac­teristics,
occupy urban villages which are an ever-expancling danger
ancl threat to' the host city. Because of flimsy .construction, they are a
fire hazard to the entire metropolis. Poor sahitation makes them a.
health hazard (or everyone, spreading the risk of amoebic dysentery
and other ,communicable diseases to rich and poor alike. s' lu n1s have
the potential.formob violence; crime, political revolution and other
forms of social d~ i sruption.
Gove.rnments in·theThircl World are becoming more aware of the
threat to the economié ancl poli tical surviva l of their cities, and the
danger to the human species posed by the spreading malignancy of
squatter settleme·nts. These governments are beginning to realize that
the problems posed by urban squatter settlements are symptoms of
rural-urban imbalance at a scale that is regional and nation~l ; The
ARCHITECTURAL ~ECORD May 1976 97

4. problem ís larger than the question of how to go aboutprovicling better
housing and living standards for rural-urbi:m migrants. What needs to
be asked, the developing wo;ld now is beginning to see, iswhat the
present and fu tu re roles of these people shoulcl be in the economic and
social life of their country. People shoulcl be counted as a resource.
What work should they be doing ancl where? What solutions are being
tried? How wel l do they work? -··
Attempts to transform dying rura! vi::ages. _ .
into vital economic centers have not solved the problem ...
By improving the living standards of rural people, the governments of
the Third World hope to persuade them to stay in theit villages or )il .
the smaller towns ancl cities to which they ha ve. alreacly migratecl . .Sc i­entific
methocls to increase crop yielcls have beerí in itiat~d . Better san i­tation
and water supply and improved health services and education
are being tríed . So far, however, these efforts have not significantly
slemmed the f low of migrants to the big cities.
Large estates have been clivided among the former tenant farmer:s
in the hope that land ownership will keep them In the couniry. Large
lancl holdings have also been national ized and turnecl into coopera~
tives in which the peasants ~hare in the administration and profits.
Stuclies, including those of Laqui an, Kave begun to sholv; however,
that land refonn is not keepíng the younger rural people at home.
lmproved agricultura! rnethods decrease lhe need for their labors, and
new. affluénce and rising expectations increase lheir demarid for the
kínd of education that can only be founcl in the cities. Furtherrnore;
as already noted, the number of acres acquired by individual famil_ies
through and reformare too few to provicle a useful inheritance to the
second generation ..
. lt should be aclded that young people are clrawn to the cities be­cause
they find them exciting and attractive. Buckminster Fuller thinks
that rural villagers might be persuaded to stay in their villages. if they
could be transported to "the bright lights" on weekends,
Attempls lo discourage the migrant-from staying in the city
by the "entry permit" approach have not heen successful
Sonte cities in the developing wodd are making deliberate efforts to
return the migrants to their rural villages. )akarta has instituted severa!
policies lo reverse the flow of rural peope, As reported by l aquian:
Every rnigrant who arrives must regi ster wilh the ci ty government and
apply for i3 "short vis it carel ." To get the car·d, he niust deposit with
the city twice the cost of his return fare back to his native vill age. He
is allowed six months to find a job and a house. lf he is _th is fortunate,
his deposit is returned to him minus admini stration costs and he is
allowecl to buy a )akarta citizenship carel. lf he fa ils to fincl work and
shelter in hall ayear, he gets a one-way ticket horneanclthe govern­rnent
keeps the rest of his deposit:
Th is harsh systern, however, is far from foólproof. Faked cards arid
papers can be iJought, encouraging widespread corruption on lhe part
J
98 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Mav 1976 .
• 1
L
¡
tg
' -~> . , seen-
. .,. ' with
¡<: - and <
of selle rs ancl users. In spile of official claims· to the cdntrary, countl~ss: ..
. nurnbers of illegal migrants and their families nJanage to stay and cke ~­out
a marginal living in the city, lt is difficu lf for ,:estricted entr'y tech-;~';j
niques to succeed because people want to be where the jobs, educa- i
tion arid opportunity are, and onée there manage to stay. ··
Migrants do no! want lo move to
"frontier sités," "growth poles". and "new citfes"
At the. Wors t, governments uprool seHled squatiers áñd send thern out ·.;
of the city to reniote frontíer si tes without employment opportunities, ·;:
public services of any.kind, or transporlation to the city. Most squalters
who are forcibly relocated to these area.s rnanage to find their way:. :_
' back to the city as soon as possible.
Somegovernments ericourage urbansquatters to move to growth .;
poles or new cities. Rural people are al so directed to these si tes lo keep .,
thern from moving to .the rnelropol is. This is a more integraled ap- ·
proach to· planning in which economic growth, job . opportu.nities,·
public sen,ices, rnarket-demands and populatio,n movements are seen
_as interreiated factors. Sophisticated urbar;izalion strategies are used ,_
such as the provision 6f free larid, tax abalernent, and public invest- :
ment in infrastructure to attract industrial entrepreneurs to these pre­se)
ected growth poles. New towns and cities such as Cuidad Guayana
in Venezuela are being built fn conju,nction with industrial estates: ..
Alt:hough these efforls have had some sutcess, tlwir effectiveness
has been limitéd by the facr that businessmen in a market econorny
prefer to loé:a te close to the public ser•ices, s,killed labor and markels
of the larger citiés. Therefore, the development of these growth poles
has been slow, and in m;my cases too slow to justify the large public
inveslment iri their infrastructure. Furthermore, the developrneril of in- ·
dustrial estates asmagnets for the growth of i1ew cities has been lim­ited
t() the few developing countries, ~(,eh as Venezuela, which·can
afford, the large capitalization they (~quire. Another· minus for the
grbwlh-pole. slr:ategy is the fact lhal the new industrial cilies are not
· labo.r-intens ive to the degree that lhe overpopulated developing coun· ·:·
, tries require. These industries tend toemploy small nun1bers of highJ;
skilled indivicluals, rather lhari 'ihe low-skilled; poorly eclucated rur:~l
.rnigrant who needs a job. ·
One more limítatjon to the growth-pole approach is the scarcity .
of uncleveloped land. Third Worlcl countries will e'ientually run out­as
has already occurred in many Asían natiolls. As available land de­creases,
the major_urban centers will tontinue t0 be magnets of tre- ·.
mendous force.
.Dealing with reality:
accommodating the migrants where they want to be
In spite of all the stratt~gies and programs to make them stay ,in the
country, return to the country, or.move to smaller urban centers, the_
migrants keep on torr1ing tó the ever-growing rnega-regíons. _Most
cities provide their squatters and sluri1 dwellers with lirÍiited water,
not b
cent i
pero
i
housi
help''
Daga
thc Ir
housi
ernm
jointl
hope
-squi1
essay
for g•
Thé <
shoul
invol
time
grow
posa l
and s
lo be
lile s
neéd:
He e:

5. eke
ech­uca-
<eep
ap~
:ti es,
se en
tsed,
•est­pre­;
a na
ness
::Jmy
·kets
o les
tblic
fin­lim-can
the
not
)Un- .
shly
ural
·city
.Jt~
de­tre-the
the
.1os(
lter1
Many approaches have been tried to sol ve the problems
of the urban squatter: Develop rural areas,
prohibitentry to the city, build new "growth poles."
. But rnigra~ts want to be in the city.........:.so the best approach
seerns to be to accornrnoaate thern in the city
with a combination o(sensitive governrnent interventÍOT}
and cornrnunity self-help.
. 1 '
'
1
sanitation and health service,:¡; if only to protectthe urbawpopulation
as a whole from disease an91 plague.
Beca use the cost is so high, only governments with lárge eco­nomic
resources such as Venezuela ha ve attempted large-scale, low­cost
housing programs-which have not usually worked (see La­quian's
photo essay overleaf for an assessment-of these programs). For
. most squatter ancl slurn families the rents in this type of housing, even
though subsidized, are too high.'Too often the apartments go to n9t-so­poor
péople with politica l connections. Those who can afiord bribes
.getapartments. Poor faC(lilies doublea.nd triple up in the new ap~rt­ments,
reducing the rent per family but introducing to the new settle­ments
the overcrowded conditions that they left.A study'made by the
World Bank, the lnternational Development Association, and the ln­ternational
Finance Corporation found that the cheapest form of low­cost
housing provided by the governments of the cities studied could
, not b~ afforded by 55 per cent of the people·in Mexico City, 35 per
cent' in Hong Kong, 68 per cent in .Nairobi; 47 per cent in Bogotá, 64
per cent in Ahmedabad and 63 per cent in Madras.
_The most promising alternatfve to ·government-built low-cost
h()using is the "sites and ·services" approach combined with "selí­hel[
ron th~ part of thé squatter. By this method, the government m ay
pul ip water lines with commun·al taps, electri city, a minimum sewage
and drainage system, and tlíe begiiinings of a road network. The World
. Bank has funded si tes and services projects in Senegal; Indonesia, and
in Zambia, and is considering them in other places including the
Dagat-Dagatan resettlement area in Metropolitan Manila, the site of
the lnternational Architectural Foundation cornpetition.
Suppliedvith the basic infrastructure, the'squatter builds his own
house out of whatever rnaterials he can firid or can buy through gov­ernment
credit. The i1eighborhood community of which he is a part
jointly builds recreation areas and simple comml)nity buildings. The
hope is that given security of tenure and increasing prosperity, the
·squatters will steadily improve their settlements as Laquian's photo
essay demonstrates. ·
The design problem is to create a framework
for government intervention combined with self-help .
The architect-urban ist qualified to engage in human settlement work ·
should be an expert at .working. with the community; increasing its
involvement with the planning proéess. ldeally, he should live for a
time in the settlement to gai~ the 'best insights and ideas about its
growth. In addition to making desigri, site planning and technical pro­posals,
he should be able to help devise the financia!, administrative
anélsocial arrangements required to shape the growth of the sett.lement
to better meet the migrants needs.
. As part of this work, the professional ry¡ust actas a liaison between
the siUm dwellers and the government, interpreting. the squatters'
needs to the authorities, while acting ás a catalyst for positive change.
He can help them in their fight for .tenwre and in their battles against
slum clearance and relocation. He can help establish the degree to
: which the squatters can help themselves, technically and financially,
'·and the point at •,•hich government aiq is requiréd. In turn, he helps
'the government establ ish the necessary forms of a id .
The role óf the architect-urbanist is to help determine what the
publicly financed infrastructure should be, the form it should take,
how it should be integrated with the particular site and the surround­ing
urban areas, and to what extent .it should be constru,cted by self­help.
The government sites and services initiative; ·if p;.operly coi1-
, ceived, can establish the net-vork for growth of a squatter comrnunity
· with a strong poten.tial for transforming itself.
. · 'fhe first-prize-winning design for the IAF Competition, won. by
lan Athfield of New Zealand (pages 114-123), was premiated in large
_part for a brilliant new concept within the "sites and services/self­help:'
framework. He propases that the government-subsidized infra­structure
for the Dagat-Dagatan settlement in Metropolitan Manila
should include, in addition to the conventional sites and services, a
. new element-a continuous linear buildi·ng surround ing each 500-
family barangay, which would serve as a work place for the commu­nity,
Portions of this so-called "working periphery" could be leased
· to small, non-polluting, lab~r- intensive industries to provide jobs so
desperátely needed by the underemployed of the barangay. The rest
of the ~vork space would be used for profit-making industries which
the squatters would·set up for themselves.
In addition to proposing that the government íinance the basic
si tes and services and the incremental structure that is to becorne the
working periphery, Athfield urges that the government lend· money to
. the residents to build their housing units. Once the barangay commu­nity
is established, however, all administration, renta! collection and
financia! managemeht would be organized at that level. A community
development bank would be established in each barangay, which
would undertake the administration and repayment of the government
loans until the barangay was self-sufficient. The bank's steering com-
. mitteé would include representatives of the industrial users, the mi­grant
·community aríd government technical advisers.
In his winning propasa! Athfield points outthat the inhabitants will
need technical as well as financia! help·as individuals and as a com­munity.
He envisions himself and his teamworking closely with them,
becoming acquainted with their problems and difficulties as well. as
their aspirations and needs. He sees his role as helping to resol ve such
problems as boundary disputes in the siting of houses, while giving
practica! advice on simple erection procedures and techniques. Ath­field
believes that this direct work with the people is the primary task
of migran! community design.
Athfield's proposal should be carefu lly studied by everyone .. con­cerned
with the design of cities. lts implementation by the Govern­ment
of the. Philippines will be a genuine advance toward the solution
ofthe world-wide prob!em of building truly human settlements.
-MildredF Schmertz
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 99

6. "With improved understanding of the
urbanization processes involved, it becomes_ clear
that a con1bination of governrnent intervention
and community self -he!p offers the most hope ... "
... a photo essay by Dr. Aprodicio A. laquian
Photos b)' Aprodício A t aquian, Clyde .Sanger. and Ne;J/ McKee.of the !nt~mational De·elopment Research Centre

7. ,_
Many squatters and sl.um dw~Uers
leave picturesqu~ villages
_arid neat hom~s to-move to the citY.
Some are pushedóut by rural poverty
-,-but most .are attracted
by what the city offers .
. . . jobs, education.for their children,
new opportunities, and e_ntertainment and
excitement. What the migrant needs
is a toehold into urban life-and this happens ,.
when heiinds shelter, a job, anda
socia/.lífe in a commúnity of fellow migrants
. who bringwith thein thewarmth and pride
of a rural village.
A strong reason for urban migration is
rural poverty A cluster of huts in a
minihmdio in Mexico where a family usual/y
tills less than a hectare (2.5 -acres) of /and
shows the_ poverty .of rural people. Each year,
. ·tho_us¡¡nds of campesinos move to cities,
· éoritributing to_ the primacy of Mexico City.
A migrant's toehold may be a squatter shanty,
· such as these makeshift dwe/lings bui!t
by invading "parachutists" inMexico City.·
lt may be a hillside of adobe shantiés,
shown ¡¡t far left, in Bogotá, Colombia.
An interesting phenomenon in lbadan,
Nigeria, are the many "Brazilian" houses
built by returnedslaves and migrants. These
large fiouses are internally subdivided
-into renta/ units, T/]is particular house .
has more_than,tw.o dozen farr¡i/ies whp share
commori baÍhrqom and-kitchen faci/iiie~- '-'
Dr. Laquian is assoóate direCtor, Social Sciences and ··
r:tuman Rest~lUrces, _ of ' th~ lntern3-tional Developrnent R~
search Centre of Ottawa. B~rn in a village and raised in a
Manila slum, he gr~duated from the University of the PhiliQ­píñes
in Manila in public administration/ and receivetf his
doctorate in political science from the Massach~setts inS:ti­tute
of Technology. He is the author of many imponint p~b~
tications on housing for the poor and, rural ITlígr~t!on, and
has conducted two majar field studies in deveiÓ.piAg coun' .
tries on patterns of migration and housíng for fherural and
urban poor.
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 197_6 - 101

8. Planners have often allocated sites
for low-cost housing for squatters,
and then have been surprised
when the poor have refused to stay
in such sites. The reason
is that there are natural dynamics
in the process of urban settlement
... that we are only 'beginning lo understand.
For example, most migrants in Latín America
usúally fine/ homes in inner-city slums, where
-----despite high densities and poor services­the
people find a gateway to interpersonal
relationships. Closeness to jobs and amenities
is a consideration te!'Jlpered by availability
. of /and. As time passes and the economic
and social position of a migránt improves,
he also changes his lbcation in the city.
Programs thatclo n~t take this mobility pattem
into corisideration wi/1 most /ike/y fail ·
because they usecriteria~such as
lhe availability of public'land or the desire
to ·improve the esthetics ;o{poor areas­different
from thó~e pereeived qy squatters.
·. :...1..!'· .
In the teeming inner-eity slums
callee/ corralon~s, ~uch as the one in
Bogotá, Colombia shown in the photo at right,
recent migrants join relatives and friends.
Migrants ' stay on undesirable
si tes, hoping thát public authorities will not
notice their invásiorí of public or
prívate larids. These huts in Klong Toey,
Thailand, are built on stilts atop a marshy
and frequently flooded /ancf,
Covemments oflen forcefully evict
inner-city squatters, pus!iing them lo si tes
on the city periphery, such as these
gecekonclus outside lstanbul (right).
Planners, of course, would like. to stem lhe
tide of migrants. They hope they wi/1
be able todo this by improving
the economic and social conditions in
intermediare cities and towns such as the one
in Colombia shown below. But ihey do not
ha ve enoughattractions to rural people,
whocon,tinue to move to the largest cities.

