Rubella And Neonatal Effects Essay Example

Rubella and Neonatal Effects Essay example
Rubella and Neonatal Effects Rubella is an essentially harmless disease that resembles measles,
however, it is highly teratogenic to a developing fetus. If a pregnant woman contracts rubella, the
fetus is at risk to develop Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) which can result in tissue and organ
damage. Proper nursing interventions and teaching should be done to prevent the spread of rubella
and to lower the rates of CRS.
A History and Epidemiology for Rubella
Until the 18th century, rubella was often confused with measles and scarlet fever. In 1952 and 1958,
two German scientist were able to isolate the rubella virus and it was given the name "German
Measles" until 1866 when a Scottish physician gave it the name "Rubella" (Duszack, ... Show more
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After sixteen weeks of gestation, the risk of fetal death, malformation, and miscarriage is much less.
"Since the effects of CRS vary with gestational age at the time of infection, accurate gestational
dating should be established, as it is critical to counseling" (Dontigny, Arsenault, & Martel, 2008, p.
155).
Consequences of Maternal Infection for Unborn Fetus
The rubella Virus is very teratogenic, and should a maternal infection occur, the developing fetus
might develop congenital rubella syndrome. As said earlier, amount of injury to the developing fetus
is highly dependent on what stage of development the fetus is in. The rubella virus targets all organs
and tissues of the body and has a wide range of effects.
Tests to determine Maternal and Fetal Infection
Tests can be done to determine maternal or fetal infection of the rubella virus. According to
Dontigny et al. (2008) if maternal infection is suspected, a serology test using enzyme–linked
immunoassay (ELISA) is used to test for rubella–specific IgM and IgG antibodies in maternal
blood. A rise in rubella IgG antibodies, a positive serologic test for IgM antobodies and a positive
rubella culture are essential to maternal diagnosis of infection (Dontigny et al., 2008). If maternal
infection has been determined, test to determine if the virus has spread to the fetus should be
performed
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MMR Vaccines
'Courts quietly confirm MMR Vaccine causes Autism' is a media article written by Mark Wachtler in
2013 published by Whiteout Press. Wachtler is the founder of Whiteout Press which is an
independent and alternative news source. There catch–phrase being 'Independent News at its Best–
If it's blacked–out, covered–up or censored, you can find it here!' (Wachtler, 2006).
The title 'Courts quietly confirm MMR Vaccine causes Autism' instantly addresses a conflicting idea
as it shows that the government is attempting to hide the risks of vaccinations Within this article, the
author aims to support Dr Andrew Wakefield's link between autism and the Measles Mumps Rubella
(MMR) vaccine. This discovery caused him to become ostracised and lost his ability ... Show more
For example, SARAH Collaboration focused on identifying the flaws in Dr Wakefield's research in
terms of his small sample size of twelve children. (SARAH Collaboration, n.d). This piece of grey
literature used the large study conducted in Denmark involving 537,303 children, that found
'unvaccinated children were just as likely to develop autism as vaccinated children.' (SARAH
Collaboration, n.d). A similar stance was displayed in the peer reviewed article, however within this
article a meta–analysis was conducted by three independent scientists therefore causing less bias to
be present. Eslick, Taylor and Swerdfeger found through their review of five cohort studies that
there is 'no evidence of a relationship between vaccination and autism...' (Taylor, 2014, p.3628).
Although both sources suggest similar ideas and the same stance on this controversial topic their
credibility differs. The SARAH Collaboration is made up of a team of health professionals
advocating for children's health, hence being 'all for' vaccinations. This could present bias as
displayed when viewing the small amount of references noted therefore showing superficial
research. (SARAH Collabortaion, n.d). However, the peer reviewed article

Symptoms And Diagnosis Of Measles, Mumps, And Rubella
3. Name the causative organism (s), mode (s) of transmission, incubation period, infectious period
and exclusion period, diagnosis and notification, and prevention method (s) for each of the
following diseases:
(a) Mumps
Organism: Virus: Paramyxovirdae
Transmission: air Bourne droplets or by direct contact with the saliva of an infected person
Incubation period: can range from 12–25 days but is usually 16–18 days
Infectious period: ranges from 1 week to 9 days after the onset of parotitis
Notification: To the local medical officer of health
Prevention method: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. And cases should be excluded
from early childhood services or school until 9 days after the onset of parotitis. Any unimmunised
contacts should be advised not to attend early childhood services or school until 26 days after the
appearance of parotitis in the last case at the early childhood services or school.
(Lecture slides, 2015) (SG p234–236)
(b) Typhoid
Organism: Salmonella typhi
Transmission: ingestion of contaminated food –or direct contact with faecal matter of infected
person
Incubation period: 6–72 hours, usually 12–36 hours
Infectious period: Throughout the course of infection, which can last several days to several weeks,
a carrier state may last months or be lifelong
Notification: to be notified by medical practitioners on microbiological conformation.
Prevention method: attempt to identify source of the infection. If a food product is suspected discus
with the

Essay about MMR Vaccine: Examining the Evidence
The MMR Vaccine: Examining the Evidence In 1963 the Noble Peace Prize winning virologist John
F. Enders finally licensed his vaccine for measles. Prior to this vaccine the United States alone
reported 4 million cases of the measles each year. With more scientific discoveries the measles
vaccine today has evolved to include immunity against rubella and mumps along with protecting
millions against illness each year. However, vaccination is a word surrounded by controversy in
today's parenting world and the Measles Mumps and Rubella vaccine (MMR) can be distinguished
as possibly the most controversial vaccine of our time. Controversial because of the fear that many
have that it causes autism along with other hazards. This fear has clouded ... Show more content on
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Furthermore, they believe that these illnesses are not serious. Not only parents, but also advocates
for anti–vaccination are a huge voice in this heated debate. Whether the public understands and
accepts important information in the debate will depend on both the communication skills, and the
credibility, of the source. Vaccines are as safe as humans can presently make them. Yet as in any
health intervention, some level of uncertainty will always remain (Clements). It is now the
responsibility of the parents of these young children to make the pivotal decision in their young
child's life. To vaccinate or not to vaccinate is a question that many parents find extremely difficult
to answer. However, once faced with the research and safety statistics surrounding the MMR
vaccine, the answer may be clearer than once believed. Starting with the controversy of the presence
of thimerosal, once further research is done the speculation over its presence and lack of safety can
be dismissed entirely.
According to a statement made the Federal Drug and Food Administration, thimerosal is a mercury–
containing organic compound that since the 1930s and has been widely used as a preservative in a
number of biological and drug products. These said drug products include vaccines, and many have
speculated that the organic compound may be influential in causing autism. Due to the concern and
controversy over the topic, pharmaceutical companies made the decision to extremely

