King Ferdinand Research Paper

King Ferdinand Research Paper
King Ferdinand of SpainBy: TJ GrayKing Ferdinand of Spain is one of the most well known kings
of the fifteen century. At a very young age King Ferdinand made decisions which shaped the Spain
and world we know today.Ferdinand was born March 10, 1452, in Sos, Aragon. He was the son of
John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez of Castile. Ferdinand was not considered an intellectual, but
was eager to learn. Ferdinand was tutored by humanist Francisco Vidal, he learned to read and write
which was uncommon for the time period. Ferdinand was named governor of one of his father's
kingdom by age nine. Ferdinand also mastered the art of war fighting rebels from 1462 to 1472.
Ferdinand led forces against his father's enemies and won when people tried ... Show more content
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King Ferdinand reunited Naples with Sicily for the first time since 1458. In 1512, after conquering
Navarre he became their King. Throughout his life King Ferdinand was know by many names. He
was known as Ferdinand III of Naples, Ferdinand the Catholic, Ferdinand II of Sicily, Ferdinand V,
and Ferdinando el Catolice.King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella continued to reign over Spain for
many years. On November 26, 1504, Queen Isabella passed away leaving her daughter Joan, also
known as Joan the Mad, and her husband, as successor to the throne. Joan's husband died in 1506.
King Ferdinand married Germaine of Foix in 1505. King Ferdinand and Germaine had one son, but
hepassed away in 1509. King Ferdinand remained ruler of Castile until his death on January 23,
1516. Upon his death, the crowns of all the Spanish kingdoms were passed to his grandson, Charles
I, ruler of the Netherlands and heir to the Roman Empire as Charles V. King Ferdinand was buried at
the Royal Chapel of Granada.During the reign of the Catholic King the power of the throne
continued to grow. The nobles and parliament lost power, while the church was used as an
instrument of political power. Many of King Ferdinand's policies had long lasting effects, especially
the removal of the Jews and Muslims from Spain. King Ferdinand's policies also allowed
conversions of large areas into grazing land for the benefit of the wool industry. By supporting
Christopher Columbus' exploration of the New World he laid the foundation for Spain's colonies in
the New World. During the reign of King Ferdinand, Spain became an Atlantic power and revolution
commerce for Europe.Bibliography Ferdinand and Isabella." Compton's by Britannica. Britannica
Online for Kids.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2017. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. Ferdinand II.Sandbox
Networks, Inc. publishing as Infoplease. 2017
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The Economic And Racial Aspects Of Slavery
The Economic and Racial Aspects of Slavery
Leo Kirkpatrick Baird
US History I
Mrs. Clark
November 9, 2015 Slavery has stood the test of time; slaves were used in Mesopotamia even before
they were conquered by the First Persian Empire in 539 BCE. In the Roman Empire slaves were
about 10% of the total population of the Empire. The need for labor in the New World caused about
10.7 million Africans to be shipped over to become slaves. The mass usage of slaves from the 2nd
millennia BCE to today where millions of slaves are still being used in countries all over the globe is
an economic business. Until slavery started in the New World it was not associated with racism. In
the Roman Empire slaves were multinational, as is the case with all other instances of slavery
including in Greece and in Africa itself, except for in the New World. Therefore contrary to popular
belief, throughout history slavery was an economic affair not a racist one. In the Roman Empire
slaves were seen as a sign of wealth and were used for labor. The more slaves a household had
usually showed more wealth. This labor was used to maximize profits that the owners would make
from their business. If the Romans did not employ slavery they might not have been such a booming
empire that they were. How the Romans treated their slaves was a lot more kind hearted than is seen
in the New World; slaves became part of the family and if a slave was liked by the family the slave
could be set free and

The Spanish Inquisition Caused Pain for the Citizens of...
The Spanish Inquisition is known for the pain it caused the citizens of the Iberian Peninsula.
Whereas, the inquisition started to clarify the land from heretics, it came to have more greedy, and
political motives. The start of the inquisition is usually accepted to the reign of Ferdinand V. and
Isabella. The Spanish inquisition started in the year of 1478 and lasted until the year of 1834 when
Ferdinand and Isabella passed away. The Jewish people are usually associated with riches and with
being outbreak to the society to which they belong. Spain was no different. In the city of Seville,
there was an archdeacon named Martinez who constantly tried to set off the people to purge
themselves of the dirty Jewish people. After, many reproach the Spanish cardinal and the pope.
Martinez finally succeeded. On March 15, 1391, Martinez motivated the crowd to riot. The crowd
moved towards the Jewish quarter. Police captured some of the people and flogged or beaten, even
that wasn't enough to stop the mob. While they didn't succeed that day to destroy the Jews, the
feeling that Martinez had grew strong until June 6 when the mob sacked the Juderia of Seville. It is
believed that the victims numbered in the hundreds maybe even thousand. Jews thought themselves
to be free of these problems, but this was not the case. When Ferdinand V. and Isabella were married
Aragon and Castile joined together the two most powerful states known in the Spain region. Spain
was on the edge of becoming one