9. U pon arrivar in the city,
migrants use whatever materials
they can !ay their hands on
to build shelter.
· They build in accordance with traditional forms,
working old and new materials together
the best way they know how. The éity, however,
offers greater variety of materials-plastics,
ga/vanized iron sheets, flattened-out
··oil drums, cardboard, and wood frorh packing
era tes. As the economic lot of the migrant
improves, his house becomes more consolidated
and new materials and forms are introduced.
Wood, bamboo, and nipa tl'fatch are
the basic materials for an early shelter.
This squatter house in 1/oi/o City, Philippines,
gives an idea of hot,Jsirg materials used in
early stages of squátting. · ·
The city, however,. offers other
materials. In this roadside store in Lagos, Nigeria,
squatters can buy tin drums, ·salvaged wood and
other materials for building their houses.
One of'the oldest materials used .for
construction, bamboo, provides the
main structure for this hol.Jse in Bogotá.
Traditional construction methods
ha ve al so been used.
ARCHITECTURAL RECOR¡;>· May 19(6 .103

10. The influx of rural families
to cities has transformed
metropol itan are as i nto settlements
of rural villagers-and plahners
and government officials must take
ri..tral forms and traditions
into consideration ..
. . . in formulaiing policies and programs
for urbim develópn1ent. Re/igion, folkways,
· social organization, and styles of!ife
must be in'tenvoven with more modern forms
in the city. They lend varíety and
rich diversitY to the tnanagemént
or urban life at the same time that they
create problems of po/itics and administratioh.
Survi1a/ óf rural forms poses. a . ·
. basic chal!enge to urban planners .and ·
authoritíes indeveloping counlries. ' ·
in moving ;1 house are éommon among
recent migrants. Here, 'able"bodied persons
in a con1hwni(y hefp a sei:tfer move
his whole hduse to a nearby relbcation area.
Rurallifestyles are found even in the
center of cítíes. A couple of boys enjoy
a water buffalo ríde in .this slum/squatter
community·i¡;/ Davao City, Philippines.
E ven as supermarkets rise up in rich suburban
communities, the urban poor sti/1 re/y
on periodic markets for their daily food needs.
In Bogotá, the town square (right)
becomés the hvb of commercial
and .social activities twice a week.
104 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Ma}-"1976
In new communities on the periphery ofcities)
houses reta in their ru!'a/ forms, because
of the materiais used and the way in -,..N eh
they are ai'ranged to make the most
of interpersonal and fam ilia/ relationships .
In
go·
of
va<
tri ti
gov
off<
hou
in ti
fed
, hén
' his ·

11. · In many countries around the world,
governmental responses to the problem
of squatters and slum dwellers has
· vacillated between punitive measures
and política! coddling ...
With strongiocal and internationa{
criticism of the superblocks, the Venez~e/an
government has swung to the opposite extreme
of low-rise housing. However, · while these
. houses are better, they.a/so missthe.point
• in that they are already finishedand
. /ea ve no room for f/exibility. The sqÜatter . · he re would not be able to enlarge or irríprove
' his own dwelling when his life improves.
As lands in the central city
. are required for public projects,
government officials often pursue
"urban renewal''and evict
.. squatte;s, ·as from these .
demolished f¡ouses in Caracas. ·
'Wealthier countries like ,Venezuela,
·: with its oil revenues, ha ve builtsuperblocks
to house former squatters and slum dwellers.
However, there has been sorne resistance
on the part of rancho dwellers to 1 ive
in these high-rise buildings:
Architects.'have been s/ow to
unders'tand the evolutionary
processes involved inhoi.Jsing
squatters. Thus, projects
are often carbon copies o/
housing in deve!oped éountries, ·
despite difference in,
climate and culture. In sorne
cases, architects design low-cost
housing for the sake of form, ·
npt peop/e, as in the building
at left, in Mexico City.
~o what must happen EIOW is for planners and government
officials to recognize tlie mistakes of the past; and to recognize
the now-quite-clear new directions that planning and enlight­ened
governm~nt inúúvention should take-directions that
take into account the migrants' traditional living pat:terns and
· _resoürces for self~help; and integrate theminto publicefforts. ·
ARCHITECTURAL' RECORD May 7976 .lOS

12. . .
Manila beca~e the focus of -the .lnternational Design Con1petition
because its problems are prototypical, and because plans
were underway to relocate over 100,000 squatters . from a slum
in its Tondo Foreshore to a nearby-resettlement ' s~te
. -Dagat-Dagatan-which needed to be planned
Metropolitan Manila has been growing rapidly since the end of World
War 11. lt has over 4.4 mi ilion people, or 12 per cent of the total popu­lation
of the nation, and this 12 per cent produces over 25 per cent
of the gross national product of the Philippines.
The larger Manila Bay Metropolitan Region has almos! one-fourth
of the national popul~tion qr '8.6 mi ilion people; in an area of 18,051
square kilometers (6,967 sqúare miles). This is a large land area with
a relaüvely low population .dehsity, but presént projections indicate
that this low density won't last__.:.arid that the:Region's population nía y
range anywhere between 17.8 million and 24 millioh by the end of .
the century. _Philippine plaríriers who are studyillg growth and land­us~
problems at the nationaf sea le are proposing .that, to offsét this ·
forecast growth, new urb~n 'centers should be develbped thrcil.ighout ·
the islands from Luzon to Mindanao. But nó government policies have
yet substantially reduced the attractiveness of the Metropolitan Region
to the rural migrant. ·
Manila suffers al! the :usual bad effects of random, haphazard
growth; including overcrowding of the districts inhabited by th~ poor
such as the Tondo Foréshore area (right, and cover). Efforts to resettle
thé squatters on neyv rural sites, in new towns or growtb poles, o; tÓ
send them back where they came !ro:.,,, have been unsüccessful. The
squatters sirnply rnake their way back to the city wheie theywant tó be.
The government of Metropolitan Manila is now evaluating the :
poli cy of obtaining and usihg vacant lands within the .city as s.ites for
squatter séttJ€únénts. Existing are substantial amounts of :agritultúr¡otl
land, littl~~~s~d fishpónd areas, and oth~t types of undevelopéd or.
underdevé loped. land, Ma~y of these si tes are close·tothe squatiers' .
jobs· and to existing ~treets and. highways (there .is _no publii: traris­portation
in Manila;--""the population m oves by foot, prívate car;. or. ·
jeepney): The transfórmation of these sites into human settlements
would indude the improvement of the existing transportation .network.
A. second approach being considered in conjuncticin with the first .
would be to upgradethe sites, ser.vices, transport a~d hm.lsingof éxist~
ing low-income settlements within the metrópolitan boundarie,s: These· .
combined initiative.s would help reverse the ever increasing sprawl of
squatter urbanization at the metropolitan fringe. . '
To this end, an initial effort being made by the Metro'politan Má~,.
ni la government is the vast landfill project und~irway in the 1 ,Ú.2-acre,:,
Dagat-Dagatan Resettlement · Area (pages · 11 0-111). FishÍ)(J'~ds · áre: ·
being filled in to prepare the site for the relocation of the :squatier'
community to be relocated from the adjacent Tondo Foreshore. area­in
preparation for its redevelopment as an industrial si te. Thé progral')l
for the IAF Competition was conceived and inspiréd by the challenge .
and opportunity of designing DagatcOagatan , The Philippine govern­ment
· plaris to bu i Id at least one barangay (a 3 ,500-personor ·5oo,fam" .
ily cornmunity) to the winning design, and may indeed .f?llow the pro~
posals of the winning architect for the entire 1 00,000-140;ciOO~pefson
resettlement si te. What will happen at Dagat-Dagatan is of interest to
al! professionals engaged in the pl anning of human settlements:.
106 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.May 1976

13. ··:
n
'!
T
..
The existing squatter slurn
~the Tondo Foreshore
on Manila Bay~
has a population of
169,710 on only 455 acres
This silted, marshy land is-with a
po¡:iulation of 373 per acre--one
·of the most congested in the
country (see cover). Compared
with other districts within Metro­politan
Manila, it has more disc
ease, crime, children per famil y,
and deaths per 1 ,000 persons. The
Tondo has fewer hgspital beds,
less schoolroom spaie per pupil,
fewer street lights, fewer police­men,
and more property loss due
to fire and typhoón. The Tondo
consumes less water and has 50
per cent .less of its garbage col­lected
than the city average. lts
sewage disposal system is lar
below the standards of other dis­tricts.
There are fewer buses and
jeepneys avai lable to the squat­ters,
and less park and recreation
area per person than anywhere
else in the rest of the city. ·
Jhe Tondo Foreshore area
was or iginally reclaimed fróm the
sea to be developed as an indus- ·
tria! si te, b.ut during the long del ay
· befare the government was ready
to commence construction, the
. squatters too k . over. (Throughout
. the Third World, al! vacant sites
and public lands attract squatters.)
Through strong community
organization, the Tondo squatters
have developed a degree of politi­cal
power, and have been difficult
to dislodge. To help salve this
problem, the adjacent (and more
than h.vice as large) Dagat-Daga­tan
site is being planned to re"
house them.
When the Tondo area is fi­nally
dev~loped for further indus­trial
uses, it will be a major source
of jobs for the squatters who
desperately need them . The area
wi)l not become entirely indus­trial,
however, since plans provide
for at least 9,000 people to remain
on the si te. This is in line with the
government's policy to upgrade
· existing settleinents within the
metropolitan limits. '
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Mav 1976 ·: 107
--·- - ~~~~~--

15. In spite of its squalor,
the people of the Tondo
want to live there or near there-,­forjobs,
education, and a better future
for themselves andtheir children
The people ofthe Tondo live clase
to the piers where the men earn
their 1 ivir)g as.laborers arid steve­dore:;.
They are al so el ose to trans­port
terminals and opén markets
where thiy find work in helping '
load and unload fresh produce. In
addition to ,their own·shacks, the
area in which they live contains
industries such as slaughterT
houses, glass plar:1ts; and heavy
· · equipment .depots. lt is a poor
place for human beings to live­a,
nd the shift to nearby Dagat­Dagatan
should be a welcome
one for the squatters lucky enough
to be moved, provided they are
given land tenure .. The Tondo it­self
is being Jeveioped· furth2;· as
· an indústriaÍ site-as planned by
the Tondo Redevelopment Au­thority-
but will 'still retain about
9,000 families. ·
The squatters Óf the Tondo,
like those elsewhere in the Philip­pines
and many parts of the devel­oping
world, fit a profile devel­oped
by social scientist Aprodicio
. A. Laquian ('pages 100-1 05) and
.outlined in his report "Siums and
Squatters in Six. Philippine Cities."
In his words: "Squatters and slum
dwellers consider their present lile
l:ietter than their former situation.
They see economic and other op­portunities
in the city and are un­.
willing to lea ve their present com­munities.
The break with the rural
place of origin seems to be rela­tively
· final. Most squatters and
slum. dwellers make the move to
the city .when they are f'!lalure
and, often,~arried. In the 'case of
the rl)arriiid mig~ants, the head of
the family usually goes to ihe city
first, blit the number of families
who move as a group is also high.
These facts supp~rt · the irre-
. versible ·nature -of rural-urban mi­gration.
'~The migration chain play~
· an importart . part Relatives and
.d riepds who precedethe migrants
help them make the decision to
move and settle down in the city.
In this way, the adjustment of the
migrahts to lile in the city be­comes
éasier.
·"Most squatters and slum
dwellers have a low leve! of edu­cation,
.lack technic;:al, and profes­sional
skills, and find/ employment
only in unskilled or semi-skilled
jobs. Their aspirations for them­selves
. and their children, how­ever,
are high: Owrership of
home and land is a primary moti­vation.
"The incomes of squatters
and slum dwellers are low. Living
in slum and squatter areas helps
make ~nds meet. Other family
members besides the father work.
Squatters firid the slum conditions
acceptable as compared to their
former condition of lile in the rural
areás.' Although they see living
conditions as hard, they seem to
accept them, and consider thern
temporary."
The photographs of T ando
lile (left) show squatters and their
children .at leisure (1 and 4);
women washing clothes in water
seeping from ruptured pipes (2);
children at a co'mmon water tap
(3); residents "cottage-manufacc
turing" picture frames (5); chil ­dren
ata small open-air store (6) .
Density within the residential
areas of the T onda ranges from
1 O to 14 70 persons per acre.
T ando has a very young pop­ulation.
Of the total members of
17,418 households, one-half are
below 19 ye¡¡rs . old. Those be­tween
the ages of 20 to 39 com­prise
29.6 per cent, while 12.1 7
per cent are between 40 to 59
years old. The median age was
found to be 17.3 years, which is
lower than for the Metrbpolitan
Manila are a (19 years), and that of
the entire country (17.9l. The
•average. number. of diildren per
family is five .
. ARCi-liTEC!Ui<AL RECORD Mav 1976 . 109

16. 11 0 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 7976

17. Dagat-Dagatan-the site
of the competition~
will become a riew-town-.in-town
instead ofa remate,
underserviced, resettlementarea
The Tondo Foreshore Redevelc by a proposed 49-footcwide ve­opment
Authority studied severa! hicular road, an,d to the south ·by
resettlement sites for Hie Tondo the proposed circuhiferential road
residents for theiraccessibility and C-3. Accessibility »'¡¡¡be provided
·general suitability. The si te had to by the proposed extensions of ex­be
located near the Tondo Fore- istingmulti-lane;,roads.
shore where mbst of the squatters The competition program
work, and it had to be large called for high densities, low-rise
· enough to ·handle the expected structures, low-cost ·construction
.. spjllover from rene..yal of the Fore- for low-.income people, self-suffi-shore
with roomfor expansion. ciencyfor the 500-family commu-ln
terms of. these criteria, . the nity, pedestrian orientation, and
Dagat-Dagatan lagoon (shown ad- ·ecological fit.
jacent to the Tondo Foreshore in The competitors were re­the
site plan attop right arid in the quired to propose the environ­photograph
left) was selected. lt mental arrangements · to be pro-
. has an area of about 778 acres, .vided both for the community as a
with another 494 acr~s available ;wbole.and for the individual
for expansi~n. , lt is .. !oéated less .. dwell ing u ni t. Attention was to be •
than tvvo miles no.rth of the Fóre-. · paid to the water supply, hot
shoreland. • . water heating, domestic heating '
1 n accordance with- .t!Íe ·, and cookingprovisions and sani­Tondo
'Foresho~eland ~edevelc • li!ry and sol id . waste disposal.
· opment Plan, about ,64 acres of These arrangements had to. be
the Foreshore will be de'oted' to ecoriomicallyJeasible.
• indust~ al . and comrilercial. uses ' The competitor.s were askecl
,j ncl about334 acres will be devel- t() clesign a hierarchy·0f commú­.
:· oped as a re5iclential connnunity nity(acilities shaped by the 5oeiai
for approximately 9,000 families.· structure of the new town. As part
About 17,000 Tondo families are of the site planning process, the'
-lto be resettled on the Dagat-Daga- competitors establ ished the loca­tan
sit~ requiring about 494 acres · tion of the town center with its
of land. About 284 acres of the . high schóol, hospital, fire and po­new
site · may be developed .for !ice stations and adrriinistrative
comn1ereial and industrial pur- building. Dividing thesite into the
poses of a non~polluting ni)ture. smaller units for 500 families
The lnternation:il Archi- e¡¡ch, called barangays, they lo­tectural
Foundation éompetition cated within them the community
program called for a master plan halls, elementary schools, clinics,
of the entire 1 ,272-acre Dagat- chapels, sari-sari stores and the
Daga tan site, arid a· detailed si te small fishermen's markets known
plan of a 12.5-acre portian of.it; as ta/ipapas .
. which is the first to be reclai.med Since Dagat-Qagata,n is to be­.
~ by hydraullc fill. This area ca1í ac- comP:<t. ~igh-density, low-risé riew
commodate SÓO families who will town;., Jrle,r::anning of parks, open
help to build their own houses spaces lf.,p recreational facilities
along. the guiclelines set by the assumed a irr¡portant role.
winning cornpetitor. The area se- Fif)ally, the con1petitors were
.lected · fo.r cletailed design ·.in the urged by the competition program
· competition program (shown in to consicler the problem of devel­c6loron.
the plan, bottom ~ight) is opirig new jol:ísón or near the si te
bounded to the' west by the Mala- ' and to .. find ways of integrating
· bon:Longos River, to the northeast . work¡;¡nd living patterns.
~ RESIOE NTJAL AREAS
~ COMMERCIAL-INDUSTRM L
-- PROPOSEO MAJOR THOROUGH.FARES
__.EXJST.ING MAJOR tHOROUG-tifARES
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Ma~ 1976

18. The lnternational Design Competition
for the Urban Environment of ..
Developing Countries ~ focused ,~n Manila­attracted
476 submissions. On t~ next 42 pages,
as chosen by a distinguished international jury, are ...
112 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Ma)' 1976
The jury re laxes (top left) after the
winner is announced. The jurors
were Balkrishna Doshi, Eric ·
Lyons. Mildred Schmertz, MoshE'
Safd._ie, W· i~lli m Whitfield, Ge1i" .
erar .Gá. cio V. ·Tobias, and .
Takama c. Yosizaka. ·At lefl, ór.'
Aprc:.!t io Laquian, jllry ad~isor; .
IAF ' president Blake 1-!Ughes; and .
Teresita Vicera, resiclent o( the
Tondo ancl advisor to the jury. At
righ.t, the professional advisors:
Michael Seelig, Fritz Gutheim,
· Anhur Erickson of Gutheim/See­lig/
Erickson.
i .
..
!
In
REC
tio1
tio1
sta<
eh;:
in t
·¡n s
an
thel
and
to _,
wor
·' . -· The
was
The
(IAF
lecti
the 1
en a
ITAl
tio·n~
u ty,
help
in a
plan
!ion
petit
[Jine
for t:
who
genE
com
Stud
Dev·
' Arts,
RECC
tin e
Ceo
f !r;
c iate
,~N
&G1
abov