Rubella Is An Infection Of The Skin
Rubella is an infection of the skin involving a rash on the skin. Rubella can be spread from person to
person as early as one week before the rash begins and as late as one to two weeks after the rash is
gone. Usually there are few symptoms including headache, fever, runny nose and headache prior to
the appearance of the rash. In pregnant women however, the rash can be passed on to the unborn
child. Complications from rubella during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage or still birth. (U.S.
National Library of Medicine, 2015)
Rubella is a spherical virus with a single strand of RNA. It is surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope.
Its classification is the only member of the genus Rubivirus in the family Togaviridae. This virus has
two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there isn't much that can be done in the way of treatment, there are preventative measures
that can be taken.
2
There is a vaccine available to stop the virus from infecting a host. This vaccine is known as the
MMR vaccine. According to (NLM, 2015), "The vaccine in current use is prepared from attenuated
rubella virus and induces immunity by producing a modified rubella infection in susceptible
recipients. It is administered subcutaneously. Two doses are recommended. The first may be given
starting at 12 months. Most commonly, the initial dose is administered as a combined vaccine
containing attenuated mumps and measles viruses as well. The second dose is given either at school
entry or at entry to middle school or high school. Vaccine–induced infection is usually asymptomatic
in children, but is associated more frequently with rubella–like symptoms in adults. Vaccine–
associated reactions include fever, lymphadenopathy, and arthritis and are usually mild and
transient."
Knowing that there is a vaccination available that eliminates the threat from this virus would make
one think that the virus should not be around anymore. However, as stated earlier the number of
cases of rubella has decreased 99%. That still leaves that other 1%. We live in a world now where
even though there is a cure or vaccine to something some people will still

Summary: Fraudulent Immunization Study
Fraudulent Immunization Study I found the immunization study conducted by Andrew Wakefield
and his twelve colleagues to be the most serious of the two studies we reviewed this week. The
study suggested that vaccines may cause autism, consequently parents around the world began
refusing measles, mumps, and rubella, (MMR), vaccines for their children. This is a difficult subject
because many parents expect the right to refuse any medical treatment for their child which is not a
life threatening case. The problem lies in the fact that measles is a highly contagious disease which
can be transmitted before the tell tale rash appears (Mckenna, 2015). According to the Washington
State Department of Health news release (2015/07/02), a young woman who was taking medication
which suppressed her immune system died recently from pneumonia due to measles (p.1). ... Show
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This puts people with lowered immune systems like; cancer patients, and HIV positive individuals,
as well as children under one year of age considered too young to receive the vaccine at risk of
infection and possible death. The decision of which is more important the right to refuse a vaccine
you believe may harm your child over the possibility of eradicating a disease that can seriously harm
and even kill vulnerable members of the society is not an easy one to make.
Although the case study was discredited and the authors found guilty of ethical violations, it is very
difficult to refute a published paper among the general public. Once the information is out there,
correct or not, it is not easy to take it back. This publication has also done damage to the scientific
community as a whole, with questions about funding and sponsorship being raised. Are we being
given all of the facts and findings? Are studies being conducted in order to prove a hypothesis
instead of challenge

Measles-Mumps-Rubella Essay
Measles–Mumps–Rubella Vaccine and Autism The measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine has
been given to children since 1971, usually around the age of one year, and again before starting
school at around four or five years old. In 1998, Andrew Wakefield et al published a paper that
proposed a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. It was later found that the paper was
fraudulent, and The Lancet, the medical journal that published the paper, retracted the paper. Ever
since the paper was published, many people believe that the MMR vaccine causes autism, despite
the multiple studies throughout the world that prove otherwise. science of medicine has come a very
long way over the course of human history, and it is still improving every day. The criteria for
diagnosing medical conditions, and the recognition of some conditions has greatly increased over
the years. Frank DeStephano and Robert ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tokio Uchiyama, Michiko Kurosawa, and Tutaka Inaba conducted a study of children in Japan who
either were 1) born between January 1976 and December 1984 who had never received the MMR
vaccine (pre–MMR generation), 2) born between January 1985 and December 1991 who had a
chance of receiving the MMR vaccine (MMR generation), or 3) were within the ages 1–3 years old
when Japan terminated the MMR vaccine program (post–MMR generation) (212). Uchiyama,
Kurosawa, and Inaba found that children in the MMR generation who had gotten the MMR vaccine
were not more susceptible to being diagnosed with autism than those who had not gotten the MMR
vaccine (214). They also found that there was no sign that the children in the MMR generation had a
higher rate of diagnosis than the pre–MMR generation and the post–MMR generation, nor both the
pre– and post–generations combined

Rubella
1969 was perhaps one of the best years for some of the many victims of the viral disease, Rubella,
also known as German Measles. This was the very year that the vaccine for Rubella was released,
and many people across the Earth were relieved from the uncommon symptoms. The disease may
only be life threatening for very few, but it spreads super quickly, super easily, and sometimes the
symptoms a hard to catch which made the disease tough to eliminate.
The disease Rubella came from a country in Europe called Germany, where it was called German
Measles. The vaccine for the disease was released in 1969, but before then the disease was very
general across the world. The disease was officially eliminated in America during the year of 2004.
However the disease can still be found in traveler coming in from another country. Sometimes that
traveler does not know that they are carrying the disease because sometimes the symptoms do not
show up, which makes the disease hard to catch.
The symptoms of Rubella can consist of a rash that starts on the victim's face and spreads to the
neck, and eventually, the arms and legs. This rash will usually fade away after three days. Some of
the other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acetaminophen can be used to reduce fever, and also ibuprofen is used to reduce headaches. If the
host is experiencing symptoms such as pink eye, and joint inflammation it would be best for them to
take a visit to their local doctor. One of the most important treatments is bed rest, just to give the
carrier of the disease time to recover and rest up their bodies. There is a vaccine for Rubella called
MMR, which covers measles and mumps, two diseases that are somewhat similar to Rubella. What
made the disease so tough to eliminate was how quickly it spread. It was pretty hard for doctors to
give the vaccine shot so quickly because of the disease's spreading

The Rubella Virus
Rubella virus, which is also known as German Measles causes a bright red rash on the surface of the
skin, slight fever, and swollen lymph nodes. This virus in an enveloped virus (has an envelope on
the outside). It has genetic material on the inside, then a capsid, and finally an envelope. Unlike
many viruses, rubella has no integument between the capsid and envelope. An integument is a bunch
of proteins that lines the space between the capsid and envelope. The rubella virus is 40 to 80 nm in
a spherical shape. The hemagglutinin is spiky and the entire virus is surrounded by a lipoprotein
envelope.
This particular virus's host is only humans. We can get the virus two way, one, by inhaling the virus
after someone sneezes or coughs. And two,

It 's Winter Vacation, What Better Way You Spend It Than...
It's winter vacation, what better way to spend it than at Disneyland? Well, last year that
might not have been the case. A measles outbreak spread through six American states, Mexico, and
Canada nearly infecting 150 people, but thankfully no one died. However, the majority of those
infected were unvaccinated. Every year, vaccines prevent as much as 14 million illnesses and 33,000
deaths. At one point, the measles virus had been almost completely eradicated, as well as smallpox
and polio, but these diseases are now quickly reappearing, and outbreaks are happening more
frequently. As vaccine exemptions increase, the amount of cases only increases with it. Without
vaccines, thousands of people would die, and unnecessary cases would spread ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Many parents fear that vaccinations will negatively affect their child due to the number of side
effects vaccines have the potential to inflict. For example, six vaccines have been linked to
anaphylaxis–a severe, life–threatening allergic reaction (Mercola). Common side effects of vaccines
include, but are not limited to, tenderness, fatigue, redness, fever, itching, headaches, muscle aches,
loss of appetite, and fainting. Some more serious side effects include seizures, deafness, comas,
organ failure, and of course, death (Possible Side–effects). However, what people don't understand
is that the more serious side effects are extremely rare, and it is more likely that someone will die
from a falling asteroid or a lightning strike than to develop one of these serious side effects
(Geggel). Vaccines were created to stop illnesses, not cause them. Impressively, vaccines prevent
more than 2.5 million deaths every year, but there were just over one hundred vaccine related deaths
last year (Lopez). Although vaccine side effects do exist, the benefits largely outweigh the risks.
Aside from the side effects, anti–vaccinators are supposedly repelled by what vaccines are
grown on, and what they are created from. A common misconception is that vaccines are made
using aborted fetuses. Vaccines do not contain fetuses, but they are sometimes grown on aborted
fetuses.

Characteristics Of The Infectious Agent
Characteristics Morphology of the infectious agent
Rubella virus is a member of the Togaviridae family though is its own genus, Rubivirus. Rubella is
caused by the Rubella virus which can be found in the blood, stool, or throat of an infected
individual (change). There is currently only one genetically stable serotype of Rubella, however a
phylogenetic tree analysis of nine virus strains confirms the existence of a minimum of three distinct
genetic lineages (Parkman, 1996). The virus is spherical in shape with a diameter of 50–80nm and is
a 20–faced nucleocapsid. The core surrounding the single–stranded, positive–sense RNA genome
has hemagglutinin–containing surface projections and is also surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope.
There are three major structural polypeptides: E1 and E2 membrane glycoproteins, and a single
nonglycosylated capsid protein associated with RNA. The first envelope protein, E1, is responsible
for viral hemagglutinination and neutralization while E2 is categorized into two forms: E2a and
E2b. There are two forms because of the differences in glycosylation and these differences indicate
different strains of Rubella (Parkman, 1996).
Rubella has four stages in its infection, some subclinical and other asymptomatic (Table 1, Appendix
1). These stages are the incubation period, prodromal period, exanthema period and the convalescent
period. The incubation period lasts approximately 16–18 days however may also last between 14
and 23 days. This asymptomatic

Pros And Cons Of Imunizing Children
Immunizing Children One of the most controversial choices today is the choice to choose whether
or not to immunize children. Things to take into consideration when making this decision are the
risks involved in not immunizing children and some of the reasons against immunizing. The risks
involved in not immunizing children is that the child will not be protected against serious illnesses
and diseases. One of the reasons people choose not to immunize is that they are afraid it will
traumatize or hurt their child, but it's one or two injection pricks, opposed to a life time of multiple
blood draws and lumbar punctures (spinal taps) every time their child gets a rash or fever. If a child
is not immunized they would need to be tested every time for the diseases every time they got sick.
Another reason people choose against immunizations is a lack of health care. Though this is not so
much choosing against the immunizations, it is more they do not have the resources to choose
immunizations. But here in the United States children especially do not go without at least the basic
health care. The United States is behind many countries on health care but we are also not a third
world country. We do have access to great health care and we make it available to those in need. We
have Medicaid, WIC (Womens, Infants, Childrens), we have free clinics and many more resources
to make sure children are protected. The most common reason right now for people to choose

Essay On Measles
The recent outbreak of measles in the United States can be blamed on the fact that many people are
refusing to have their children vaccinated against the disease. The refusal of this vaccination seems
to stem from fear of what the vaccine might cause. Whether the vaccine does or doesn't cause
Autism should not matter at this point because a world–wide Measles outbreak would be more
detrimental than any case of Autism. Measles has not been across the board in the United States for
approximately a decade, until 2014. There were 603 cases from January 1st to October 31st. In
2015, from January 1st to February 6th, there was 121 more cases reported (Pewresearch). "With all
the vaccines we have today, there should not be as many measles outbreak in the United States as
there has been in the past year...", says Dr. Jamie Akins, a physician at Texoma Pediatrics in Durant,
Oklahoma. This virus can almost be prevented by your child being vaccinated with the two doses of
the MMR vaccine. These two vaccines prevent your child from getting the measles virus by 97%.
The first of the MMR should be given at the age of 12–15 months of age, then the second dose
should be administered at the age 4–6 years old (pewsearch). Measles is caused by a virus that
replicates in the nose ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you contract these symptoms please contact your doctor: fever, cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes,
sore throat, and a red, blotchy rash. These symptoms normally appear 10–14 days after the patient is
exposed in to the virus, but occurs in sections: for the first 10–14 days the patient attracts the virus,
the measles virus incubates. Next, Measles typically begins with a mild to moderate fever, often it
comes with a cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes, and a sore throat, which may last two to three days.
Then, the rash (small red spots), some areas may be lifted, and will advance it's was throughout the
body the next couple of days (Mayo

Vaccines And The Anti Vaccine Argument
"As healthy as my lifestyle seemed, I contracted measles, mumps, rubella, a type of viral meningitis,
scarlatina, whooping cough, yearly tonsillitis, and chickenpox, some of which are vaccine
preventable" (Parker 1). This quote by vaccine advocate Amy Parker, a woman who was not
vaccinated as a child, shows just a glimpse into the life of an unvaccinated individual. Parents who
do not vaccinate their children claim many different reasons for their decision. Three of the most
popular reasons are: religious grounds, health problems as a result from vaccines, and the belief that
the illnesses are rare. Each of these reasons can be proven as nonessential in the anti–vaccine
argument. First of all, religion has become a frequently used excuse. Recently, a case arose in New
York City when three families obtained vaccination exemptions due to religious reasons (NYC
Court 1). Because they chose to not vaccinate their children, their children were not allowed to
attend school during times when another student had a vaccine–preventable illness (NYC Court 1).
Naturally, this sparked an uproar among the parents, who then sued the city by claiming it was a
violation of their First Amendment right to religious freedom and their 14th Amendment right to
equal protection under the law (NYC Court 1). The dogma of several mainstream religions
references vaccines and whether or not they are necessary. For example, "the Catholic Church
strongly supports vaccination, even making it a moral and