19. E WIN~NING DESIGNS 1 eL
1
'
1
In his editorial announcing ·the cornpetiti.on, back in April 1974,
RECo'RD publisher Blake Huihes quoted Charles Abrams: "The solu­tions
to the problems of urbanization may be the key to an interna­tional
rapprochell)ent~and evento a lasting peace .... The main ob­stacle
is, of course, the dearth of talent and knowledge for r:neeting the
' challenges of urbanizatign."_There are, of course, many majar efforts
i1i ihe world community to alleviate the condition of the poor trapped
in slums around most of the world's majar-cities. But, as we said in
· an earlier editorial:. "lt is fair to argue that with few exceptions ...
' there has been-little opportunity for architects as a group to participate,
· and thus lit¡le opportunity for governments and concerned inclividuals
to see the possible contribution of the thinking ancl talent of the
' world's aréhitects. Thús the campetition."
:.rhe competition~frórn conception to completion~
. was ·a three-year project involving hundreds of people
The formation of the non-profit lnternational Architectural Founclation
(IAF) to hold the ·conipet.ition was an_nounced in RECORD and L'Archi­tecture
d'Aujourd'hui in April 1974: But i~ the development stage of
-the IAF, Blake Hughes~its president-was greatly assisted by Ms. Hel-
- ena Benitez; then director of the PreparatoryPianning Group for HAB-
_ ITAT and now presiden! of the Governing Council of the United Na­,
ti()ns Environment Programme (UNEP);· and by Eri,c Carlson, then dep­uty
director of the PPG. Ms. Benitez was not only enthusiastic a:nd
helpful_ in setti'ng the goals of the competition, but was instrumental
_in arrarlging for the enormous coopera:tion of Philippine architects,
planners, and governníent bfficials during the writing of the competi­tion
program; in_making arrangements for a commitmentof the com-
-_ peiition site in Manila; and in obtaining a special grantfrom the Philip­p[
negovernment to help cover the costs of the competition.
· The publisher and-staff of'REC.ORQ ·Luidertook to raise the money
for the IAF, and it is appropri¡lteto name here~with thanks from al'l
who worked on the competition and .will benefit from the thinking it -
· generated-the organizations and individuals whose grants made the
competition possible: Sponsors are: Graham Foundation for Advanced
Studies in the FineArts, and Johns-Mánville. Patrons are: lriternational
· · Development Research Centre (Canada),. National Endowment for the
and .The Rockefeller Foundalion. Donors are• ARCHITECTURAL
RECORD; The Architects Coliaborative; The Asia Foundátio~; The Aus­tin
Company; The F9rd Foundation; Hyatt lnternational Corporation;
, · · P. MeNear, jr. Foundation; Owens-Corning Fiberglas Cor­poraiion;
PPG Industries Foundation; and Skidmare, Owings & Mer­rill.'
Contributors are L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui; the staff of RECORD;
W. R. Bonsal Company; Building lndustry Development Servic:_es; CP
Dalton-Dalton Little Newport; Arthur Sworn Goldman & Asso­lnc.;
Ir. E: Hendrik Grolle; RAIC; Gruzen and Partners; Harrison
Abramovitz; Hellmuth, Obata: & Kassabaum, lnc.; Smith,.Hinchman
G.ry!ls Associates lnc.; and S tone:, Marraccl~i & Patterson. As n~ted
· ihere was a grant from The Government of the Philippines. .
1/(/1
As professional -aclvisors for the competition-conducted under
the ru!es of thé Union lnternatiOI1iile des Architectes-IAF retained
Gutheim/Seelig/Erickson, a consortium fonned to do international
planning, design, and development by . Frederick' (fritz) Gutheim,
noted. planner and author; Michael Seelig, architect, planner, and
teacher; and distinguished Canadian architect Arthur Erickson. The
program they developed for the competitio·n was a model of its kind;
and their conduct of t11e · judging efficient and impec,cable. (Gut­heim/
Seelig/Erickson is also responsible.for the developr'nent and de­sign
of the exhibition based on the-competition design~ to be shown
atthe Vancouver Art Galfery duringtheUN's HABITATConference.)
Architects were invited to .register for the cornpetition
in March 1975; the judging took place in February .1976
In response to an invitation published in· RECORD, other professional
niagazines, anda bulletin of the U lA, 2531 registrations fróm 68 coun­tries
were received. 476 completed submissions were received and
presented to the jury, which met in February in Vancouver. Only alter
five days of study and debate did the jury a:nriounce its judgments and
relax (see photo top left) as Arthur Erickson opened "the sealed enve­lopes"
w ith- the names .of the winners, The judges were (see photos)
Balkrishna 'ooshi, lndián architect .a:nd planner, Honorary Fellow of the AlA, dean of the Centre for Envirorímental Planning and T echnol­ogy,
Ahmedabad, and frequent lecturer at U.S. universities; Eric Ly,ons,
.chairman of the jury, presiden! of the. Royal lnstitute of British Archi­tects,
Honorary Fellow of AlA, knciwn especially for his award~win­ning
workin housing and his prqmotion pf the concept of.architectura l
.competitions; Mildred Schmertz, AlA, arthitect, RECORD senior editor,
,and author; .Moshe Safdie, lsraeli-born Canadian architect with offices
inbcith countries, a broad international practice, perhaps best kn0w'n
. for hi~ " Habitat" housing in Montreal and in Puerto Rico; William '
Whitfield (alternate jurar), who practices in London, is active in RIBA, ·
and is a membero(the Royal Fine Art Commission; General Gauden­cio
V. Tobías, who is acting general manager ofthe National Housing
Authority of the Philippines, executive vice presiden! of the National
Housing Corporation, a1id chairman of the Housing and Urban Devel­opment
Team,:Office_ of the Presiden!; and Takamasa Yosizaka (alter­nate
jurar) architect, teacher and one-time dean at Waseda U niversity, .
Tolwo: and past-preside_nt of the An::hitectural_ lnstitute of Japan.
Al so shown ih the ·'photos, at boit9"'m left, ·are Dr .. Aprodicio La"
-quian, so,cial stientist who advised the jurors and supplied the photo ,
essay on page 1 00; Bl¡¡ke Hughes, president of IAF and publisher of
RECORD; and Teresita Vicera, a residen! arid barangay leader in the
'Tondo Foreshore, and ·an advisor to the jury.
The ·first-prize .winner won an award of $35;000 (pl us the -wm­mission
to complete the. prototype design in accordance with -philip-_
pine law); the second award was $15,000; the third award wás $10,-
000; and four oíher entr~nts were awarded $1 000 e~ch · for· sp~cial
. menticins. Their prerniatecl clesigns are shown beginning overleaf.
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Ma¡; 1976 113 1>
~' ;
·T

20. ~--:_)j,;;J.r-;""l
p-r0~<J¡;):r-1
The first-prize-winning design by lan Atllfield . . ( LA -~~-0·'·-''c
of Ne".f ;-?~aland proposes_f_9r é~rh "barangar, a new 0kf~(tof workJJI .
>=,;)- {;,._ _ /' ..~. -..· · .• ._E..-.-._a~~ dA... 7 Q_.~---~,_,--Y.../-'-~~1...-~ . . ' Uv--r~e,.....-.~-;· --·'---?-:.~..;? _7~ ~~- (l.,_ .
- a penphery of hnear bulld1ngs LC~u.__. d~sugneo for a comb1nahon
.. _'--.A:_ ._ ..._-.'X......,...-"-. 8
otc6tt~fe, light, añd non-pOíf~tiilg~eJ
industries vy!th community ga~d~ns on top
r ~--··.&:.----- . ..:.> .... l--1 /- r:-~ , i /?'' , , ......, , . · 1 ·-:---¡-- ,... 1 ~ ...f" QD
-~-·- L•. -L:/__.[L-L' ;.··. '- vV./---J_/..~ (?'~•..._.,.(..A._..{_¿..¡_.;,_~I.....-!.-: ..... ~ ~~ 4='--"'L.!t.J-'..~
The jury awarded first prize to lan
Athfield, a young Ne'f~ Zro0 lanrL
. !!'r'GcérOJO ·
arch1tect, for. a tourageous pro-posa!
tlli:lt makes .the workplace of
the community the majar control~
lingelement of the design. This 'in­troduction
of job-generating space
is a truly new concept a~d repre­sents
a genuine advance in · the
physical planning for human set­tlements.
This work space should
significantly help the lnhabitants
of the Dagat-Dagatan b.arangays
to transform themselves intó a
self-sufficient community.
Accord ing to Athfield, this
working perjphery (see site plan
and sections right and overleaf)
would be the first part of each
community to be built. lt would
· be a significant addition to the
customary installation of sites and
services - the goyernment-sup­plied
infrastructure bf roads, sew.­ers,
piped water and electricity.
· ~he pepple movi:1~ g?}?a,gat­Dagatan
vvould help eréd"' this
working periphery in increments
as ~eeded. A particular ' area
within each working periphery
would be reserved for a building
cooperative ruh by the loca l resi­dents.
This cooperative would ini-
. tially control.thesupply-,. manufac­ture
ancl use of building materials
for the barangay. Households pos­sessing
existing building materi­als,
in the form./ of their prese,1]t
shanties, coulcl trade these in at
the cooperative, which would ar­range
tlie recyding of such mate­rials.
The cooperative, by li'miting
the range and variety of the build­iilg
rnaterials to be mqcle avail- .
able, could help achleve a consis­tency
and upity in the design and
a¡:ipearance of the housing units.
As the cofnmunity develops,
the roie of the building cÓopera­tive
cóuld bmaden to include the
provision of cither building e l e~
ments, and td supply a market
beyond the initial comrnunity,
114 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976
thus increasing the number of jobs where individuals coulcl be
available. 'Sp'ace within the work-!. trained in alternative energy· and
ing periphery would also be recycling techniques. liidividual
leased to private.light indústries,: industries ancl households would
thus bringing even more jobs· to be ' encouraged by a small pay"
the barai?gays: ment to send all their wastes to the
Athfield proposed that the' energy cénter. As awarenéss aiid
families of any person obtaining 'understanding of the waste and
employment In the working pe~ energy systems clevelops; familie5 ·
riphery would have priofity in ob- would be encouraged a lid assistecl
taining a house si te in the baran-, td cliwelop their own conservation
gay. He has calculated that beJ andenergy plants.
tween 300 ¡md 400 people could , Each energy centerwould be.
be employed for every 10,000 ' looked after by a caretaker. Wind­square
meters (1 07,600 square : milis for the energy centers' would
feet) of working space surrouncl~ ~l2>cated ori the roof oftÍle woi·k­ing
each .bara;1gay. Given apprdx" ing perimeters adjo!n.ingJ:ommu­imately
188,300 square feet o.f . nity'"'gardens also located there.
working perimeter, between 550 ,, The gardens and energy centers
and 700 persons of'thé SQO fami ~ would be a .strikingly visible ex­líes
living in each par¡uigay would 'pression o(tle --éoope1·ative
have j,obs within walking distance • achieitements'of the community.
of their homes. AthfieÍd points out. The working perimeter will ·
that the place of work and the serve as a ?trong physical ..!?,g.uGcf:.
home should be closely assoc -~Y for e,ach barangay. As Athfield
ciated to récluce the time and cost r(Jóln!~ .. <OLi't within the. Philippines
of commuting to.work, but justas 'tiléiAiaiÍhas been a strong element
irnportantly, to encourage cooper• of design definition as well as se~
ation within the .community itself:· curity..from the begirining of the
The working peripherywould · · Spanish influence. The perimeter
2!so contain 5eV¡>ral community structures ' around each barangay
energy centers (pages 120-1 21) .will help shape lively streets bec
from which thé conservation of tween · thenl. These streets will
energy could be .d'irectécl and . have the qlliJ,Iity of the pedestrian
l~n Athfield (front and
éenler) founded Athfield
. Architects in 1968:
(leflto :igh() MoyraTodd,
Wal Edwards, Graerne Bouche,
.Ddri Báird and lan -Dick-son.
Absent is Ti m Nees.
B'ónÍ in Christchurch,
New Ze~land in 1940, '
Athfield ·earned his ',
Diploma of Ardiitecture
frorn .Auckland School of
/rch•tecture in 1963.
A profile of Athfield and
his work i? on pages 42-43.
-- - - --~~----------
passageways of pre-automobile" :
age cities ancl towns-'-'alive with
workshops, : small sto1'es, markets
ancl food star1eJs.
Athfielcl's house cfes ignsdetti- ·
onstrate, .in the opinion o! the jury,
" his sensitiyity to the cu lture ancl
life style of.the comrnunity and its '
'asp iratlons." Occupying individ­ual
siies, iwhich would average 55
squar~ n¡etersJ?~1'. scjuare. f~~t) ,, :
each, the d1véltiñgs can be 1bVilt'.l0 ·.
by the fesidents ihemselves ·:at
1 '· ' . '
their present state of competence
as craftsri1e1i; witlií11 the- tr¡¡¡di­tioni
rural Shiidii;g"vernacular of
the Ph ilippines (pages 116-12'1)., ·
Athfield urges that the si te$ be .·
leased to 'thé newinhabitants with ·
eventual rights of ownership. His .
deeply a ii~Jsi'e and .· expressive
drawings show how the bara_rígay. ·
houses cou lcl look alter the farni~'i
l~? . l;ave beet1secure in thern foi ·:
aVhile. As length .of lenure; effort' ·
and investment increase, gardens·.·.
and trees are planteo. 'The houses .
expand to in elude small verandás; "
kitchen and laundry e.quipment is
improved; better 'furnishings are <
purchased; potted plants apiJear
and pictures clecorate the wa}ls.
Doon< window frames and shut-· ·
ters/ made at the.builcling materi:
als :coopera ti ve and. purchaséd in
stages by the niigrant as he graclu- · ·
;.:!!y beE:omes .able to afford ·
t)lem-.-:.coritribute to the. so!idity ·
ánd permanence"of his house. As
' his, family grows and his ~ eco- ..
nomic positi()n iriiproves,, the . in-'-
habitant's house grows to éxpress
his owri and his f~1r1ily'~ expand­.
ing'needs and rising aspirations.
In his submission, Athfielcf
proposes that his winning desigri · .
team work with each f<~mliY to
gíve advice on boundary situa:.
tions, erection procedures an.d
building techniques. He sees this
di'rect work with the community
as the principal ancl most chal­lenging
task 61 the desi~n tea¡n.

21. - ~~--- - - ---- - -
·¡ /
j'
;::~'¡!'l¡~¡:;~~-~~~~~~~~~~~nr8r~~
u::::C::------:f!"':¡4~
The sections (above) ~ snow the rela­tionships
between the working periph­ery
and the houses and other commu­nity
buildings. ShowrÍ on top of the lin­ear
ooundary structuré are the com­munity
garders. Adjacent to the mar­ket
place (M) are a nursery school, ele­mentary
schciol and health clinic. lndi­catecl
on the plan are sari-sari stores
(5), energ' centers, and a church (C).
Four puroks (subdi visions of the baran­gay)
each have a basketball court as a
center. The number of housing sites·
per puro'krange from 121 to 138, to­taling
484. Automobiles and jeepneys
are garaged under terraces which abut
the ins ide walls of the working periph~
ery. Footbridges span the motorways.
/

22. ··F JRST PRIZE 1 IAN ATHFIELD
116 ARC~iiTECTURAL RECORO 1976
Athfield propases that the coconut
palm be utilized to provide the piin·
cipal building elements. ltis· in abun­dan!
sLipply ¡,. the Philippines arid will
continue to be so in the foreseeable fu­ture.
The timbér tan be us~d in its nat­ural
state if dried and preserved: Jis by­products
include the . prcicluction of
charcoal, chip-based ·cement. blocks,
particle bciard, .insulation fiber c'ement
board, furniture and jolnery: The win­ning
clesign recommends that the
house units be bui li oi timber Ira me for
VeV1k
resistance to earthquakes. Athfield cernen! ins.ulatioh .in party walls fór
points out that timber frame con- -sound insulation lias "also been Tecom~ .
struction is within the craft skills of the .. rriended. Athfield strongly urges that
Tondo Foreshore squatter. Roofs aricl the vocabulary of malerials be limilEed
walls would be panels óf plaster made to the coconut paln1 and its by··prod,
with. é:oéonut sawdust, sand and ce- ucts to give an.underlying
meritove.r expanded metal mesh. (See to the barangay,c 'Furthe,rmore,
details page'120). These panels vou ld sistently . employing these
.. be fire -resistanL and · would provide •. the resicientswould become skilled
good insulation against the Manila · .. the ir Lise .. Purt hasecl
heat. This material l~nd s iÍselfto addi- cost could he me! by
tions ancl alteratións without skilled , a~ avérage of .371.43 pesos a.montlv
techniques. The use of toconuí líber' or $53.06 in u.s. cloll ~is.·
'1

23. .... _ .
6~~ts car~ ·
.~ ONrff. V{lth
a'VvarpmpLc
~----~~ .~5~ffi~
ot tf0 cocp
i _ •".:. :.
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 '117

24. ('
FII<ST i' RIZE 1 IAN tTHFIELD
wo.lkw~
/
cowwwAvUt0 . ¡
Y~frtdgercádr ·
pnvy ClVld ener9~ . '·
1DNer of adot5e bY'/c/(,:,
. CooPERATloN AMONg FoUR. NEIG-HBoURS
118 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD lvlay 1976

25. BA~Iv UNIT WITH LEANTo
~~~~------g~!lt:'r
~ ~~f+-'-----'tt"- pl1sJl·c ~plúA
of santa V i.V:o
.Iu.:Js wOliSlbp
The plan (left top) shows tour lots of they would appear alter the families
592 square feet each, combining in a had lived in them long enough to bu ild
.cluster of houses for four families. The verandas, to plarit trees and gardens,
combined elevation-section (left bot- and to ácquire simple domestic ar-
"tom) shows tw0 of the houses. Th.c ticles and furn ishings. The squatters of
fbur families share the privy and the Tondo Fóreshore keep pígs and
laundry, the compost pile, a commu- chickens for additional income and
nity kitchen; relrigerator, and food hope to continue to do so when they
area, the agricultu ra! wind,.;,i ll and the move to Dagat-Dagatan. The three
cooled water· tan k. Each family has a plans · and comb.ined elevation-sec- .
si long, or space below the first floor at tions' (ab9ve) show va riations of the
ground level; anda si/id, or living and . basic house unit, including an ex­sleeping
space on the first or second ample of how the house can abut the
f loor. Athfie ld has drawn the houses as inside wall of the working periphery.
ARCHITECTlJRAL RECORD May 1976 119 ·

26. FIRST PRIZE 1 II N ATHFIELD r-
=p /
- - .
~1
-~;~.-~~-- 1 _ _1 _ _ li~1frr~
ALTERNA.TIVE 1.COfiNCr 6!1-STEMó
{11i><l t<lg ¡¡11J._ IIV<U.<ó--71
b~j OWW:í
inS!Jot/01<.- ~~ (~~~!ffrrJ.
WALL CORNEÍZ DETAlL . BdJNDAR:l WALL JUNCTION
'':··
UTlliZATION oF Ccx::oNLJT L<XrS
CoP.NER FILE
lYPIGL CoN5TRUcrloN DEfAILS
120 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Mav 1976.
1
' 1
Although Athfield cont~¡ds~ thai it can­riot
fairly be suggested' "tilat a family
on a wage of 300 pesÓs a month purify
its water, cook with charcoal · and
compost its waste, while an industry
.uses all the .energy and water it wariÍ:s
and discharges its .waste untreated into
the adjoining river," his design soiU- .
tion, nonetheless, contain~ · excellent
proposals for .wasle dispos.al. and ·the .
development· of alternative energy
sources .within the barangay. Each
community. of 500 · .fami lies . wduld
have several .. small tommuriity. energy
centers (section and plans opposite
page top), ·which wóuid contain toi­lets,
showers, .a communal laundry, a
solar heal'ing element and a waste di s­posa!
plant witli a compost unit from
whicll methane gas would be. ex­tracted.
The barangay working periph­ery
woüld I10Use larger energy.centers·
(above and right). Construction cletails
flefl) are for the basic structures.
D

27. UPPEI' LEVEL
/
/
1!
;¡¡:;¡;;:¡; ---= f"<ff3__
. L.
D . O . l~
o
' i
1 i
ARCHI"T~~;fURAL RECORD~1ay i976 121
~?:
()(O'J .
_,,.,.~"
mJt
gaitb,;;

28. FIRST PRIZE /IAN ATHFIELO
PARK
A Fire station; secondary school,
poli ce headquarlers, heálth and .
community center for barangays
B Hospital
C Town plaza, municipal buildings,
church
O Pedestrian bridge o'{er motorway
E Walkway under street
122 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976
Every three tó five 'barangays wóuld be
served by a lown center located within
the wail of one · of the barangays,
which would fuMction as a major
plaza with more space devoted to
commerce, administration · and ente'r­taínment
than wifl be .found in the
smaller individual barangay plaZas.
The town ceriter would be adjoined by
the hospital, sec::ondary. schodl, ·tire
slalion and police headquarters. As in­dicated
. on the pl"n for. the entire
Dagat-Dagatan area (opposite pagel,
n1ájoi industries and those ~eeding
large storage spac~s are plaéed in the
industrial zone adjoinihg the port de­velbpnient
area. Service and parking
penetratiohs are provicled betweer1
barangjys. Pedestrian pavements are
provided on al! roads and ped~·stri an
Janes ·are planned on the periphery of
tlie development and along the banks
of the river. These river paths would be
supported by the sheet piling driven to
retaln the banks. The land at the pe-.
riphery of the OagatcDagatatl area has .
been designated as a reserve ar)d ~viU
act as á buffer zone betweeri existiirg
develoj:iments . and the new corn.mu:
nity'. A railway reserve has been zoned ,;'
to the sóuth si de of Highway C-4 and •. ;;_;'
hás been e>¡tended into the industr ial ,,;;,·;·
aiea. This raillinkci:iu ld extend along ' ·_;
the Jine of N'orth Bay Boulevard to link: ''}
with the existirig railway in the soulh ·
en el of th<¡ T pnclo are a.

30. The second.;.prize-winningdesign by Takagi Design Associates
of Tokyo proposes the ·use of ·colonnades to help shape :
the pedestrian paths and other op~n spaces
of the barangay, providing an order within which
the individual houses can multiply in a modular patter~
. . ! i
The japanese teaiTl's proposal an­swers
a key question they asked
themselves: whether public or prí­vate
space, or both in combina­tion,
should receive the most eme
phasis in their design for Dagat­Dagatan.
Japanese cities are pric
vatecspace oriented-gardens and
courtyards areenclosed within the
house ·and car eful l ytended~
while aileys, streets and géneral
open space are . neglected. B ut'
even in those countrie·s which­unlike
Japan-have é:ities 'of. great
civic beauty, the publicspaces of
low-income communiües are
oflen dilapidated and Ígnored. ,.
Architects Takagi, Hayakawa
and Takahashi decided · to give
equal emphasis to .the. achieve­rnent
of the highest practiCa:! ('ll­vironmental
standard at both the
sea le of the neighborhood ancl the
scale of the house. To this encl
they devised a colon nade, which
they believe woulcl actas a citta­lyst
for the gradual enrichment of
the pub! icly shared physical envir­onment
of the settlement as im­provements
in the economic sta­tus
nd 1
with the peclestrian paths and
other open spaces of the barangay
and helping to shape them, woulcl
be the major social; structural and .:·:
visual element of the community
infrastructure. lt would be a space
maker, the first stage in the build­ing
program, ancl the founclation
fcir the inhabitants' self-help.
· just as governry¡ents bu ilcl
roads ancl inclividuals :buy~ 6n their
mNn the automobiles thatare clriv­en
on . them, the government of
Metropolitan Manila would subsi­clize
and construct the colon nades
<'lnd · integratecl public services
(roa.cls, water supply, electricity,
clraitiage); and each inhabitant
would pay for and hei.P constrlict
his private .,dtelling, which con­nects
to ·this infrastructure.
124 ARC HITECTURAL RECORD May 1976
Mikiro Takagi (left), born in Tokyo in 1941, received a degree in architecture ·
frbrn Waseda University in T ok)~O. He-/eceived a mastér1S degree
from the School of Art ánd ArchHécture of. Y ale .t.Jniversity,
and worked for architects Paul Rüdolph and Ed.vrtrd L. Barnes in New York.
Kut)ihiko Hayakawa (middle), al so born in T pkyo in 194_ 1., ,...,,a·s: a dassmate
of Takagi's at Waseda Universiiy and at.Yal·e.J-Ie worked for Moshe Safdie
in Montreal. Keiichiro Takahaslii (rightl: born. in S higa i11 1950, graduated
from the Department of Architectu;e of the Professional School in Shiga.
·ir· . . . J4 · ·
t ~ • • '
~.,,,,-,-r~· -T· _¡¡¡¿ti. ~ __ J__ ~ "·" ~- 1
l ' l ¡
1
1 '
' 1
---J-.-- · - - -~---.,.--
'' '' ' 1
' 1
: ¡
s~Il ~j_ _ -~rla., -~~~~~::, .¡;. . e

31. PRECAST. CONCRETE
~le="=· ='=)=· =t:· =' =-:;j(l
t:t=t=1
~1 . ~
te=---------------
-PLYWOOD BAMBOO SCREEN
CONCRETE BLOCKS
~ DO~
#t:=J?)
fffff}
f&#J ·
.LAUAN LOUVER WINDOW
LAUAN
LOUVER PL YWOOD LAUAN
DOOR DOOR PLATFORM
The isometric shows .. how the con­struction
woud be· phased. The heavy
building components, such as the co ­onnade
with its integrated public seh
vices, and the kitchen and sa nit?ry
eements would be installed by
a governinent-subsidized contractor.
Lightweight . building components,
su.ch as the panes shown above,
would be purchased by the inhabitants
(with loans froril the government) a'nd
conne·cted to the support structure by
them . The Japanese design team be­lieves
th at through this process shelter
would be provided . quickly, the em­ployment
of the wage earner vyould
not·be .interrupted, and the finishing or
expimsion ol the dwellings cou ld be
done by the inhabitant during eve­nings,
weekerids and hol idays.
In stage one, either precast or
poured-in-place foundations would be
installed, deperiding on site condi­tions.
The co onnade of precast col,
umns and beams would be. added
along with precast concrete panels for
the pavement and U-shaped ditches· .
. In stage two, the kitchen and sani­tary
units, pre-assembled, pre-wired,
and pre-plumbed woud be delivered
and installed by the con tractor.
In stage three, the concrete block
sub-structure would be .set up and the
wood columns woud be bolted to the
concrete footings · and connected to
the wooden beams. At this point, the
inhabitants co,u ld be expected to enter
the construction process.
In stage four, the inhabitants
wo~d set the insulated roof panes of
asbestos cement corrugated sheets, .
and insta the stairs, floor panes, . ·
structural wa1 panels, fireproof wa1
· panels bétween the dwelling units,
and the prehung · door and window
Ir ames.
In stage five, ·exterior and .interiÓr
finishing, gardening and oth e;·domes­tic
and environmenta work.would be
done by the individual h'ousehods.
A~Cii iT ECTURAL RE<OORD May 1916. • 125

32. SECOND PRIZE 1 TAKI1GI OESIGN ASSOCIATES
126 ARCHITECTURAL RECORDMay 1976
1 COMMU~fTY- CENTER . .
2 LIG!'T .INol!STilY WORKSHO~
3 ELEMENTÁRY SCHOOL>
4 HEAL l'H . 'éLIMIC "
~ , =L ÁND STÓRE
7 . NURSERY SCHOOL·
8 SARI-SARI STORE
9 ·· WoAKSHOPS
10 FISH MARKET
11 . CO!.ONMAOE ,' ,
12 ALL~Y ·. .. , ,·
13. CAMAL-SIOE •PARK
14 PLAY · G!jouNo, BASI<ET-BALL COURT
' 15 PARKING
i
{.
..
Each barangay would ha ve al its C:en­ter
a workshop for light industrv which
would employ some people of the
~eighborhoocL A factory producing
prefab building· components for the.
entire resettlerilE'nt site would be par(
of the Dagat-Dagatan town center,
thus providing more job opponur1ities.
The en tire si te has bcen la id out on an
8.7 foot grid The front yards, back­vards
, alleys, streets, · boulevards and
open spaces are all básed upon this
urban module. The dwelling module is
2.9 feet. Since the url:ian module is a
rnultiple of this¡ the two networks can ,
be integrated. All open spao~s have a '­specific
use (for' exa.mple, as basketball
courts) sinée the Takagi tearn believes
that open : space withoul a specific
function ;; likely to be misused . The
neighborhood street, shaded on either
side by, its colonn¡¡des and with no ai.J- '
tomobile traffic, ,will betorne a linear
playground.

33. 1-
h
e
g
r,
'·
is
is
a
11
~S
ic
1€
.;r
J-
.,., :.,.,
., , :"1 :1.,
:1:1:'1:1 · :"1
SrAGE 1
STAGE 2
• DE.~IDENTIAL AREA
" .. ENTER
. ~ TOWNE CRCIÁL 'A.REA ~COMM · REA
' llllll INDUSTRIAL ~PEN SPACES
mll PARKS ANO
ARCHIT~cTURAL RECO RD ·May '.,1 97(j

34. ----------- ·~·- '.
SECONO PRIZE 1 TiKAG I OESIGN ASSOCIATES
__ .... -]
k
1 1 1 1 ¡ 1! 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 ' '1 11 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 11111 1 lll 11
~ -~ L h ...
-.'.--1 1· . J
... <tf )'-!
p §[}g u_,g ....
.r-mm • . . , rn:rnr- nm~ ' ~
1 -r .. · ,_..;
' f..J
1 ~- -1
-:-.. "' fD < .. ......J:l 1 ~~}jl t'"... i ¡- ' ~- l'- t(l ~-i!Ji ~"-iJ ~- 1 '-~ .J ~ .....
-~ ~ .;; • ..
~ •
_,;¡, ~ [,.(,:~ ..¡, ~ ~- 1:-. y ·i:;rl- ,r ~~
)o
~
r.. r~ l ¡ ¡ 1 1 11 l 1 i 1 J ¡ 1 !1
~~Ji r~ ca;J . 1'1 1'-lh 1'
- . . ; '..:.. ., . :1• ~ ~ ÍP lff¡¡ t::>¡::;::: .----.
... .n:mr. -- . Q :mil ·t: r~ imn. . ! ¡;=¡
•
F ~ ~- v ~ ,. ' .. - . tUlllU __ IJ.¡Jij'
~· ~ FH .. J · .. 1 r ~; L F
r nr rrlll'lllll nrr1 111 ' ' 1 1111 . 1 1 11111 11111 11-
OWER . UPPER
LOOR FLOOR ,..IIIÍiillli

35. The standard lot is .. 26 ~ 6 by 26.6 feet
and the dwel/ing ~nit pl~n .· is cruci ­form
.' Thi;; shape gives.each rogm un it
cross ventilation '· Each dwelling unit
has a front and b~ckyard . The fronf
yard is an intermediate zone between
the public space of the alley, where
• people wi 11 spend a fot of'ti;.r,c, ¡¡nd the
private space oí thedwelling; ;:¡nd can
accommodate a;·variety · of outdoor
. funétions "(he bilGkyard wi:Julp be a
commori sp¡¡ce shared by .four dwell­ing
u~its, ' ánd fynctioQ ' as <J. more pri­vate
,butdoor.sp¡¡ce for, veget¡¡ble gar­dening
a11d · chickeri '; raising. The
grÓund leve! is a m~dti : use space, ~nd
the second floor .. is Íor sleeping.
The Japanese team gave the conserva­tion
of water a very high priority. Lo­cated
at modular points along the
alleysare combined kitchen and sani ­tary
. uriits (above) with a rain catcher
. suspended from a trame on top. A
compi:lst privy toilet system has· been
: proposed to save water and to secure
human waste as ferti!izer for agricul­tura!
uses . .Because it is necessary to
prov.iqe alternatives to the use of wood
and 0 il as'fuel, the use of methanegas
is also récommended. In each dwell­ing
u~it, this ~lean-burniñg gas woulq
.be produced naturally by the de~ ay of .
animal and human waste .and .v.egeta­ble
matter in the absence of air ..
ARCHITECTURA~REC ORD May 7976 .. 129

36. - . . .
The third-prize-winning design by Sau lai Chan
makes the most of cluster grouping, , · .
_creating a clearly defined hierar(:hy ~fspaces,
fróm individuallots, to community courtyar~s,
to alleys; pedestrian spines and vehicular roads
Because the competition program principal spine 'of each barangaY,
. called for a human settlernent Architect Chari ·. dei::ided to work
plan that .vou ld foster strong so- with the concept of core housing,
cial ties and cornmunity interac - and propases ihat ihe <:ore be supe
tion, as we/1 as a degree of self- plied by the goverhrnent. The core
suffi cie nc y~by people who . of the individual hpuse would inc
would get about rnainly by foot- · elude the lnitial sahitary services,
archi tect Chan devised a cluster the structural frarne; and the roof. ·
clesign, which he believes best · The iype; size; and nUnlber of
serves this forrn of circulation .. stories requirecl for., each h_ouse .
(pages 132-i33). He believes that. would depend on a government
' a sen se ofsecurity and comrnunity . survey of family size, needs arid
can be · developed by . grouping availablefunds, thus reducing_in i­families
tcigetherwho are engaged tia/ government expenditure. The
in simi lar activities or who . have roof is the most difficult part of
· depended on each other in the house constructibn, becoming
past. Chan proposesthat a survey more so as the house exceeds one
be made of the Tondo squatters to story. lt is, theiefóre, a practicai
discover these family and friend- proposal that the roof be supplied_
· ship linkages. , · · and installed by the gov~riment.
Since no figures fm existing or Tirnbe_r was cho$en as. _the
predicted car ownership were principal building . material · be~ .•
given in the competition prograrn, cause it is cheap, easily.ávailable,
Chan assurried .that 20 per ce,nt of and accepted as permanent (when ·
the 3,500 barangay inhabitants treated against fungus' attack and
would haye cars. His barangay fire) in the Philippines, The resj­plan
(pages 132-133) provides dents, flllthermore, are skilled at
parking for about 700 cars around carpentry and could hándle tbe
the periphery of the barangay ad- timber very weiL . Chan recom­jacent
to the proposed minor ve- mends that the· construction
hiele road, and within the cui-de- process be speeded up by .prefabc
sacs of the service r~ads. · ricating the · e~enial timber wall
Chan points out th<jt since panels Ón the si te. . .. .
most movement within Dagat- Because of their low in~ .
Daga tan would be by foot, bicyele comes, . the new ~-inhabitánts of
· or public ·transport, these· ser.vice Dagat-Dagatan' Vtould be ex-
·. roads (which can be seen o.n the _· pected to use the cheapest av¡¡il- ·
master plan for the entire Dagat- able rnaterials in .expanding their::,
Daga tan si te at right), serve more houses. The fact, al so, 'that . they
as access routes to impo.rtant hubs lack sophisticated ·, power tools
within the site than as surfaces for and heavy rnathinery makes their
bus y vehicular traffic. The vehicles use of more advanced building
us ing these service roads would be technology unlikely.
fire engines, arnbu_lances, garbage lf petroleumproduds are eas-trucks,
or jeepneys: ily available, Chan propases, as
· The s iie plan showing a anexperiment,to.usea fire-retard- ·
group of barangays. aroúnd the ant polyurethane foahi as an infill
town center (ríght top) aiso iridi- between the timberfrarnes of .the
ca tes Chan's hierarchy o( pedes- . party wa'll (see pag~ l3·Ú. This .
trian networks: from the semic, material has been suggested for its
prívate courtyards tO the minor -~ ease of ha!ldling, spe~d of installa­public
paths to ihe main pedes- tion, and abi/ity to be cut faiily
trian spine which links up to the· easily in the _event of alterations.
130 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976
~~~--- ~--
,· .. ·~-: ..
Sau .. La i Chan was ~rn in Malcwsia i~ l946;,and tl"aine~l
~n _arChitecture.at the Nor11l-East LondoÍl rOIYtechnic. .
e: Héearned a mciSter's .de8ree io .Urban design ·
· · f~m_n Ma~chester Universily in 1975.
Th-is_ thi.rd-prize-winning IAF .competilion design
·.-' Wa~ done as his ma~ter~s - degree thesis. ·
' ·-Aftef working with severa! arc hitectural and development firms
· !n LOndon, he is' now wit!1 the Architects Department ,
'ot the-Governmeñt of Malaysi,a. ·