Pros And Cons Of Vaccines
Vaccines Should Be Required
If you studied a history text book at some point in your life, then you have probably had heard of a
couple of very deadly disease outbreaks that wiped millions from a population, such as the Black
Death in the 14th century. More recently, in the 19th and 20th centuries diseases such as Diphtheria,
whooping cough, measles, mumps, Yellow fever, and smallpox killed thousands of people every
year. Today, those diseases are unfamiliar and uncommon, thanks to vaccinations. Vaccines are a
preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. Most states mandate that children get 29
doses of nine vaccines to attend kindergarten. A lot of the controversy towards vaccines was sparked
in 1998, when there was a speculation that the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine was
linked to autism. Although opponents will say that injecting vaccine ingredients into a child may
cause harmful side effects, but vaccines should be required because they are actually safe and are
one of the greatest health developments of the 20th century.
Have ever you wondered what would happen if we did not vaccinations? Evidence and reports have
shown that there are huge improvements in combating diseases after using vaccinations. According
to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "nearly everyone in the U.S. got measles before
there was a vaccine, and hundreds died from it each year. Today, most doctors have never seen a
case of measles."Additionally,

Vaccines Causing A Scandal
Elements of Vaccines Causing a Scandal
When a woman is a single mother raising one or more children with autism, they are constantly
stressed and overwhelmed even though they love their children. But, when a female goes to the
doctor's office, currently pregnant, and is told that her offspring has a higher risk of developing
autism due to the environmental factors or medications around her lifestyle, it is shocking and
heartbreaking to a woman. The medications in current vaccines for children are extremely harmful
to children and exede the normal guidelines for the amount of medications able to be given
(Wakefield). It is not even the vaccine itself, but also the specific components of certain medicines
that lead to prenatal and postnatal complications. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There has been a recent study conducted that the results came back showing that "giving the
Hepatitis B vaccine to newborn baby males, more than triples their risk of developing an autism
spectrum disorder" (Kirby). Considering it mainly affects males, that will lead to higher risk of
future population to have the gene to develop autism in their offspring since they are mainly
dominant with the Y chromosome. Also, all these risks, specifically from the Hepatitis B vaccine,
are caused by a component in the vaccines called mercury. As a newborn baby or infant, they
usually weigh around six to seven pounds, which makes them allowed to have 0.3 micrograms
without causing complications. However, just by getting a shot of the Hepatitis B vaccine, it
contains 12.5 micrograms of mercury which is way over the limit (Plotkin et al.). From this
conclusion, it has been connected to intestine and body functioning complications due to the high
amount of mercury given at a young age. Overall, the amount of mercury and thimerosal indicated
in both the MMR and Hepatitis B vaccine exceed the dedicated amount for a specific child by
weight and

Vaccination Saves Lives : Children 's State Of Health
Vaccination saves lives. The parent or guardian has complete control in safeguarding their child
from effects of illnesses such as measles. Parenting a child is an enormous responsibility as the
parent must learn the facts about the possible diseases that can affect their children (Romm, 2001).
However, in the public health sector, the importance of vaccination seems to be underestimated.
Some of these public health practices not utilized to their maximum capacity hence disease that can
be prevented by vaccines primarily remain a threat to the child's health. Suggestions were drawn that
the gap remains because, within the health sector, the process done on a vaccine by vaccine basis.
This paper will clearly define the importance of vaccinating children and bring to light the critical
importance of vaccination to child development.
The principal purpose of this campaign is to enlighten parents on the importance of involving
themselves in their children's state of health. Parents need to concentrate actively on achievement
improvements for their children. During their early life stages, children do not possess the necessary
knowledge to education and their life. They, therefore, need their parents to become conversant with
their needs, especially in the area of vaccination since it is an important determinant of their health.
The life stage of child development that the campaign would deal with is within the early life stages
of childhood as this is one of the most crucial

Essay about Benefits and Hazards of Immunizations
Benefits and Hazards of Immunizations
Although science and technology have been very beneficial to us a lot of people are misinformed
about its procedures. I myself am a bit fearful about how technologically advanced we're getting in
such a short period of time, but this is because I don't understand science. I guess most people that
fear science feel that way because of the horrible things that science may bring about. When reading
Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" one begins to wonder what if scientists do create a monster and like
Dr. Frankenstein did, can no longer undo the creation. It is actually a very scary thought. But then on
the other end of the spectrum you have J. Michael Bishop who defends scientists against people's ...
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Currently though, in the news there is talk about severe reactions to MMR shots. Measles, Mumps,
and Rubella (MMR) shots are given to children usually when they are infants. This shot has been
very effective in keeping kids from getting those diseases but there are accounts of parents who say
their children developed brain injuries, chronic health problem, diabetes, and even autism after
having received the MMR shot. Up until now it is not confirmed that the MMR shot is directly
related to the development of those illnesses but examples of what parents say have happened to
their children indicate that it is. Those parents certainly believe that there is a direct relationship
between the vaccine and their child's illness. Following are some examples that I found of parents
accounts:
Case 1: "My daughter, age 15 months, received her first MMR vaccine at a routine well–baby
check–up. Prior to receiving the vaccine she had no health problems other than an occasional cold.
Three weeks later she was diagnosed with Type I diabetes. At her check–up, the pediatrician warned
me that in 7 to 10 days she might develop a fever and/or rash in reaction to the vaccine. Eight days
later she developed a slight fever which I attributed to the vaccine. Over the course of that week she
began drinking fluids to an excess degree. She was so thirsty that she drank 2–3 cupfuls at a time
and then began wetting through her diapers, saturating her crib sheets. She also became
lethargic...her

The Pros And Cons Of The MMR Vaccine
Introduction The MMR vaccine was designed to make the individual it was given to have a
immunity or resistance to the following diseases; mumps, measles, and rubella. Over the years
however, the number of people who had measles skyrocketed after it reached near extinction in
2000.1 Similar to this, the cases of the mumps disease have also risen in the past five years.
However, it is not as much due to lack of vaccination, but more to being less effective in specific
situations.2 Unlike these two diseases, the rates of rubella has gone down in the U.S. to about ten
people per year.3 For the most part, these diseases cause cough, sore throat, itchy eyes and more.
However, they each cause specific complications that can result in death. Since these diseases are
still common today and affect the health of not only themselves, but the rest of the population,
people are debating if the MMR vaccine should be required. Though this has always been a debate,
it has resurfaced after recent outbreaks of specifically mumps and measles throughout America.
General Health: Measles Out of all the three diseases that the MMR vaccine builds immunization
for, it is least effective for measles. Measles is a disease that is transmitted through saliva and can be
active in water droplets in the air and on surfaces for hours after.4 Because of this, it spreads easily
from person to person because the infected patient does not have to be touching anyone else to
transmit the disease. Examples of this recently can be found in California and amongst the Amish
community. To begin with, an amusement park in California had an outbreak of measles in 2015.
Though the cause is unknown, it is generally believed that someone traveling from another country
first brought the disease and then it spread to others who may have touched or breathed in droplets
of his salive.2 From here, the infected people spread the disease until people were being affected
throughout the whole state as well as in some sections of Oregon.1 Another case of something
similar happening can be found in the Amish communities. In 2016, a total of 383 Amish were
officially diagnosed with the measles mainly due to their beliefes in not being vaccinated.2 After