37. ~- .
The site plan above shows a group of
SÓO-family barangays clustered
around the town center. Jhe _main pe­destrian
spine of the barangay under
stu.dy connects the majar activity cen­
·ters within its site and also would ex­tend
to link the hubs of future baran­gays.
Chan points out that in a devel­opment
of the size of Dagat-Dagatan,
(over-all plan at left) it is probable that
d-ifferent architects would design dif­ferent
barangays. In arder to unify the
entire group of barangays, the main
sp.ine should pass through and. inter­connect
each one. Chan's propasa!
also t¡¡kes advantage of the river pat­tern
and !acates the zone <:enters for
each group of barangays along its
banks. The town center for the entire
resettlement area surrounds a man­made
lagoon. lndicated above are the
town center (1 ); the zone i:enter (2);
and the barangay community center
(3).
lHif NO
""""'""'"' SITE BOUNDAR'f
.~ ~ INOUSTRY
~f~tm · ACRICULTURE
Pll8liC OPEN- SPACE
·-~c.~f"d;"t'j;i,9' TRH - PLAN_TING
•..(!,..;:.r-/.:~ .
--~ TilWN . Cu.YRE
o. ~DMMUNITV CENTRES
·o :', ZONECENTRES
., .. :y ' MAJOR PEDES.TAIAN ADUlES
••, RESLOUIT IAI
,._,

38. 1 ELEMENT ARY SCHOOL
. 2 COMMUNITY HALL, HEALTH CENTRE
3 SHOPS, STORES
4 CHAPEL . . ...
5 NURSERY; ÜJCAL SHOP
6 COMMUNAL WATER TAP; LAUNÓRY; WORK~HOP
132 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. May 1976

39. . Chan points · out ·that the courtyard .
concept conforms to the . a·ccepÍed
prai::tice of 1 d fam iiies sharing a coin­inunal
tap. The proposed courtyards
vary in size fro.m 1 Oto 30 families. Not
· only would th.e larger courtyards have
more water taps, but they would seive ·
. as ·lawndry · a;eas, or .contain simple
workshops powered by windmills. The
co'urtyards are interconnected :by
minar pedestrÍan routes 13 to 16 feet
wide. The ·ho0ses are designed so that
their front entrances fa ce these paths.
Chan hopes ' that these circulation
areqs might bewell taken careof since
the inhabitahfs' hous<')s face them. As
the barangay.plan (left) and the isome­tric
inc)icate,· the .houses are staggered
.for variety· and identity. The main pe­destri~
n spine ineande.rs across the en­tire
barangay, ' l)ugging the river bank
and ·oq:asíon?lly punctuated by . the
maj~r activitY cente~_s : In the barangay,
the community center is positioned
near the junction where ·the main
spine changes axis and where .the vis­ual
character of the barangay changes
from b~ing (ight, enclosed and inte­rior-
li.ke to · being . loase, opefl, and
river~~riented.-Recreational a·nd social
acti ~ities ar~. centered. arourid the bas­ketball
c~urts. · The compact groupihg
o( the houses around these basketball
courts. and courtyards, combined with
their separation from veh icular traffic,
should help to create a tranquil envi­ronment
for both family and social !ife.
To the. sáuth of the si te is the proposed
majar expressway C-3. Chan propases
that a combi'ned pedestrian and cy­cling
path should be accommodated
within.the boundaries of the proposed
road. Trees shou ld be planted on artifi­cial
earth barriers along the entire
length of the si te bordering the road, to
screen the sight.and sound of cars.

40. .,
THIRD PRIZE 1 SiU LAI CHAN
FIRST STAGE BY GOVERNMENT COMPLETED UNITS BY ·RESIDENJS ·
; ~ J
--+I--HI--+-4r---lt=f'=,± :F . J .
r.¡_,l.--tllb-..1...: front y rd
·DI. · 111 ~
1
GROUNO flOOR
.. D ~-------¡¡ rb :. ¡.L-
1' J '
FIR·ST FlOOR
TYPE 'A'. ( 11 m X 5 m) 10 persons
GROWTH PROCESS (:A . ~ ·o·,·L,_ Eb'-)~-)t:::j:j - -~fí~ '.'
3 PERSONS (ONE S~TORY) 5-7 PERSONS {iWO STORIES)
TVPE . A·
134 ARCHIHCTURAL RECORD -~V!ay1976
¡
: GROUND~ .FlOÓR ' l
' TYPE ~B'
8-10 PERSONS
,. ·.'
·. ~
( 9m . X 5m)
3 PERSONS (ONE STORY) ·
¡yp¡ B
TYP
7 J

41. LONG SECTI0r4
CJI~ ''
111 11
~7 [
• ..
FIRST FLOOR
7 persons
,f · 6-? PER$0NS
SOLAR PANELS
'
. The initial structural frame of timber
would be attached to concrete . foot­ings;
reducing foundation costs .. The
houses are lifted offthe ground at
various desired heights as ·a protection
against floods . froní the Longos River
and to adjust to different si te gradients;
Raising the house one-story.from the
ground is a traditional form of tropical
construction as well, which helps to
cool the interiors of buildings by al­lowing
the air to flow beneath the
. structure. For· éasy . coristruction and
economy, thé initial roof.fram!s are to·
be prefab trusses.
~ tlMBER ROOF TRÚSS STRAPPED .
'· OOWN TO STRUCTURAL FRAME ;
FIRE RETARDENT
POLYURETHANE FOAM
12MM ASBESTOS LINING
· ON TIMBER .FRAME
DETAii.S
r- J ~~
j1_ ___ __j1_
PARTY WALL ­CONSTRUCTION
" RAIN WATER STORAGE TANK
, BENEATH DINING AREA . .
. (CONCRETE OA DISUSEb METAL PRUMs)
hot . ·water . and drinking . suppln

42. This_ honorable mention scheme by
San Francisco architects Holl, Tanner and Cropper
organizes the competition .site with
a simple series of arcades--"a line that
defines public and private spaces"
This design shares with the win­ning
scherne by lan Athfield - the
impulse to add sorne special ele"
rnent of infrastructure to the usual
site planning and se rvices_ Here
that special elernent is a long ar­cade
(below) that wends its way
through the site and is capable of
delailed development by the in­habitants
of the barangay (as is
projected from left to right in the
drawing below)_ Here, in contrast
tó the first-prize design, the basic ­organizational
structure js through
the center: of the si te -rather than
1. INITIAL CONSTRUCTION-around
its edges-"-a spine that, ac­cording
to the architects, defines
public and private:spaces Impor­tan
tó this scherne as well is the
notion of "fan;ily_- tenure"-th-e
- possession of individu¡J.I parcéls_of
land by relocatéd inhabitanis, so
that the energy and comii1itment
required to develop, them b,eyond
the bare essentials provided in the
design can be stirnulated by the
-certainty of permanent posses:
sion, The arcade-or paseo--pro-vides
the unifying socio-commei'­tial
fulcrum for this investrnent
LOT. UNES, UTILITY MAINS (STUBS FOR ALL UNITS) -­COMMUNITY
BUILDINGS: WASH HOUSES, EDUCATION
CENTERS, COMMUNITY WATER SOURCES
í . ]' ', 1
2. EARL Y RELOCATION _0F EXISTING COMMUNITIES l
TEM PORARY PRIVA TE LA TRINES IN GARDENS
1 ' 1
3- ELECTRICITY CONNECTEO 1 1
1
4_ WASTEDIGESTERS INSTÁLLED-
5_ WATER & WASTEWATER LIN,ES éONNECTED
1 1:
·1
- 1
1
1
Steven M. Holl, james L. Tanner_ahd j0hn Cropper fortned
themselves irito a team to develop their submission-in a rented
room in San Francisco. Hall ·va~ educated at th~ University
of Washington and is currently in reseai-ch at the Architectural
Association in London;.Tanner was educated at·the University of
Houston and has worked for firms there and in San Francisc~;
Cropper was educated in England and practices in San Francisco_
1
:--s- -_---
1 -
1 .
_1 ' -, lA:·
,:; '
1 '
1 -:
1
1 1 - - '
-- -- - J.. - -¡- - - - L - . -
b'(::'d PU8LICSPACE
t== FIRE-RATED WALL­c:
«?í'~j WASTE DIGESTER
1
_¡ ___ _ o _¡ T L_ __ !JT~
1 1
' 1 1 ------- ~- -- -- ~-- ¡- ~-¡
1
136 :ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976

43. The section on the left shows the .basic
· structure of the tilt-up concrete arcade;
together with the provisions for utili­ties
underground.·along the center of
the paseo. Sari-sari · stores can be
added at ground level underneath the
arcade, and housing can be added at
will . above-providing what the de­signers
see· as the "vital ity of mixing
res idences over shops." The ,utilities
system is designed to be a simple
.one-with electric; water and waste
·mains buried in plastic pipes. lnitially,
residents would use community water
sources in semi-publ ic access courts;.,
later, when individual d-,vel ling units
have been ·provided with their own
water .supply, these community
sources would beco me publ ic drink­ing
fountains: .: lnitially, too, sewage
would be disposed of in temporary pr.i­vate
la tr ines; eventually, though, aero­bi<;''
waste digesters would replace
them so that there would be no wáter­borne
sewage. This would avoid the
problem of contam 1 nated flood
waters, and would make it possible to
combine the waste water with the
storm sewer. The drawing on the right
shows the fully deve loped .arcade.
ARCHITECTUR_AL RECORD May 1976· 137 .. ·

44. 138 ARC HITECTURAL RECORD Mav 1976
The drawing on the eft shows one part
óf the cbn~petition· site with only the
. basic ihfrastructure in place~the ar'
éade and the lot lines. The lower.
drawing shows the site fully devel­oped,
with almost all of the lots built
upon and the paseo arid the purok
square · rernaining free. as organiza'
tional loci. The dra;wing on the i ight
.shows the entire barangay sit·e, with
the barangay square, or lown center,
in the upper left-hand portian. Pairs of
purok squares, organized ar:ound sari­.
sari stores and playing grolitldS, are al
either e'nd ;or the site, as are wash
h'?uses for la'undry and baths. These are
designed to1 have a simpl e flatplale
solar colle¿tor system with a lar.ge
storage' ta r1k. As the community
evolves, ho/ water could be provided
as we1 0;1 <1n individual farnily basis by
a sim ilar principie·. The public spaces ,
are arranged fn the plan for changing
uses. The barangay square, for · in~
stance, which· rnight ' be a qu iet en­.
trance space on a Sunday morning,
may·al so· be occupied by a f ish market
on SatLirday afiernoon . The p.tlrok
squares .proyice spaces for neighbor­hoód
meetii1gs as· well as sports; and
they are ·arranged to maxi,;,ize the feec
ing of space ;.,hile allowing · féit. the : :
overlapping community uses. '' '
The location of the · barahgay
square i.s detennihed by the circula:
. tion loop connection to the express­way:
and the juncture of the two rivers
· · (drawi!Jg below opposite).
': ,.'

45. • ~ 1
~ PU!IUC SP.o.CE . ki"'""""'"' ,· J', ADJUSTA.ilLELOT tftiES '
'}" : ~ . VEG~T,o.BLiGAAOE•H•REA
·;@ CCMt~Utftl'( fAC it.ll~S
PIJiiOil SOUAREC: SPORIS. SARI•S.O.RI STOAE$
BAR,O,NG ... YSOUAR! .
PASEO,'AACAOE
FII~[APARK
!. DOCI<S
& WASHHOUSE:lAUNOAY.UOTBAl HS
1 r-JASERYSCHOOUNUTRiliONCEIHER
ll COMMIJNITYWATUISOIJ'ICE •
{UNE SIZEO FOA AU UNITS)
f. CHAPEL
IO. ELEI.1ENT " RYSCH00.2YoUII.fLS
11. HfAlTWCUNJC
: ::: ::AP:I<tG A. YICO!.u.tUHITYCE>H ER
13- ~S. SAfll·SAl'II STORES
1' lONE!lVI.UG41¡fE0UC.>.TIOH ~TEA
1$ POUCE OtJTPOST
i&. P.o..Rl<ING
17. GATEWII.V'OPEI«<Q
1: ADMINISTRA TION BUILDING
2. POLICE HEADOUARTEAS
HOSPITAL
4. MAAKET
5. COMMERCIAL
. -S. UGHT INDUSTRY
7. F~ES TAT LON
8. HIGH SCHOOL
9. 'SPORTS FIELO
10. VIEWING MOUND
11 ZONE MANAGEO FARI.1!1NOUSTRY PLOT
12. EXISTING PRIVA TE INOUSTRY
CJ -COMMUNrTY STRUCTURES
PEDEsTAIAN/StÓCLEIOPEN SPACE
1
,f'ARKS
JWElllNG + VEGET ABLE GAAOENS
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 139

46. This honorable mention
b}"' .Robert F. Olwell andjim Fóng
proposes an unusually ord~red site plan
with ·a hierarchy of public ar11enities
that ultimately focus on · th~ adjacent river
The jury admired the over-all clar­ity
of this design and the straight­forward
simplicity of the individ­ual
dwelling units. In the design,
neighborhoods are meant to ac­commodate
groups · of famiiies
with diff;rent preferences, and
each neighborhood would contain
a center that shelters the common
water source. This structure would
in turn become the frame' for the
neighborhood social life~raw­ing
water, washing; lending ch il ­clren
ancl general social ititerac­tion.
Open space with play­grounds
.would also be provided. ,
'I nte rna! pedestrian paths' link
the individual hou ses in e'ach
!le ighborhood . to the neighbor­hoocl
center; major pedestrianand
bike paths then link the neighbor­hoods
with each other and with the
barangay center.
The barangay center is lo-
140 · ARÜilTE(TURAL RECORD May 1976
cated alongthe river(~iteplan op­posite)
and . Hverside. valkways .•
connect it to .otherbaraf1gay
ters sim ilarly locafed .· The batane
gaycenter hasa chapel,ácommuy
nity building with á i)ealth, cli~i'c::·
and an elementary school, and ·
shops and basketball.éourts cll!s>
tered aroúnd the la;gé pláza, The ·
plaza is clesigned to accommodilte
the traditional local market~the
taíipapa-as weil as specialbaranc
gay celebrations.
The architects of this scheme
argue that it allows the illhabitants
to improve their ·surú)urídings ,by
"significantbut small st~ps"<that' ·
begin with the individual hguse
and progress to the neighborhdód
and then to the wholé commúhity,'
honoring the longcexistir,g social '
customs that are shared; the pl~il
does not depend in' any way on
proprietary technical systems.
..
r , architectural. and
nee~ing firm .Reid and TariCs :
""'Ju"'""' Olwell,-educated '
,, at~ th~. UniVersit); of y~táShi1i8ton
,and MIT, ~as worked with ,
Harw-ell-Hamilton Harfis, and
)oseph Esheriek:Fong 0as born
·--

47. ~~' . .'"'~·~· )
ARCHITE, CTURf L RECORD NI;W 1976 1'41

48. HONORAGLE MENTION 1 ROBERT F. OLWELL ANO JI/vi FONG
Typical Unit
Rental Unit -
GROUND FLOOR
Typical Unit
Sl1op
. 142 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976
•'.-':
U~PER FLOOR
·.:__ 4.9M
Typical · Unit
Rental Unit
Place For Hot
_Jl-1 4 9 M
1
T~pical Unit
¡ S~ op .•. :o i 1 "2 3 4 5
~
1

49. Entresuelo
Reinforced
· Conérete Block
Dash cCoated _Reintorced
Concrete 'Block .
& Fire Wall.
Shear Wall ' lfl!ork Shop
The plan of the house is based
on the traditional nipa hut. The
front entrance opens into the
more public room, and the pri­vate
family spaces are. in the
rear, with the entrance frorh the
•
1 bac~ard into the kitchen i The
1 toilet, which uses untreated
water, is in the back in a natu-
' rally ventilaied siructure, which
is part of the rear garden wal L
The bath house, with a drain ·
, only, is adjacent, as is a place
·-•. 'for the storage of fresh water,
. which is brought in frorri the
ríeighborhood water source.
The basic structure lénds it- ·
self to team building, with con­'
·ventional concrete block divid-
. ing walls and wood framing; ·
-galvanized corrugateéhron pro­vides
ihe roof.
-TypiCE!I ÍJnit
Renta! Unit
- FRONT ELEVAiiON
10 cm Fiberboard
hi.sulation Pad
' ' ¡' ' ~ '
. Typical
- Sti9p '
Beams
Bamboo Supports For
Roof .lnsulation
·sala
Shop Area
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May ,1976 143
--- --- ~~-"----

50. An honorable mention by a team .of Mexican architects
headed by Hector Giron de la· Peña .
makes a "human habitat''· by developing
a structural system with local materials
for meeting specific conditions
This design focuses in on the common facilities ke a ¡)la~:..
problem of deslgning , individual ground, a· laundry, llvater ,supply_,
dwellings-a problem which the and sewage disposal: The neigh'­architects
see as havingto.do with , borhoods inturn groiJp together to '
the local . characteristics of · .the' form the barangay);lhich has so~ ·
site. Thus the units. have raised cial facilitiéslike a.school, stores,
floors (to avoid flooding) andtheir a medica! dirlic arid sports f~cllic
basit structural unit is a triangle __ t!cs (see ·site plan cpposite). ·
(to resist earthquakes). In additior1, The.architei:ts seethe success
wind can pass freely thtough them of the individual dwelling units as ·
(in the event oLa typhoon): The depending-upOf! three factors: ·1)
houses are framed in simply tri- adeqwate .sheltér,- 2) good locaJ i­angulated
sections of wood, and zation (meaning adequate job opé
covered with local ly ~wail able portunities and urb.an ameríities
materials (see drawings below and nearby), and 3) security of ten~
below opposite). Eath house has ancy. In achieving the latter. goal
an area of about 38 square meters they "do not pr¿pose private own~
(41 o square feet), and houses are ership, but instead 'a long-lease
bliilt éontiguous to ea'ch other, so systern for individual ten~nts, with
that pairs of neighbors can. begin transference of the lease lirnited
by erecting party walls and then by the leasing authority . .They
move on to the . construttion of argue that prívate ownership is an :
their own interior living spaces. unstablé solution for l ow~iricome
Groups. of. '12 to 14 houses people because ofthe temptation
forrn a neigh~lor ~ood, arid this has to sell in an ern~rgency.'
Hector Giron de la Pefia is
a Mexican-born architect who
has studíed ·and prac'ticed
there and in Europe. He now
teaches at the Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de Mexito.
GirOn de la Peiia'was the
head of a tea m for this
Cotnpetition. entry;
it also included Rau! Santana
Romero, arC:hitect and erigineef,
and Mario Rebolledo Zarate,
architect. .
144 ARCHITECTURAL RECOR[) May 1976 . ..

51. A . COMMUNITY CENTER (BARANGiiY)
8 · ElEMENt AAY SCHOOL
C CHAPEL
D HEALTH CLINIC
E MULTIPUAPOSE COVER AND SHOPS
F PLAVGROUNDS-GREEN AAEA
G PUROK CENTER ' .
H VEHICLES
1 · SAF!I-SAAI STQAES
J COMMUNITY PARCELS . .
K PATIOS WITH COMMUNITY WATER SOURCES
L PRINCIPAL PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLE ROUTES
M FISHING ANO RIYER AREAS
N TALIPAPA-MARKET
ARCH iTECTURAL RECORD May1976 145 ~.
--~~--------~~~--~~--------~--~--~~~~----------------~----------~~----~-------- ·

52. Honorable mention by a tea m of ·
japanese designers, led ·by ,
Akira Kuryu, • develops an inexpensive
and efficient building system
based on a concrete block module
and using the "workable group approach';
Tf1e architects of this design ássert
· that the most effective way .to .
make a self~help scheme work is ·
to rnaxiniize both the use and the
efficlency of labor and materials; .
todo this, they propasé a cornpact
design based on a "wo.rkablé
group" of self-helpers. Their sur"
vey of Tondo residents incli cated
that the average farnily has clase
relationships with about 20 other
families. Alsci, research indicated
that in se lf-help construction proj­ects
a single foreman can super­vise
the construction of from 1 O to
25 houses. Thus a basic grouping :
of frorn 1.6 to 20 houses was , de­cicled
on, and a system of modular
concrete blocks was developed,
using locally availabie rnaterlals
stored in bulk within the ba~angay.
Climatic conditions:aré ta.ken
into consicleration.by the grouping
of the houses to reduce ihe num­ber
of walls bn which sunlight
·fa li s, and b/ using the loca l cus­tom
of a masonry grouncl floor
(which stays cool during the day)
and a wood-framed upper floor
for the bedroorns (whicb C:ool
down quickly in Íhe eveni ng).
Maxirnum i.Jse is. rnade of the pre­va
iling winds ando( sea bréezes
in the placernent of the groups of ·
housés, .and every house has a
patio, as shown in the plan on the
opposite page.
. '
The team .. known as· the Akira i<wyu
Studio S¡iace. Media consists of · ·
tfrom left.tb rigHt and top to
bottom).Akiia Kuryu; Akihiko
Hamada, Hiroshi Miyazaki, Jun
Matsui, Takeshi Aqy;igi, SusurilU
Masuda, John D. Lanib and
Kazynobu Kakita.
'
[
1
· The drawings above sh6,;; thé basic
modular tonérete bi'bck. (top) and the
mold ' with ;vhich it tiin bé . made.
Below (and froril left tq right ~ndtop. io
l:íottom) are the vaiious i.Jsés ~to which
it t an biopui: aj a st~~d~ra l wal.l, a
¡:lat1o, wall, a~ ,;, ope;l~ng ·fo1; P.1Pes1. a
vindow, paving; signs; a_bench, '¡i(ant-..
ers, garbage cans, wáter' fountairí s, bí­cycle
racks and ext~r¡or floocjlightili g.

53. the seéond:floors
,, . . of 'wood
they .would thus ,cool
· iCkÍy ¡¡t nighf. Hie
floors ar" · masJe of the
lar .:oncrete·blp.cks,
tend to stay cool dÚring
day. .
, The , dr~wings on the right
(from top toboitom) , asec~
¡hroúgh a typic~ 1 house, the
o~ plan, .. and · the
. plari.

54. A.mongthe .
non~prerniated ·
entries there is an
instt•uctive ·. variety of
clear and useful ·d eSign .itleas .• ..
There was a generally high leve! of thought and execution thatwent
into rnany of the cornpetition subrnissions, but it was inevitable,. of .
course, that many plans that represented fine ideas (a!id a lotof work)
would not win. Ail this good effort, nonetheless,wa5' not in va in. Somé.
of the yoi.mger architects who ente red found that, ih a'dditionto sh~rp­eriing
their own skills, they had through th.eir workdeveloped a majo( .·
addition to their fledgl ing Jirm's · portfolio. Others . haye already Úsed
the ideas generated in their: competition entries to seéure contraci5for
work in countries other.than the Ph ilippimis, Most iniporiant ohill is
the fact that ideas are wh~t the competitionwás finallyall ábout¡ even
vhen they did not precise! y fit the jury's particular expectátioris; ihese
ideas cin still have hroad applicatiorí to thé prohle¡¡.;of housillg he
póor everywhére. . .· ... · ·. .
Afterthe jüdging in!ancouver, RECORD editors Of1ciJding Mi id red
Schmertz who was a mehÍber of the jury) sele.tted a series of partic0,
lar! y clear ideas that were the essence of severa l. noncpremiated de·
· signs. these are showri on thé following eight .pages: ·while every de­sign
is not shown infu ll, tne c~ntra l ideas are. lri general, théyfall ihto
two categories: constrúctión technologies (Which are showh fifst), and
·community planning, thefqrmer were intended to provide .soh1eper­mallent
framework Jor the inhabihmts' lhdiviCÍuaiízed efforts. Ex'
amples of the latter category are widely divergent~ranging frbm ·
groups of houses scattered. Íoo~eiy across the 5ite . to more forma l
schemes where _land use is rigidly, sometí mes hlerarchkally, defined .
. What «" of tlie schemes dn the following eight pages have in
COiilmOn is this: they al! tend to recdgnize that thé preCise piahh ing
of every detail is ndt just difficult but downrÍght iriappropriate in the •
design of self-help hous ing. In one bf the followingschemes th.e de­signer
deciiríed eve11 · t.o show tenta.tive el~vatiorís . fo,r his proposed :
housing, arguing that the details could not be predi<:ted, and that only
the over-all guidelines-or ideas-could. . .. . .. . ... . ·
Showing the folloWing collection of ceritriil design concepts is río!
meani to dei1y the richness of secondary areás 6f cóncerri that the
complete submissions. reflected. For instance, oríe se heme (page J 53)
vvent into considerable detail describing the problems oÍ oWríership
and of the concentration of labor required to erect individual hoUS?S·
The designer prop()sed .to limit the ownership of houses to,actual resi­dents,
and to limit the resale price to ihe amou'ht of eq'úítythe residents
had accún1ulated. He also:próposed a labor bank for the parts of the
construdion that would require rÍJany hands; individual builders
cquld accumulate labor credii for their own houses .by worklng ·on
other people's construction proJects. · .· · ·
Fortunately;such secondary ideás-arid indeed the priniary idéas
of matiy otner Ímpórlallt submissions-wi!Í not reniairi permanent cas­ualiies
toa monthly magá~ i ne's Íackof space. TheyWill be shown at.
an exhibit sponsored by The lnternational Architettural Foundation .at .
the Vancouver Art Gallery throughout HABITAT,: the UN Cohference
on. Human Settléments, (rvhy 31 ,jut1e 11 ,·•i 976),-and then will be. the
;ubject of an ARCHITECTURAL _RECORD bookto be publlshed . ~ext year.
148 ARCHITEáURAL RECORDMay i97G
WOOD
~LOOR
TYPICAL ELEMENT.
CONé. FÜ>OR .
,ROO SLEEVE & r:6l
. COLUMN KEYSL!:f:J
BEAM TIE LOOP
. . ' SYMMETRICÁL .
~AC~fl~L . CAGE : SiMILAR
• . ~ CO ~ UMN &
. A,NO, SEAM •
POUREO CONc'
. l'boTING
I'OWND~TIONAPPL ICAfiON ·.·
One on-site form (dráwii1g, . above)
could. Cást the lJ-shaped an¡f',other
cqncrete elemeríl> tosupport .a ¡com-
. plete two-bay~width ,hous~ ~~ two
· days. Thé typ~eál elements, 11~d , by
·• gradé beams, can be used foj fo.unda- .
· tióhs; and are groovedto r~¡t'eive, a va- '
riety of.infill. máteri~ls(sections shown
. on far right). Matériál costs á re ~al ued ·
equal.to those. foi wóod construcition.
. ' . i .1..
+ :f . ,_·
~
+ r~~c:Ih~.·-_ ::-•·-~~~. · . - ~· ..
. ._1¡, ,,
·;.. :
/endfrorne / Sur-Veyt: Exa:M::Jtion·
1 1
(

55. .. Exarnpl.e::tliesestrong
·precast.concreteJrames
· ,. •. . 1
·• to.support tenantsÍ own
con~truction, pro~osed
qy a tea m headed lb y
• 1
, 'architect Gerald Jbnas
TIE ROO
Submitted by a New Yor)< City . to ·.be ·maneuvered to prepared
team, that inc!uded an éngineer, · footings by teams of tenahts; there
· this proposal-notsurprisingly-' · they would be as·sembled to form
contained a. high.)evel of innova- rigid frames of Úp to tvvo-and-tive
teChnical · input Addressing a-half-stories (drawing ·below)
.the problem of the structural · connected to the .footings by tie
SOUndneSS Qf tenants' OWf) C()n- . rods. (;rooved surfacés in the
struction in an a,rea subjec(to ty- trames would allow an interlock-phocins;
Gerald Jcinas, Hénry S te- inginfill of :,.;óoden floors and of
phehs~n, J~ff "anderberg and Sil- ~a!ls oí any· ava ilablé . m¡¡terial;
vian ·Marcus proposeci that each from concrete bloc~ to corrugated
.homesteéldei pe Sljpplied with ·a metal to -woven barnboo. · One
basic :Set óf 16 concrete l.J -shaped . wall and one plan k floor of con-c<:
irnpqnents, plus .beams, 'planks cret~ -.yoyld provide braci11g.
arid a concrete pracing panel. In the proposai,'the architects
These .elements; financeq .by the · · emphasiÚid · fle~ibility. The pro­governm~
nt and d1st cin the sita, ¡:irietary strüctures ca[] be skewed
_ wciuld be srn.alland ligh¡enough to adapt'to irregula,r lo¡lines. The
CONNECTING
?elt Help .lhfi 11
only precision task is the leveling
and spacing of footings. Upgrad­ing
of the encloswre materi als can
be accomplished in increments
according tO the abilities.of the in­habitants,
and qoes not require
basic rebuilding. The architects
also emphasized the long-term
económies of . investment in per­rnanent
re-usable parts, the short­terrn
economies · of the labor-in­tensiva
fabrication with erectior)
of the parts by . residents, and the
possibility of an on-going eco­~
omic benefít to the residents in
having an ' oh-site industry fabri­ca
te the concrete elements for
otlier sites.

56. NON.--PREMIATEO ENTRIES conrinued
Example: these concrete
towers that partially
support constrúction
and house sanitation .
faci 1i ties, proposed
by Kiyoshi Seike ,. .
japanese arch itect Kiyoshi Seike
of the Tokyo lnstitute of Technol­ogy,
pwposed that the · govern­ment
furnisb each family with tvo
in-place, precast-concrete "core.
posts" which--"-wh ile. partiaiJy ·
sup.port ing owner-built con-·
struction up . to two-and~a-half- ·
stories-h igh-vvould also i::onta.in
a kitcherr and bath in the respecc
tive structural elef1lents.: Co·n~
nected by grade bearns at the bot-
. tom, the core posts:-sUpplied
with wooden ribs bolted o~~
woul.d forrn an earthq~ake and
storm-proofanchorfor the usüally
rnorefragile construction attached.
(large drawing below); they might
. .
As the barangay was fllling··with resi- ,
dents (photo, above}, ii would revéal a·
landscape of both ·stark concrete-core
to~ers, conta inin·g sanitary: fac ilities,
and houses built by . residents .around .
them. The precast towers would be in­stalled
by a crane (drawing opposite, .
top), travelirg over a linear ·.utility
trench. Houses- althciugh subjéct to
the availabiiity of materi<lls and ·
owners' des i res-are . S!Jggested .. to ·be
in split- level forríi on e.ither side 61 .thé ·
cores, and iri groups of six aró.Lind a
common utility connection.
••• • • GAS PIPE
- · - · - W.A TE A SUPPL Y
--. ..... RECYCLED WATE~ SUPPLY
••••• .WASTE "PIPE .
"' oo;xn .SOiL P!PE
150 ARC~IITECTURAL RECORD ,'-'f•Y 1976
even . provide refuge under ex- While Seike has given a clear
treme conditi on.s. Croups of six indi cation by his beautilul delin­houses
vvouíd be loé:ated ·around a eations of the ariti c::ipated forms •'
central. "energy point,!' yvhere the houses could take; he also ern ~
. their utility lines wou.ld connect phasizesflexibility and qwne;;.-par~
with the m a in utility lines located · ticipation i11 the · designo--fás he
in a coveréd trerch (d iagrarn, bot- has in ¡he.over·all pl ¡¡n nirf . Shad­tom).
This . arrangernent woula ing devices ar1d the potive él- '
generate an intermediate sized 50' . fects dn natur.¡¡lventilatior of the . '
cial unit of mutually dependent. separated pdsts-'-as well athat of
. tarnil i e~ around the loÓse ly dé- the suggestéd split,level ari--a(lge­fined
cp¡_rrtyards coritaini~gutility merit of rooms~were among llís '
connections. (see large ' dravving, techniqúes for _. cllmate control: ·'
opposite page and site plan, Óver: AnJ hi5 sensitivedesuiption óf his
leal) . . Such interdependénce design's intended socializing el'
would be emphasized · by the .·fect bn thé residents of"the baraoc
diréct relation of livin¡(rooins_tb· gay prov~s his strong life sty le
CóUrtyards a11d shared functions.. COilCerns. ¡
1

57. . .
.
LEYBLI~4~ _·
. ~"~ -~
: •.·
. · .• :·=:··
1
1
1 1 ·¡ i - 1
1
1
1 :.
- Q ' o,~
·1 o: r.o .•
' ,. :~ .. l •
L .:¿
1 800x 4,500 x 1,500(depth)
Excava ing by Power Shave
¡:;::;:¿ - ~L._, - ----¡, ~~. !!l1 1 t---l~
. ~
o • ,o ';o.
~f o.
'.-;
30cm in thi ckness
.. o,
• ? o
0,0,•00
·o, o.
.o:
. ··.·:··..
:·:
' ' •
., . o."a( ;•
~)~·