Rubella Research Paper
First characterized as a mild sickness characterized by adenopathy, a rash, and hardly a fever,
George Maton did not think much of the disease in 1814. However, later on, a scientist by the name
of Veale gave it the name of rubella in 1866. Rubella (German Measles) attracted hardly any
attention before 1942, when it was discovered by Norman Gregg that birth defects were being linked
with maternal rubella in the first trimester. It was until 1962 that the full gravity of rubella
embryopathy remained a mystery. In that year, two different groups by the names of Neva and
Weller; and Parkman, Buescher, and Artenstein; isolated and clarified rubella in a single tissue
culture. (1) Utilizing the newly developed tools of the virus laboratory, several ... Show more
There are no symptoms in about 50% of the people infected with the disease. Symptoms that may
show up would include: a mild fever, swollen glands, a rash spreading from the face to the body, and
aching joints (typically in younger women). (2) (4) The disease is primarily dangerous for a fetus.
Rubella can cause birth defects and, in some cases, miscarriage. Coughing or sneezing helps to
spread the rubella virus, and even asymptomatic individuals can spread it. It is suggested to get a lot
of rest and drink plenty of fluids when you have the disease. It might also be helpful to take pain
relievers, including acetaminophen and aspirin, to help with the fevers and inflammation. There are
about seven days, starting from the onset of the rash, that people are contagious. They need to be
isolated from people who are not immunized, as well as coworkers and students from school. (3)
Each defect caused by CRS (congenital rubella syndrome) requires a different treatment, and each
treatment is specific for a certain defect. (3) The rubella vaccine is the most common prevention
used for rubella. The vaccine has seen widespread use, and it has been preventing outbreaks and
birth defects due to CRS for years. Children between the ages of twelve and fifteen usually receive
the vaccine as part of their MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine. Once they reach four to
six, they receive the

Essay On Childhood Vaccination
Childhood vaccinations is a part of life that some people are not willing to accept. Especially the
MMR vaccine, which stands for measles, mumps, and rubella. There seems to be a lot of attention
that comes along with this specific vaccine because some people believe that there is a link between
the MMR vaccine and autism. Even with these concerns parents should still have their children
vaccinated because they could be saving the lives of their children and the lives of their loved ones.
Measles, mumps and rubella are all considered viral diseases that are contagious. Any one of these
diseases can make someone who has not been vaccinated for MMR very sick. Starting with measles
here is a list of a few of the more serious symptoms and complications caused by this disease:
pneumonia, brain damage, and death (http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vaccines/mmr–
vaccine.html). Now a list of the worst symptoms and complications that one can expect to suffer if
infected with the mumps: swollen salivary glands, swelling of the testicles or ovaries, deafness,
inflammation of the brain and/or tissue covering the brain and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The obvious reasons for giving children the MMR vaccine have already been listed with all the side
effects that come along with the diseases. If children are vaccinated and become immune to these
diseases they will not have to suffer the horrific illness that comes along with the diseases. The
immunization of these diseases could ultimately save the parents money. If a child becomes sick
because they have not been vaccinated then they will need a substantial amount of medical
treatment which in return can rack up a large medical bill. Weighing the medical cost of treatment of
the disease compared to the cost of a vaccine could be considered a reason to have a child

Rubella Controversy
Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) Vaccine and the Development of Autism
Controversy
Andrew Wakefield and other 12 co–authors published a study in the Lancet in 1998 that suggested a
relationship between measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) and autism. In other words, Wakefield
and associates suggested that the vaccine for MMR could predispose children to autism. The paper
received massive publicity despite the researchers having used a sample size that was not
representative (n=12), the research design was uncontrolled as well as conclusions being speculative
(Sathyanarayana Rao & Andrade, 2011). Consequently, the vaccines for MMR plummeted since
parents feared that vaccinating their children against MMR could predispose their children to
autism.
Subsequent studies were conducted immediately after Wakefield and associates published the study
to refute the alleged link between MMR vaccination and autism. The conclusion that MMR
vaccination could cause autism among vaccinated children was also dubious since a temporal link
exists between the two. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The likelihood of vaccinated children being diagnosed autism compared to unvaccinated children
was 0.44 in this small group (Jain et al., 2015). The finding is statistically significant which suggests
that vaccines could cushion children from autism.
Jain et al. (2015) explain the effect of vaccines in protecting children against autism. The effect
could be explained by parents of autistic children who do not vaccinate the younger children.
Autism is closely related to genes which mean if an older sibling has autism, the younger children
are likely to be diagnosed with autism. Jain et al. (2015) explained that parents who withheld their
children from obtaining MMR vaccine due to fears propagated by the infamous 1998 study could
have contributed to the lower rate of vaccinated children diagnosed with

A Brief Note On Rubella And Rubella Vaccine
There is, however, an easy counter to fear: information. If the public becomes informed about a
topic, and is able to intelligently wield this knowledge, chemophobia is easy to counter. However,
chemists have largely failed in the war against chemophobia, allowing it centuries to efficiently
infiltrate American life. One of the most reputable, trustworthy, and knowledgeable sources for
chemistry information is the American government, only they (and the various scientists within their
ranks) have not been clear in their support of Chemistry. Despite official statements by the Center
for Disease Control, or CDC, being supportive of the use of vaccines, many of their other reports
seem to contradict their stance. In their fact sheet for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
"Natural" is the most prominent offender: unlike most countries, the United States "has no specific
regulations for the term 'natural' on products. It can be used almost anywhere with no issue,"
(Hansen) leaving individual companies in the food industry to determine what they want the term to
mean.
"Foods containing natural flavors, sweeteners, and other plant–derived substances can be labeled
natural... Foods containing High Fructose Corn Syrup and genetically engineered ingredients can
also be labeled natural... Many other other synthetic materials can be used to process natural foods
as long as they aren't in the final product." (Hansen)
While it is made clear that the term "natural" is nonsense, the consumer does not realize this. In
2012, Consumer Reports did a survey on the perception of the term "natural" on food: While over
60% of those surveyed believed the term to mean a product lacking pesticides, GMOs, and artificial
ingredients, the word means no such thing. 62% go out of their way to buy foods specifically
labeled natural, which represents how impactful the word is. Just by slapping the word on a package
immediately makes it more profitable, with no drawback suffered by the marketer. This abuse is not
simply limited to "natural:" "artisan" doesn't have any legal definition (Bell), yet is used in many
meats, cheeses, and breads. While "cage–free" chickens aren't legally allowed to be stuck in a tiny

Children Vaccinated Against Common Illnesses
In recent years vaccines have been a major topic of discussion. While some people still think having
your children vaccinated against common illnesses such as chicken pox and the flu is dangerous, I
myself think it is perfectly fine to have your children vaccinated on the schedule recommended by
pediatricians. Some parents choose to have their children vaccinated on a delayed schedule, which I
still find acceptable. However, the parents who choose not to have their children vaccinated at all are
a danger to the public.
Unvaccinated people can cause outbreaks of viruses that have been eradicated. In late 2014 a
measles outbreak occurred when an unvaccinated child who was a carrier of the disease visited
Disneyland. This caused 173 people from seventeen different states to contract the virus that was
eradicated from the United States in 2002. In order for measles to be under control 94–99% of the
population must be vaccinated. With the recent trend of not vaccinating, measles, along with other
once eradicated, or nearly eradicated diseases are making a come–back.
Since early 1998 autism and the MMR vaccine, a vaccine that protects the body from measles,
mumps, and rubella viruses, has said to been linked. In an article written by Jeffery S. Gerber and
Paul A. Offit published in Clinical Infectious Diseases, Andrew Wakefield discovered this apparent
link. According to Gerber and Offit:
On 28 February 1998, Andrew Wakefield, a British gastroenterologist, and colleagues