58. NQN-f>REMIATED ENTR!ES continued ·
Neighborhood plans,
can be generated both by
the uti lity lines
--and ahumane concern
for small-scale spaces
Continuing his sensitivity to téch- buildings are regarded as assets,
nological and life style concerns which Would provide visÚ.al yai'i­alike
(d isplayed 'in his prbpqsal for ety ¡¡nd accommodate differing
the housing. units ·shciwn qn the communal funct ions-like basket~
last two pages) Kiyoshi Seike pro~ ball, · miukets ánd méeti ngl;'""":
poses that e'ach barangay be la id w~ile still. á.llowing fai.rly direct
out by· a comrnittee of residents. access to the center. The alleys
But the . arrangement :of houses betweel} groups · of houses .woÚid
would be loosely controlled by 'form eddies . in the main t~affit
the nature of freely placed 1in ear ·flow lo~ quiet cornmunity activi­utility
trench'es (see drawing, p·agé 'ti es like réading and talkihg. Ea eh
150, bottom). The trenc.hesradiate barangaywóuld be surround!'!d by
from a c;én.tral point between . .the a,communal vegetable garden bn
. buildings of the comrnunity center · a to mmunity-definí~gearth berm .
(sh¡:¡ded area in diagram,_ righ,t). (section, below): lt is plahned that
The irregular. widths andwinding many goods (especially materiaJs ·
plans of thé S paces that wouldnat- . -apd equip[T1ént durjhg the .. con-.
ur¡¡lly occu~ . between . rows cif . str.uction) "Yould ¡¡rrjve ~y water.
,:In his presentatión to the jury, Seike. in'
'i· cluded diagratns (righÍ); whiéh explain
the desi;abilityoffreely formed public
spaces.:· While each pathwáy leads to
the community center, it is iust enough:',
off o( a straight alignment to provide "
. interest (diagrarii, top). Betause of the.
irregular community sites,- constantly
changing ·path . widths are bound tci .
provide v.arying .spaces. The .bottdm .. '
'diagram ili'ustrates the passive areas in
alleys. ·
ar

59. operYarea for.common
Lt~es, as probóséd by
árchitectlwao Ontima
;¡:- '·.
'
Another Toky~ ~rchi tectproposed area would · plac~ a maximum
a very differerit plan from that of nümber of houses clos.e to the res­Kiyoshi
Seike on the opposite ident!( .own plots, and wide pe­page:
lnste;>d ofdistributing open . ripheral walkwayswould also ac­space
;>nd houses in a fairly loase · commóc:Jate ·emeigency vehicles.
manner on almost al of the si te, Sew~ge treatment for the entire
lwao Onwma prC)poses that the community coüld be processed
houses be búilt in tightly-knit w ithin the open aréa anq the
groups ofíour (see isometrit vi~w) effluenL percolated lnto the soil.
with concrete kitchen,toilet wnits· Water supply for agriculture, toi­at
the lot lines .and intersecting ' iets ' and washing · would come
concrete party walls. M~ch of the fro¡n the river through 'open chan­remaining
materials .. wow ld be • neis ar()u~d the common area.
supplie.d by· the tenants. The re- Des pite the rather den,.se con- ·
sulting savings .ih _larid coverage struction that ·wowld occui, the
would allow a large central com- scheme hasthe ap~eal o( provid­mon
area for primarily ~gricultural ing· ~u'l urban character w ith its at­use.
The elohgated shape of the tendánt h!erarchy of spaces.
..
••••VEHICULAR
TRAfF!C
PATTERN
The efongated shapes of the .common
a;eas would conform to a group · of
cominunities in a manner shown at the
top of the page. The tightly knit house
layout necessary to produce the ·open
space is shown below . .Jts con­struction
sequence can be seen in .the
various stages. of progress i ~ the
perspective drawing. The lc:>cation of
the community center at théentrance
from the majar roadway; the large
central open · areá, and the small pri­vate
yards of the houses define a very
strictpattern of and use.
ARCHITECTU~AI: RE¡::OR.D ,~Jay 7~16 •. 1.53
¡ ·, .

60. Nüi'I-PREMIATED ENTRIES continued
And one planning ·<'•
proposal by architect
Kum-Chew L ye
proposed intensive
use ofthe water
that covered the site
'i> 154 ARCHITECTÚRAL RECORD May .1-976
Responding to the fact thatthe si te the construttiori si tes and later to
had been covered with fish ponds, the houses (d rawi ngs below). In
Kum-Chew Lye of the University sorne areás, tliese pipes would
of Manitoba de;igned a plan that .support ternporary stru~tures for
would lace the barahgays with a . markets and provide shade frorn '
systern of ri ver-fed hlain channels . the sun (drawing, rightl. BecáLise
leading to navigable srnaller chane of the low elevation·of the land rec
neis petWeen each rpw of hoiJses. quired to promote'a free flów of •
These waterways woUid provide wáter, ea eh barangay woulcl have
drainage and allow small boats· io a refuge rnound for saféty during .
cjeliver . goods and pick up gi'll·: storrns. Lye ernphasizes the small -
bage. S mal! concrete channels amount of fill tliat would be re- ·
'áround each house -(shaded rec- quired by · his scherne. He al so
tangles ori the- plan, opposit~) points out that the high grourid
would provide positive drainqge floqrs required -to raise lidng areas
for gróund floors: Over eaclí ,.¡Jac aboVe flciod levels can be used for
terway, ganged pipes woúld bri'ng residentiaÍ expar~sion a~d ihe .·
potable water and utilities firstto ownérs' coinmercial enterpri5es.
( 2)
' i 1 j .
L ye was one of rnany entrants
wbo · etnphasized that, eve.n
though their drawings ·suggested
defrnite forrns for pver-al l plann ing
·. and for li'ousesandutilities, the di­'
vérsity aristng from det<iiled plan-,
f1ing by the residents was not orily
jnévitabfe but .desirable H is pro­totype
.! hóuse· would have a
pOLited ~o r1crete gr~und floor and
concrete colurnns supportiilg ' a
wood strudure ab6ve. sheathed in
~orrugated galyanized roofing and
·adjústable- vertical · louvers, in'~
~teád of walls. Cooking facilities
would· be placed on :¡he second
!~ve!, and washing .. and sanitar'y
facilities on the first floor.
The pJans at left
various systems inclividually .fol~
an entire barangay. At the top; .·
· the main waterways are shovvri
with ·heavy lines, broken to in- ·
dicate bridge locations, and the
llghter li.nes are the secondary
carÍals (with stub leeders) be"
tween rows of houses. The m id-
. die plan shows elevated utilty:
lines above the canals, and the
bottom plan indicates the locac
tion 6f walkways between the
,éanals. In the plan (opposite)
/ the systems come together be­tween
the ·indicated ground­floor
drains of the individual
houses. Wide pedestrian streets
alternate with the narrow utili­tarian
rear yards. The typical ,
sanitary arrange1nent · for a
house ·is shówn l~l ow.
( 1) ope'tl dra i·njce c.Jn a l
(2) precast conC rete d ra in a~e
( 3 ) s"ept i e· tan k
( 4 l sewer pire
(5) dr inking wa ter
(6 ) wash ina ;.·afer
( 7) sub uti'lity li ne
( 8) coo.l<i nq
(9) washin9.ha·th and t o i l et

62. A RECORD staff análysis ·•ofthe tesults:
The housing and commun~ty· design input was : ~xcelle~t,,
but perhaps even more irnportanf was the thinkin~l ;
about how much t~chnology is appropriat~, how tóJina~ce
the projects, and the best ways to help motiv~te~ ~1epple· .. ~ .
As car~fu l study of the foregoing pages will indicáte, the li:áding com"
petitors in the IAF competition differed widely inthe degree of tech­nologital.
sophistication .. proposed for the hbusing>At the extreme 'of
zero téchnology, archite.cts Holl, Tann~r and_Cropp~r suggestthat th~
new inhabitants of the Dagat-Qagatan resettiemeht areabuild tll!=ir
dwell ings as best they can, as they always ha ve (p¡¡ges 136-139). The
government would construct an arcade, which, accordingtCÍ t~e archfc · .
tects, would be "essentially the construction of a line, defini[1g public ·
and priva te space ." Bey~nd this, the government would prCÍvide ,a
1ninimum of utilitiesfor the biological lile of th.e human com~un ity.
Amorm the competitorswho called for moderate use of the pro­cesses
oí industrialization and prefabriéation for the .housing was the
firstpr ize winner, lan Athfield (pages 1.14-123), who proposed that th~ ·
coconut palm become th~ basic .material for prefabricated panels and
éhip-básed cement .blocks. Many coillpetitors, partitularly th~ )apa­nese1
proposed high-technology solutions predicated .upon the as­sumption,
that the.,G6vernment of the. Philippiríes would inv'est in the
plants and equiprnent necéssary to manufacture the basic cornpo­nents.
The second pfize scheine by Tagaki Design Associates most
fully realized the potential of fhis approach. Alrriost no competitors
proposed prefabricated; lightweight plasticcapsule~ as dwellirÍg Units .
lt can be assumed that thearchitectural and plimning professions are
now more aware 61 the drawba~ks of such an approach.
The leading qJmpetitorspaiq careful attention to the problems oí
' . ' / ·: ' -- -~ . . _ . .. ·- , . '·, ' ._ . . ··_. '
water suppl)(, waste manágement and energy conservation. Most pro-posed
systems of water .. collediol'), solar heating panels, and the use
ofcorwerters to transforni biologicálwastes into·metharie gasaf)d/cit
fertilizer" The use . of gárb<;~ge iS fertilizer was also ~idely ret.om-~
mended. ,The competitofs ,showéd á great i_nterest in the use of wind­mills
as an energy so.Lircé. .
The competitior(program urged the compétitors to suggest ways
in which the housing could be financed, and this.request drew a wide
response .. Hector Giron de)<{ Peria believes thatthe limd should re­main
. pui:¡li~ property and .be administered by the .municipality. lndi-·
vid!Jál tenantswould be given 50-year leases, with ayear! y or monthly .
payment which cou!d be dela);ed until the buildingpe~iod was com­plete.
He ,is against prívate ownership of the. lar,1d which he cons.iders
an unstable solutiofl for low~inéome people who.may'be forced to sell
their property in the all-too-1 ikely event that they b.éccíme presseo for
cash. Hé believes thatthe squatters should f.Orrn a coinmunity l~ousing
associati on which.wciuld ,bé.legallyconstituted to borrow money Íor
house c6nstrudion. This organization would ini:rease: collective re­spohsibilityand
.minimize risk. Housing loans, in his opinion, 'shoúld
not be givén directly to individuals. Monthly payments would be made
by the inhabitants to their hóusing association, whose directors (from
the community) would take into account the econoniic circumstances
of each family and dispense the necessary penalties for non-paymént.
Hon.o~able rnention winners ). Fong and R. F. Orwell, (pages 140-
143), share with almostall of the other competitofs, anothér point of
156 . ARCHITECTURAL RECORD 'May1976
. view. They believe thát self owhershippf hÓuse and landby the iqhab­itant
' V,ould be goodjnsurance forthe success of the projectWJwther
it is achieved by,Contributed labor;by rent.equity, ?r by sorne . . . · ·
: 'of subsidy, it is .the ~né elemeñf that . cángén"rate the pride, res pon­.
· sibilityandihe upkéep which ' wili' mal~ . th~ ·project' á c;:redit t'o :it~
' . ovvñe~s; itscity and íts 'natión." .. .. . . ' 1 ·. ··. . . . •. . t
· . · C::ompetitorlwao Oriuma (page 153), bélieves that the. inhabitant .
· ~ustbe képt.from selling his valuable new iesidence to outside !ande'
lords, He' pr()pose; that n6 ·owner with 'an ioutstanding mortgagé be
allowéd io s.ell his pro~erty. He m ay, upon! leaving the
CE;iv(:! ónly, the valué qeditedto him. No mortgage holder would h!=
• allo.wed to obtai.n any formol refinancing or : s~cure any loan using his'.
p~qperty ás collatér<1l. In his proposal, all land, utilities, public facili- . . ' . ' . ' .- - - ¡ ' " .
ties, and other dev~.lopment costs wo.uld be initially governrnef)t fi-.
·nanced. This public investrnéhfw6uld be' repaid by long-term, low-ii1:
terest mortgages qbtained by the settlers. Those unable to pay install­ménts
on their· mort~~ges would contribute ,the ir labor to the project
The inhabitant would finance his own house through credits given for
the va lue.of.his original property (assumipg he hada legal right to it),
through the cortribution of. his own labor, and through savings .. '
A number of competitors have proposed that the relocatecl f<lrni ­lies_
simply be giventenure and notbe burdened with rnortgage pay~
ments thky. cannot, afford. Holl, Tanner and Cropper point out that
"the ironitproblem of government rtlinimál housing is that the f.ami­lies
that.are the most needy, the ones wifl1many small children, are
. often exciUqedf~om the hous!ng beca use of in~bilityto meet m'"'<'~"" '
payr,nents. E ven wheri they are in occupancy the possibility'of eviction
uriderrriines the family sense of security .and has the effect of reducing
enth,rsiasm to invest energy in developing.the bÓuse."
rYÍgst otthe leading competitors. assumeJ thauhe best vvay to help
th,e inhabitanis to pay for their houses anclto improve their econornic
life in ·general, was to incorporate labof intensive industries on
resettlerilent site. Severa! proposed that the procluction ~~ building
cornP,onentsJor the housing and cornmunity faci lities be one of these
industries. Eventually these building product ma:nufacturing plaríts ,
could serve thé wider metropolitan area. lt was al so proposed that the
inh~bitants incre~se their·agricultural activity, pmviding food for
Manila region . .
Finally and rnost importantly, in the best cornpetitors' design su(¡,
missions, .the cult~re, tradition and basic human needs of the Phi lip­pÍne
squatter were respected. Absent was the deplorable tendency
attribute)ow status . to non-Western cultures ano life styles, ancl
versely ·tÓ assign high prestige values to the high technology of
developed world. Aqvanced technology, when proposed, was incor'
porate¡:l for its us~fulness, rather than mere! y for its symbolic value. ·. ·.
Perhaps the most significan! achievement of the IAF ~ompetition
is the fact that Jor. once atter.tion has been paid to all ol thé
and interrelated considerations which must be thought through.if
céssful human settleh1ents are to be achieved.-~M.F.S.

63. .,,
World .leaders in the struggle to improve
conditions of human settlemelltaround the world. . . . ; . 1
urge--in these 'comrnents-rnore planning 1
and design input of the kind .generated
by the lnternationa~ · Design Competition
1 . .
Barbara Ward, noted author
and economist:
worl<: The prestige óf " moderh/' 1 rnay well cut down enormously squatters whO-are obscene,
often imported. rnaterials; · has·' on social costs sihce citi~ens 0ho the etdnomit circumstalices
The fol/owing is excerpted · froni.
tended iri many aréas to'reduce , careare the best guatdians ottlle· mak~ squatter settlements neces -· ·
." Human Settlements: Crisis and
· the use of lot a résburtes arid tci séttlements in which they.live. Vi- sarythat are obstené .. ·' . . ' ~-·
Opportunity," an unoffiéial report
inhibit expe.riment .in loi::al ly prQ- • · qlence,· apathy, aimless déstrJc" · Though the dy~·amÍcs of. p'Óv· : ·
. published by. theMinisiry of St ate duced variants of roofs; .. piping. tion, a bus y policeforc(:'andover- erty ih the · Cities differ subsian~ ·
1 for Urban Affáirs, Ottawa, Carie
ada. The report . is basrcd ón a
rneeti!ig bf experts preparing foi:
HABITAT.
The environment in human settle­ments
is deterniined· by a variety
of factbrs'-social, funcJioral, spa­tial-
but the most immediate, in­esc~
pable and profound · inf!u­ehces
are social ihfluences exer­cised
in the first instance in the
home. Here th~ family survives as
a biologica unit; with the hope of
adequate income, diet,, shelter
and privacy in accordance with
the world's vast variety of dí mates
and cultures. Here citiiéns re­ceive
their first educatibn<;~l forma­tion.
Here they learh-or do not
learn~love¡; sécurity and the
sen se of how . to ive .vith other
human beings. The housé is the
core, the central place, the starting
point of al lile in human settle­ments,
in short, df hulllan .. life it­self.
The tragedy thatfollows from
the world's record of blighted
housing and decaying . slums is
that it can deprive the citizen of
the very foundations oí security
andse1-respect. '
Al sodeties are in need of re"
search for: new . ideas ahd · tech ­niques
in such critica fields as
more productive building technbl­ogy,
the better use of materials
and machinery, flexible and effi­cient
means of mobilizing _savihgs
for use in settlements, partiGularly
tor low-cost housing. But the need
for new concepts is mucli gi·eater
in develojJing areas. Muth "adc
vanced" techriolcigy_c_aiméd as it
· is át capital-iritensive, labor-sav­ing
methods__.:.is quite out of place
in ecónomies in which a quarter
of the labor force . m ay be out of
158 ARCHITECTURAL RECOR.D May 1976
floor surfaces and so (orih. Planc crówded penal iristitutións are al .. tially from those in the cdimÚy~·
ners have al so t~1~ded .toneglett costs ~hich neéd n<it be :pa(d if side, the key to dealing wllli•then1
the degree to which ilr.oup, savings ! citizens and their t~milies teel, in ~0th is fundá~eríiallv the .sanie.
and cooperative schemes , tan bé 1 the jJrófouridest sen se, that tliey Whatis réquired are p9l icies ~nd >
JSecÍ to intreáse invesÍníent in · are "athorhe.'' ac:':tiOns that will assist the póor to ~ ·
h::;0sing withcut ,.~_tourseto elab- inciease theii productivity: f':ri: :·
orate, often jJrematLire, individ ual Robert 5. McNamara, marily, this calls· for measures tliai
mortgages. An uncritical cJit of presideht, will re m ove· barr.iers to their earn,.
high technology . and rroderriity' WorldBankGroup: .. · ing . opportuhities ·and improve
has al so ofteh. limitéd the very The followjng is . an excerpt from their access to public servii::e~
great possibilities inherént ih se'lf- his Sep_tember 1/ · 1975 address to such as transport, educatioh; and
help projects whith se.t people to the Boiird of Covernors of the . health. services . . Realistic housi.1ig,.
work in settlements not only to World Bank. policies mus! be established a11d.;.
build their own·homes1 láuridries, The :deprivation suffered by the firmiy implemented. .
meeting halls, conimumll látrines · pocir is .nowhere more visible than . The fundamental consid- '
and bath housés, but also. to en- in the matter of housing. E ven the eration undtúlying sucha program •• .
gage in ccilllníunaJ programs io most hardened ·.and Lmsentimental is the reassessmeilt of tfie role .óf
clean ·up and refurriish the whcile . obse'rvér from the developed ihe cides in the developmerlt
rundown city el)vironmenv ' wo'rld is shocked by the squalid. process. Urbah pOverty can .·be '
The activity is, in faet, part of · slums · and ramsháckle shanty- cured . nowhere in the . worlci
a llluch wider iss.ue in the success- towns that ring the · peripheFy Of • t..inless cities .. are thought.of as ·
fui managerilent of settle- . everymajorcityinthedeveloping sorptive mecha11isins for ·
ments-the involvement of the countires ofthe world. ing productive emploYment .
citizehs themselves. Such plan e But there is one thing worse those who need .and seek _it. In the -
nihg often turris .. ciuUo be . pater- · than liVing in a slum ora squatter pást 25 years in the developirig
nalism~wis~ leaders at the top settlement--'al')d that is having c'ountries,. sorne 200 to 300 mil~
telling the litile peopie at tlie bot- · one's sluin or settlement bu.1- ion i!íldividuals have benefited at •
tom wfiat todo. But the wisddm is dozed aw~y by a goverriment least.fnarginally by migratión, and ..•. , .• .,,;,,,., ... ,
not alwáys so evident, whereas whith. has no shelter 'of any sort sin ce even at their. unacceptably
the experience of actuallyliving ih wh~tever to . offer in· its pla~e. lo.W levels of _income they have .
the settlements cari stirnulate the :· When-that happens=and it ha[J- beeh .more productively em/
rriost lively ideas ~about whát t<> do pens often-there remains orily ployed in the cities than .
with and in them. CÓnsultátion the pavemen(itself·, or sorne rocky would ha ve · been had they re-·
befare plans are made; a real .ef- hillside or parched plain; where mained in the rural areas, the na- "
fort to secure a /o cal'injJut;caréto the poor can once again begin iO tionál econOmy itself has bene-see
that technical ádvice .is avail" build out of. packing .crates ahd · fited ín theong run . ..
able to the. cónárned citi:zens signboards . and scraps of sheet- This is nottú make. a case for
and, laier ón, an equal efforttd in- metal a~dq3rdboard' a tiny hove wholes~ l~ mig/atiOri frdm the.
vol ve peopie ih the irhpléinénta- in which to house their fa1nilies. rllraf area~ .. lt.is only to recognize .
tion of plans they have. ap" Sql.Jatter settlements by defi- that poverty ' wiil persist in the
proved-these make LIP the . és- nition.:-and by city .ordinance- tities uritil goverriinerlls deief- •
sen ce of genuinely popular plan- are iliegal. E ven the word squatter mi he to increa,se their capacity ncil
ning and can crea te a relationship itself is vaguely .obscene, .. as if simply to absorb the poor, bu t. td
between citizens, their leaders somehow being penniless , promote their productiv,ity
and the places in whicli they have landless; and horrieless w~re dé- viding the employment opportu,_
· to live which is stable, enjoyable liberate sins against the canohs ol nities, the infrastructure, ál')d. ·
and live!y. By the same token, .it proper etiquette. But it is not services necessary for that

64. • 1
• 1
. pose. We must identify/ policies
·and actiohs to bring thi~1abóut.
~¡',
· as such. They should neither be
looked down upon in regard to
thelr standards, technical suffi-
.• .- .
.... "" .
ha.ye the courage to squarely fa ce
. this re~lity and to act accordingly?
Enrique Peñalosa, dency,. or lack of infrastructure; ).W. MacNeÜI,
Secretary-Gerr2ral nor as regards their differences Commissioner General
· HABiTAT/United Nations ' with the organized city. Converse-~~ of HABIT AT for Canada;
,i ::..<confen~~ce . ly, the ingenuity Ófthe inhabitants . At the HABITAT ccínference, one
. ~· -: on Human .Settlements: need not be magnified nor their of thé mbstlmpprtant elements iri :;: i. .· unplam~ed urbanization is the spontaneity exaggerated. The pro, the search for. s'olutions to low"in­F't
,-·¡ypical form of urban growth in fessiona:l ·bodies must recognize come urbaw settlements will be
:--,-.-,.r:
problems of whole communities,
induding low-income families .
Similar cbmpetitions to this one
for Manila should be held in the
other developing regions.
The competition suggests that
many universities and specialized
faculties wciuld do well · to con­sider
major modif>Ícations of their
programs to take account or the
pJ the Third World. lt:will probably and work with squatter settle- the sWdy ofmethúds for the pre­"
human settlerilents" thrtJst. q,, :increase; as ~ill the pr?portion of merús ás they are. · -- ·· plannihgqfsquatter·settlements to
'self-built shelter: This does not · lt i's in the impróvement of the · meet minirmiril needs. In nations Hel.ena Z. Benitez, president,
· iliake professiónal planners . Ll ·n~ deslgn·and production ot the ele- With low average in comes and 111 Governing Cot.incil, ·
necessary. 'Quite the COI')trary: ments ·alid corriponents of shelter minimal purchasing power, it is Unitéd Nations Envirorm1ent
.since they are able to uhderstand ' that the professional bodies can . possible to help people to create Programme;and president,
}hé phenomenoh, in depth, plan- contribute positively. Tbis produc- .decent livablé cornmunities wlth Philippine Women's
ners are alreagy badly needed in tibn must be geared to the eco- basic shelter, a sale water supply, University, Manila:
. the roles of .i.nterpreter and Gita- noinic capacity óf ·the -population sanitary waste disposal, trans- The exhibit of the leading en tries
· .lyst. Planners · can -explaih the .· botli"at the household and the na- portation,. and health arid educa- of the IAF competition will be an
·squatter problerti and its real di- ticinai· leve!. ltis useless to intro- ... tion services. Such pre-planning outstanding contributiori'· to the
. rnensions to .the a~,Jthoríties, witn a duce a technical .solution outside would represen! a m¡¡jor step for- Vancouver HABITAT scene. Un-viewto
cónvincjng them .of the in- the limits of family income or the ward for millions of people. fortunately, the resources of all .
vestment involved in these settle- traditions and aspirations of tfie i am therefore glad to wel- United Nations agencies· are now
ments; of the lack .óf immédiaté cciuntry ~nd its people. come the IAF competition initia- · stretched thin, ánd there is little tci
· housingal'térnati~edor the squat- . . . . tive iri the conscious design of spare for the more extensive efioi·t
te.rs, and therefore of the J.G. van Putten,- ~hairman, squatter settlements. for broad human settlements im-
. catastrophic cbnseque·nces of . Non-Gove~nmental provement which such a competi-demolition.
·· · · Organization's committee for · C..EricCarlson, deputy director, tion inspires.
PlannirÍg prófessionals cari , HA~ITAT; · Divisio'n of Financia! To augr'nent thé UN Habitat and
persuad¿· .thé· authorities to pro- T.he IAF lntern¡¡tiónal Design and Technical Services, Human Settlements Fouhdation's
vide thóse services and facilities Competitlon .has generated note- United Nations HA BIT AT and efforts,ne'w instruments should be
which are technically;,financially,. worthy ideas about tfie use of ma, ·Human Settlements Foundation: created, perhaps involving much
and ·adrpinistratively impossible .terials, the ~ppÍication of self~help The results, meanirig ahd ·impact, greater private sector partici'
for .the ·squátters to fúrn ish them- · elements, the coriservation of nat- of the IAF . International Design pation. After all, human sett/e"
. ]'. se lveswithciut help. ural resources and .the safeguard- Competition speak for themselves. ments irnprovement could be the .
O~; Y> Plarine;s ·can also help the · ing of yaiLi¡¡ble commuhity é:har- For the whóle HABITAT exercise, world's ·greatest growth industry.
i) · squatters in théir fight for security · acteristics: they provide a les son in partici- The need is urgent, beta use
'L' ;of tenure in order to legalize the The coriipetition demon- pation~by having en listed the in- people can and must acquire· a
5 ' settlemerits and relieve the squat- strates that májortechnical prob- . terest, supp6rt and sponsorship of stakeintheir habitat. . ' . . ·
;¡t,: • ters of the ahxiety of illegality. : léms can be sol ved. One can only the private seCtor for broad public . There should be more inter­,
,,·.· ·. Finally, the professionals can be glad that the 17,000 families purposes, as well as by mobilizing hationa,l design competitions for ·
i~, persuade the authorities that, even that will be resettled on the Dagat~ the ehthusiasm, experience and environri1entally- balanced com-
·f<:: for· squatter settlements, long-term Daga tan si te will be able to profit dedication· of thousands of con- mul')i.ties in . both the rural and :+·,, plans are possible and thiH the from this effort. However; technÍ- c~r~ed' professionals through~ut urban are as of developing coun,_
;1-:f'; go.vernments concerned should cal solutiohs are one· thing; the the world. Looking ahead, we can· tries. From these efforts will
('~··organize relevant legal, adminis- possibility to apply therri on a see that future international design · .emerge demonstration projects'''
~):> irative, · financia! and technical large scale; another. competitionswill ha ve real usefulc . ' reády for incorporation into ,lof']g- .. , té· rnechanisms instead of constantly A real solutiori of the squatter ness not only for th.e desigh of ¡ térm economic, social a;,d· en~ ·'.
;~:/: being taken by surprise. problem cannot be brought abbut major natiélnal .and international : yirÓnm~ntal programs ba·~~d Úpcin
[>;.:: '. ':. Squatter settlements are in- without taking into · consideration ' structures, ,..;_,hich 'has bei:!'n their. ;: · broádly conceived nationªl $trá'té-pl::
C~~p~rabl y part oí human settle- its economic and social context. role. in the past, b~tfor helpin.gtp: gies fo'r human settlernelits loca-.'"
)':_me11ts and they must be accepted Will the HABITAT 'conference provide solutions tb tllf; basic , tion and development. . } : ·
·: ARC::HITECTURAL RECORD !vlay '1976 ·
• j .~

65. ./
j . .,
.·,,· ·.:.; ..
. A"fioal ,.word: With·· thecorf1p~titiorfcornplete;
1fha.taction could ·be .taken -tcffollow·.up?
Tb~re are plenty of :.useful. alternatives ..
Thé lmportant idea is that .
the·. competition was · only a begint1ing ...
The lnternat ional Architectural Foundatio~· has, from the beginnings of its planning for the design
competition, had five niain goals: . '
';,
Gqál. ·1. " Alert architects and planners to the gravity of the ácceJerátiilg úrbar¡ cris is in dé- · 1
.ve lopif!g count1;ies." Afew p~o~e~sb~.~js h~ye, of cours~; l~h~ ~ee:q~eeply in.~olved in the p~obc . , . .
lems ohhuman settlements. But 1t 1s our bope that theear!Jer wntrn,Q, IIJ RECQRD-:"and most espec1ally . , ·
~~ the. ~ttentlonof ms~r~r~hltects and plann: l's:lj ! " . ,:é~; · . . . . ·. '. ·. '. . li {r; .
tions." .~Ú.rely th.at ista ·direct r'~sult ?~ ·:he competftioh. snotedeárlier,ov~r}SOO architec~s. in · ' i · { '/ 1!
68 counlrres reg1stered for the compet1t~on; and t~e476entrants.fr~m 46 ~ountn~swho subtmtt~d . / 1 ¡ (!
work clearly made an enormous comm1tment of time and effort 111 mcreasmg the1r personal ''fund . f 1 .¿::/
of talehfand expertise." While there was not spacé in .thls i~sue to publish ·' ~uch ofthis work · 1
th is.. · issu.. . e·. ·~¡~a.s b..· ro. ug··.h. t..·t h.e .d.· es.peraie g.r av·:.) .!•. . Y .~-.~!.'.iit.h.· ~ m b· .·.'.• . e m.· .. ~ i~ urba.nsl.um. · samu·n.'d th. e. w~rld · . · . /¡ · ·
G?al2. '~lncreasethe.f.und of talent .and · .. R 1 e . ailable .for plann1ng human habrta~ ~~ /) /.
. . • . ' •. .., . . . 1
beyoncj the prer:niated designs, other work will _be shown in L'Afchitedure"'d'Aujourd'h'ui and · ¡
Nikkei Architectur~; a~d the bulk-of the workwill·be shown in ·~ book on the conipetitionplanned
by the IAF for .publ1 catlof1 ea.rly next year. 1
Goal 3; 'ulr1volve architects and planilers _In the design of a demcinstration project in a major j
city·of ihe developihg ,wor!d." That is now the uníqué ánd massive responsibility of the competí- '
tion winner, Jan Athfiéld,· and his staff and ccinsultants; working with General. Tobias and other
officials'of the Philippille government, and with the residents of theTondo Foreshore_who clearly
stand ré~dyto. inakéthei r contribution of self-heÍp.: . ,. . . .
d)al ,4. ''Coritribute to the success of H-AB ITA T." Over 2000 delegatés.from 140 col.Jn­tries-
piL~ tet hníé:i ans ~nd others from non-gcivernmental organízatíons-;will bé gathered in Van-couve/
in May ar1d J~n~ to formulate an internáti6nal strategy to guide effcirts in improvíng the
conditi6ns of theurban poor aroundthe world, lt is oLirhopethatthis issue, and the exhibit of
the ·prérn iated clesigns sponsored by the IAF át the ·yancoCve'r Art Gallery, w ill make a modest
co ntributibn t~ that great and important meeting. .
· · Cdal 5 . . "Ai::t as a cata lyst for fu.rhéf'cor1tribuiions by indiviclwáls; institutions1 organizations
and govern memts to the:sol uÚbn of the pfóbierns of h~using anclt~~. ~rban poor." Jhere ¡;¡re severa! ·
early ci6 portÚnities for wmld leadersin ho~sirig ancl_ ipter.riati6rial >a id ' ~hd l ~hding to implement
ne~ i·cl~as. The governors -of the World Bank-'méét in· actober to reteiyérecom;,eridations from
. ..
1
'/
1
HABITAT and deCide what action or revi~f6n Ófthei/ imoor_tárú progr?.,ms they might Qlake~- ~
perhap,sJhcl.lding a greater rolé i.n th~ r~d~v~lop~e~tbf dt_les in th~ deveiopirig wor!d.(most .of .. -'
the .Bank's activity h ~s been in rural ar~as). :rbé. Jrite't~Ame~ican Deielobm'entBahk al~o might .
choose_to impleménnecomh:!endations of HA BIT AT .;.jinduélirig th6se_ gener~téd by'the compefi­ti
ori. Arid then.ther'e is~ !he:whole UNEP -effo~t, which might be e.nl~rged or rédirected by the'UN
Gener.ai'Assen'lblyas a:, ~~s~Ítof HABITAT. indivídwfll:govemment ~fficiai$arouhd thewor,ld Jl!ight ,
see new directions fm.their.:prqgrams·of huinan: s~tttem~nt.J~the concepts a~d design icJéas geM- .
e1·ated by the ~ofT1petiti6h. ·. < . . •. · • . ·.. ' . · ~ , :· . . . , ,, · · , . .
, A( any rate, ~the _IAF cotnpetition h~sclearl y, 'g·enerated .. .sqme: impo~tant new '~pr:opo'sa l s. for. ...•
self-hei'P, and a· host. 9f hew and thoughtful'and ·affordabl~ and ~cx:iai !y áccep_table 0áys-f6r go,v~ ·· ..
''errírhe r1ts :to ·interven~ :onstructhÍelyi~ th~ !Lves d ,the 'poór d :'théfr.:coünJries·. ;Ánd so"""~iththe ;:· .• •...
compet(tiein on ~hith ' si:frriany pe~ple laboreCr;o loh'gb:enlncÍ"ú~~wé be~in: "·' .·, .: •. : .. ·· ·.:.::.W.'W: -L~ ;. _,,
j-60; ,· ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976
. ·'··