Vaccinating your child seems to be the question of the...
Vaccinating your child seems to be the question of the decade for many parents and families.
Typically, parents usually follow their doctors advice and automatically get their children
vaccinated. But now, almost every parent has heard these concerning and alarming side effects that
may accompany vaccinations. Faced with conflicting information, there are many questions that
arise from these concerns and parents do not want their children to catch any crucial illness but are
also concerned about the risk and side affects of vaccines. Challengers have claimed that vaccines
do not work, that they are or may be dangerous, or that mandatory vaccinations violate individual
rights or religious principles. Some wonder, are vaccinations even 100% ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As working parents and families, our children are in daycares and preschools and amongst many
other children. The danger of catching or passing along a disease are at a much greater risk. Vaccine
overload is the belief that giving many vaccines at once may overwhelm or weaken a child's
immune system and lead to unfavorable effects. Some parents of autistic children believe that
vaccine overload causes autism. If you rely on some forms of social media, you may hear about the
controversies and celebrities that are on an anti vaccine crusade. For example, Jenny McCarthy and
Holly Robinson are anti–vaccines while Amands Peete stated in an interview that parents who do
not vaccinate their children are "parasites." The resulting controversy has caused many parents to
delay or avoid immunizing their children. Included hypotheses are that vaccinations can cause
sudden infant death syndrome, seizures, multiple sclerosis and autoimmune disease. Are most
vaccinations even 100% effective? No, they are not. Most are 85–95 % effective in preventing
disease. Although they may not be 100% effective, they still offer outstanding protection. Without
vaccinations, we can expect society to be like it was years ago and we would suffer from the
diseases of our grandparents. Vaccination has been opposed on religious grounds ever since it was
introduced, even when vaccination is not necessary. Religious hostility continues to this day, raising
ethical difficulties when the number of

Reaction Paper On Rubella
INTRODUCTION
Measles is a very contagious and infectious virus. Basic symptoms may include fever, cough, runny
nose, swollen eyes, then 2 or 3 days later small white spots may form inside the mouth
These spots are known as koplik spots then a red rash spreads around the body after about 3–5 days
after the first symptoms appear.
It is an airborne virus which spreads quite easily through sneezes and coughs of the infected.it can
also be spread through touching body fluids of the infected.
9 out of 10 non immune people who share space with an infected person will catch the virus.
The vaccine for the virus has proven to be quiet effective and has reduced the number of deaths
caused by the virus between 2000 and 2013 by 75%.
There is no specific treatment for the virus and it affects almost 20 million people every year and
mostly the developing countries like those in Africa and Asia
Rubella, which is also known as "German Measles", which is generally a mild disease but it can
have serious consequences for women who are pregnant and their children. If an individual is
infected with rubella in the first trimester women have a very high risk of giving birth to a child with
Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS). CRS often results in several birth defects including heart
problems, deafness and blindness. More than a hundred thousand infants are ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Sometimes the presence of white spots inside the mouth, called Koplik spots, the timing of the fever
and the rash and the characteristics of the rash can help make the diagnosis. Whenever measles is
suspected, swabs from the nose or throat, a urine sample or a blood test can be tested to confirm the
diagnosis in the laboratory. Confirmation of the diagnosis is important so that other people who may
be at risk of measles can be identified and

Vaccinations Should Be Mandatory Essay
"On Saturday, June 17, 1916, an official announcement of the existence of an epidemic polio
infection was made in Brooklyn, New York. That year, there were over 27,000 cases and more than
6,000 deaths due to polio in the United States."(Schneider). Before the polio vaccine was developed
in 1955 by Dr. Salk, polio was the United States most feared disease. But thanks to doctors like Dr.
Salk, doctors have developed a vaccination for other diseases, not just polio, which helped eradicate
and eliminate many diseases that have killed millions in the past. Today, many American parents
refuse to vaccinate their children due to a variety of unfounded fears. Vaccinations should be
mandatory, unless a person has a medical condition that says otherwise. These vaccinations are vital
to the control and eradication of deadly infectious diseases and it can save children's lives, it is safe
and effective, protects other people, saves money, and ensures healthy future generations.
One thing that vaccines can do is help save children 's lives. "most childhood vaccines are 90%–
99% effective in preventing disease."(Vaccine Safety) Which in return has helped save millions of
children 's lives over the years. The Centers for Disease Control estimated that 732,000 children in
the United States were saved from death and 322 million cases of childhood illnesses were
prevented between 1994 and 2014 due to vaccination. (Bahar). It 's plain and simple vaccination has
been proven countless of times

The State Of The Modern Vaccination Debate
Rightful Authority to Mandate Vaccines
Melanie West
Wright State University
Rightful Authority to Mandate Vaccines
Social Problem
State of Current Social Problem The term "herd immunity" became a common phrase as the debate
surrounding mandating vaccines continues to grow. The modern vaccination debate often appears to
focus on the effectiveness of vaccines as many media sources affirmed or denounced a potential
correlation between autism and vaccines. Although these stories about autism and vaccines became
headlines, the history of mandating vaccines addresses the authority of the government to
distinguish between individual concerns and the common good. The current now ultimately focuses
on examining the authority of the government to distinguish between individual concerns and the
common good rather than the effectiveness of vaccines.
History of Vaccine Mandate Debate
The current debate surrounding mandating vaccines for children to attend public school roots itself
in a deep history with a 21st century twist. A recent measles outbreak in early 2015 merely reopened
this long–standing debate which now spills into the very early campaigning for the 2016 Presidential
election. The presence of this debate in the early stages of the election proves it as a compelling
controversy needing settlement through clear policies.
This recent debate often appears as a fresh controversy, but instead began over a century ago most
notably with the Supreme Court

Stages And Processes Of Human Prenatal Development Essay
Stages and Processes of Human Prenatal Development
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this article is to highlight the biological processes that drive embryonic
development. It will be mainly focused on stages of prenatal development at the semi–cellular level
that result in visible advances in the embryo's development as it matures into a fetus and eventually
is born. However, these biological processes are not flawless; in some cases, infections, risk factors
present in the environment outside of the uterus, or genetic diseases can pose harm by altering how
developmental processes proceed or even result in lethality to the fetus. Genetic diseases and
illnesses of high concern will thus be discussed in greater detail, as will proposals to prevent or
lower the risk of these events from affecting development.
PRENATAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Development of the embryo into a fetus throughout pregnancy consists of three main periods of
development, made up of several weeks of development between each one; these are referred to
commonly and by medical professionals as the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy.
Following conception, the embryonic stage of prenatal development begins through the fifth week
of pregnancy in which major structures begin to form. At this stage, the cells of the body begin to
differentiate into cells that are specialized in unique functions such as blood, kidney, and nerve cells
for their corresponding organ systems (Hill, 2016). According to Sacks

Andrew Wakefield
In 1998, the British medical journal called The Lancet published a controversial research paper
written by Andrew Wakefield. In the research paper "Ileal–lymphoid–nodular hyperplasia, non–
specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children, " Andrew Wakefield et al.
attempted to link MMR (Mumps, Measles, Rubella) vaccinations and autism. Nevertheless, the
paper seemed to successfully do that. However, this was not known was at the time was Wakefield
had tampered with the findings. Furthermore, this was brought to light in 2004 by British journalist
Brian Deer. In 2011, thirteen years after The Lancet published the paper, and seven years after Brian
Deer exposed the paper. The Lancet finally retracted the article. A common theory ... Show more
Still, though, there are people that still believe MMR vaccinations cause autism. Andrew Wakefield
is one of those individuals that believe that MMR vaccinations cause autism. Wakefield has been
found guilty of fraud and dishonesty. Thus, causing him to lose his credentials. Wakefield still
denies that he was wrong and he denies the allegations of fraud (Godlee et al., 2011). The GMC
(General Medicine Counsel), the organization that removed Wakefield's credentials; furthermore the
GMC has asked him to either reproduce the results or say he was wrong. Wakefield has neglected to
do either. One of the worst things about this is five years after being retracted one out of four
Americans will not get their children vaccinated because they believe that MMR vaccinations cause
autism. Vaccination rates are higher than they were ten years ago, but they are still not high enough.
In the United States of America, MMR vaccination rates are at 92% and in the UK they are at 90%.
These percentages are pretty good considering that in the UK rates dropped below 75% and below
58% in some areas (Kolodziejski, 2014. p.165), (Burgess et al,. 2006. p.3921). The numbers are
improving, but it is still not high enough it should be around

Rubella Essay
Please list the references and clinical resources that you use in your review of this document. These
references should support any clinical or extensive revisions or additions that you make. Aside from
known common best practices, references are required. We reserve the right to request additional
references. References and resources used:
Date reviewed:
Pregnancy and Rubella
Rubella is a viral infection that can be harmful to the pregnant woman and her fetus. A rubella
infection in the first trimester increases the risk of losing the fetus by miscarriage or stillbirth. It also
increases the risk of premature delivery and the risk of the baby having severe birth defects once
born, such as deafness, cataracts, congenital heart disease, or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Rash that does not itch.
Swollen lymph glands.
Pain and swelling of joints.
DIAGNOSIS
This condition is diagnosed based on:
Your symptoms and a physical exam.
Blood tests, to confirm the diagnosis.
TREATMENT
There is no effective treatment for a pregnant woman infected with rubella. However:
Immune globulin may be given, but its effectiveness is unknown.
You should get the rubella vaccine after you deliver your newborn.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
If you or your child has rubella, you can help keep it from spreading. You should:
Stay home or keep your child home for 7 days after the rash starts.
Wash your hands often with soap and water. If soap and water are not available, use hand sanitizer.
Keep all follow–up visits as told by your health care provider. This is important.
SEEK MEDICAL CARE IF:
You have a fever.

You have inflammation and discharge from your eyes or nose.
You have a sore throat.
You have a cough.
You have headaches.
Your lymph nodes are enlarged.
You have worsening joint or muscle aches.
SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL CARE IF:
You have severe abdominal pain.
You no longer feel your baby moving.
You have vaginal

Pros And Cons Of Vaccines
http://fortune.com/2017/02/16/donald–trump–autism–vaccines/ This article discusses the much
debated concept of whether vaccines are correlated to causing autism. The controversy began in
1998 when a MMR vaccine – used to fight measles, mumps and rubella in children – was linked by
a fraudulent research paper to disorders related to autism (Bearman 2010). As a result of the claims
of the paper, there was a sharp drop in vaccination rates where the research was first originally
reported – in the UK and in Ireland (Bearman 2010). As a result, there was a significant increase in
the occurrence of measles and mumps, resulting in significant casualties as well as significant
permanent injuries (Bearman 2010). Subsequently, a variety of research institutions have undergone
significant testing of this "hypothesis" and have concluded there is no link between the MMR
vaccine and autism. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This allows the occupant of the position a tremendous amount of power through which they are able
to implement policy or their personal belief on what the appropriate agenda for America should be
(Gelderman 1997). With the election of Donald Trump, he has made it a personal point to implement
many of the controversial portions of his agenda. This includes a reaffirmation of the false study of
the MMR vaccine which was disproven by scientific organizations. While many of his positions are
very controversial, Trump wields more power through his office than the scientists who conduct
work and have analyzed these theories

Should Those Opposed For Immunization Conform For The...
Should those opposed to immunization conform for the safety as a nation? I will discuss the
controversial debate of those who are for and against immunization, the extent of the issue of those
affected, and supported evidence in strengthening my position for immunization. By proving the
negative accusations immunizations has received creating a pandemic, as opposing parents fear their
child is at risk refusing immunization and putting other children in danger. Exposing unvaccinated
children in public schools increases the chances of spreading an outbreak. According to a 2015
article found on Why I Choose.org by the California Immunization Coalition states an unvaccinated
person infected can become a threat to others (Why I Choose, 2015). This increases the chance of
being exposed to life threatening diseases, by those who refuse immunization. The government
should enforce any federal or state funding programs such as: public schools, charter schools,
preschools, summer programs etc. to receive the necessary immunizations to prevent an out break
and create stability of a safe environment.
Immunizations protect children from dangerous diseases, which include: diphtheria, meningitis,
tetanus, polio, measles, and the whooping cough (Vaccines, 2015). The controversial debate arose in
1998 concerning a link between the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine and autism by
Andrew Wakefield. However, his claims and theories on the matter has been discredited due to his

Autism Spectrum Disorders
Introduction Autism is the main form of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Autism is a
developmental disorder that is manifested in problems with communication, impairment of social
functioning, and repetitive behaviours. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–V), ASD diagnoses must meet four different areas of
criteria. There are three symptoms of "deficits in social communication and interaction across
contexts," four symptoms of "restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities,"
"symptoms must be present in early childhood," and the symptoms must "together limit and impair
everyday functioning" (Carpenter, 2013). There are many theoretical positions on the causes of
autism spectrum disorders. Some of which have been discounted by empirical studies that have been
researched and performed.
Theoretical Positions The search for the cause of autism and autism spectrum disorders began in the
1990's with Dr. Andrew Wakefield, a gastroenterologist from Britain. Dr. Wakefield's research
linked autism to vaccines received in infancy and childhood through intestinal disease. The vaccine
Dr. Wakefield primarily looked at was the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) triple vaccine. In 2004,
most of the co–authors for the study withdrew their names after learning that Wakefield "had been
paid by a law firm that intended to sue vaccine manufacturers" ("Retracted autism study," 2011).
Wakefield's research

Rubella Virus
RNA virus of paramyxovirus group causes the disease called Rubella. The whole family is
responsible for the disease as it spreads throughout the family. The women who get infected with
Rubella within the first 3 months of their pregnancy period ranges almost from 30%–50%, where
the fetuses will be poorly affected by the virus. Gestation is the time when Rubella virus choose to
invade the placenta and fetus. In this case, a woman in her initial months of pregnancy who is
exposed to the virus may grow the infection and give birth to an infant who is seriously infected and
displays the congenital faults such as hearing problems along with blindness.[3]
DNA virus belonging to the herpes group is the main cause of the infection named as
Cytomegalovirus

Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Rubella is another viral infection similar to measles, which causes fever and rash in children but is
usually mild when acquired postnatally and may result in abortion or disability after primary
infection in the first trimester of pregnancy. Estimates of the global cases of congenital rubella
syndrome (CRS) derive from models of the risk of infection in pregnancy, using serological
information on the age–specific prevalence of rubella antibodies. According to literature reviewed of
1996, approximately 110,000 cases of CRS (uncertainty bounds ranging from ~14,000–308,000)
were estimated to occur every year in developing countries (10), which lack vaccines against
rubella, with highest numbers predicted in Africa and south East Asia.
In 2000, prior to Measles & Rubella Initiative, more than 562,000 children died ... Show more
Damage to health infrastructure and health services interrupts routine immunization, and
overcrowding in residential camps thus increasing the risk of infection (who.factsheet).
Signs and symptoms
The first sign of measles is usually a high fever, which begins about 10 to 12 days after exposure to
the virus, and lasts 4 to 7 days. A runny nose, cough, red watery eyes, and small white spots inside
the cheeks can develop in the initial stage. After several days, a rash erupts, usually on the face and
upper neck. Over about 3 days, the rash spreads, eventually reaching the hands and feet (Koplik
spot). The rash lasts for 5 to 6 days, and then fades. On average, the rash occurs 14 days after
exposure to the virus (within a range of 7 to 18 days).
Treatment
Severe complications from measles are avoided through supportive care involving good nutrition,
adequate fluid intake and treatment of dehydration with WHO–recommended oral rehydration
solution. Antibiotics are also prescribed to treat eye and ear infection as well as

Childhood Vaccinations : Vaccination Cause Autism And...
Childhood Vaccinations Childhood vaccinations in the United States has become a very
controversial issue over the years whether it should be the parents' rights or the governments right to
require them. There are specific immunization schedules, all are important but the most important
ones are the ones received during our childhood. Immunizations received during childhood have
eradicated diseases such as measles and polio, they prevent outbreaks, contribute to the "herd"
immunity and implications of future generations. Although, there are individuals who are against
vaccinating their children due to not being properly educated on the safety of vaccines and believing
in fallacious claims such as vaccination cause Autism and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
Vaccinations are important for all ages but during childhood they are the most critical to the health
of all individuals around the United States and the world. Childhood vaccinations are crucial to
everyone, and it is important that children receive all scheduled immunizations.
Safety of Childhood Vaccinations
In recent years more and more parents have become misled by fallacious claims towards
vaccinations which have caused for a decrease in childhood vaccinations for preventable diseases
cause side effects such as autism and sudden infant death syndrome. The study that influenced many
parents to not vaccinate their children was done by Andrew Wakefield, and his study claimed that
vaccines such as Measles, Mumps, and

The Importance of Childhood Vaccination Essay
Since the introduction of vaccinations, medical science has managed to all but eliminate many
formally fatal and debilitating childhood illnesses in countries where the immunization of children is
nearly universal. Diseases such as measles, mumps, diphtheria, rubella and polio have been
relegated to a marginal status in developed countries with active immunization campaigns; smallpox
is actually considered to have been completely eliminated from the earth, without a single case
having been reported since roughly 1979 ("Childhood"). Largely centered around a study published
in 1998 in the British medical journal "The Lancet", there has been an upsurge in concerns of the
safety of vaccinations and a resulting decrease in their usage, which ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To plainly state the effects of even this small drop of 12%, "official figures showed that 1,348
confirmed cases of measles in England and Wales were reported [in 2008], compared with 56 in
1998. Two children have died of the disease" (Deer). A 2400% increase in the incidence of measles
could possibly have some hope of justification if the original study tying the MMR vaccine to
autism were true. Sadly, a recent ruling by the second highest court in America, the United States
Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit, re–affirmed the decision of a lower court which "found that Dr.
Wakefield's work had been largely discredited within the scientific community and that none of the
studies indicating the presence of measles virus in autistic children had been successfully replicated
by an accredited laboratory" ("HAZLEHURST v. SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVS."). The evidence against Wakefield's work has been so overwhelming that "The Lancet"
took the highly unusual step of retracting the original article in February of 2010, prompting it's
editor, Richard Horton, to state "'It was utterly clear, without any ambiguity at all, that the
statements in the paper were utterly false...I feel I was deceived.'" (Boseley). An explicit statement
like this one from someone in such an esteemed position in the medical peer–reviewed publication
world

Essay on History of The Mumps Virus
The Mumps virus seems to have been around since ancient times. Research says that the virus has
been documented or recorded by the Hippocrates in 5th century BCE (Mumps Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine–Preventable Diseases). We give credit to Johnson and Goodpasture for
helping determine how the virus is spread. This particular virus has been and still is known
worldwide but became a reportable disease in the United States in 1968. The history behind the
Mumps is not very detailed but today we are able to prevent this disease here in the US.
The structure of the Mumps is a single stranded RNA virus. Its genus is the Rubulavirus which is
part of the Paramyxoviridae family . The Mumps virus is an acute virus that could become ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A few other complications may be, orichitis , oophoritis, and deafness.
In order to detect if a person has the mumps the first thing would be to look at the symptoms.
Mainly the swollen jaws would be a good indication. After this confirming what we think is the next
step so a sample must be collected. Depending on what exactly you are looking for and what type of
test is to be done depends on what type of sample you must get. For a detection of the mumps
antibody a blood sample is going to be the choice specimen. To get this sample a normal
venipuncture procedure will be used. If you are testing for the virus in a culture there are several
specimens that can be used. Examples include blood, urine, CSF, nasopharyngeal aspirate/washing
and throat swabs (Measles and Mumps Tests). We use antibody testing most commonly to determine
if a person has this virus. Once infected the body make IgM antibodies to the virus. Over time these
antibodies disintegrate and IgG antibodies take their place forever, allowing the person to become
immune to the mumps virus if ever in contact with it again. There is also another test that detects the
genetic strain of the virus called the RT–PCR test (Measles and Mumps Tests). This is used to help
determine a cause especially if the results do not match the doctors suspicions.
Lastly to be discussed is prevention of the mumps virus. As I s tated earlier in this paper the mumps
is not very prevalent in the

Rubella And Neonatal Effects Essay Example

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