Essay on The Vatican: Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome, Italy
The Vatican: Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome, Italy
"And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the
gates of hell shall not prevail against it." Matthew 16:18
Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is one of the most exquisite churches in the world. The Basilica's
importance is derived from the Bible, from the book of Matthew. The Apostle Peter is buried under
the High Altar of Saint Peter's Basilica, providing fulfillment to the directive that Jesus gave to
Peter. In the paper, the background of Saint Peter's Basilica is given, tracing its development from a
small shrine that was placed over Peter's grave to its transformation into the largest church in the
World. Some of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead, Constantine chose the San Giovanni in Laterano as the official church of the Pope.[vi]?
Laterano continues to hold this distinction even today.? According to Constantine?s plans, over
Peter?s tomb would stand the High Altar of the new church.[vii]? The High Altar is the most holy
site in the Basilica, for only the Pope can say Mass there.? Legend has it that Constantine removed
his robes and personally assisted in digging the foundation for the Basilica.[viii]? The first Basilica
was constructed in the shape of a cross and consisted of five naves adorned with eighty–eight
columns.[ix]? In addition, the Basilica had 120 altars, and 700 oil lamps.[x]? Of the 700, 120 lamps
perpetually burned around Saint Peter?s tomb.[xi]? Given the fact that the Basilica was the site of
Saint Peter?s tomb, the Basilica played a central role in early Christian spiritual life.[xii]? The
Basilica grew precipitously and quickly became the finest of Christian churches.[xiii]? Thousands of
pilgrims flocked to the original Saint Peter?s Basilica.[xiv]? Owing partially to the fact that the Pope
had taken up permanent residence at Avignon, France by the fifteenth century the Basilica had fallen
into alarming disrepair, and plans were made for a new Saint Peter?s.[xv]
b.The Current Saint Peter?s Basilica
Pope Nicholas V, a faithful Humanist, conceived of a new Basilica.[xvi] He plunged eagerly into the
work, and had

Argumentative Essay On Dante's Inferno
Gary Jewell
Argumentative Essay on Dante's Inferno Dante's Inferno is an epic poem that is clearly centered on
his hate for Pope Boniface VIII. Dante's "circles of hell" described so vividly in his poem are the
result of Dante's angst toward Boniface as he was once on top of the world until Boniface exiled
him only because of his political opinions. Although, he does not clearly name Boniface in the epic
he makes sure to include him in five obscure allusions. The first instance alludes to the incumbent
pope before Boniface, Pope Celestine V, as the one "who made the great refusal" in the circle of
neutrals; as he allowed Boniface to plant seeds of doubt in the months before he suddenly and
unexpectedly resigned, leaving Boniface the Pope. The second allusion would place Boniface
perfectly in the eighth circle, sixth pouch as the fraudulent sinner he was to prey on Celestine with
his utter gift of fraudulent gab to gain a political position of power. The third, fourth, and fifth
instances all point to his questionable practice of selling indulgences or absolution. So, therefore,
just because he cannot directly mention Boniface in his epic due to him still being alive during the
time of his writing, he still manages to make it a point to let him know there is a place for him in
Hell. American Educator Susan Blow studied Dante's Inferno with great respect to the implements
of ethics and theology. "In the following excerpt, she discusses the Inferno from an ethical and
theological point of view, explaining that divine retribution implies man's fundamental ethical
responsibility, and that 'Hell is the Creator's final tribute of respect to the being he made in his own
image' " (Blow, para 1). Blow clearly understood Dante's views and states, "His poem is not
individual but universal; he utters not his own thought, but the unformulated creed of Christendom.
Nay, he reaches beyond Christianity and speaks to the universal conscience of humanity–that inward
witness which is always calling upon man to rejoice in his freedom and tremble before the
responsibility bound up with it" (Blow, para 2). Scholar Thomas Peterson looks a little further into
Dante's Inferno and why it is that of a parody in some instances.

Overview of the Reformation Movement
During the 16th Century, not only was Europe was recovering from the social, political and
economical upheaval it experienced, but it was thriving economically (399). Although there was
stability within the governments and with colonial expansion, within the Church there were issues
that were being noticed by the masses. There was neglect and ignorance and a loss of passion from
the clergy, abuse of power from bishops and Popes, and misinformation spread through the masses
on their salvation through indulgences (399–402). The latter was considered simony and was
criticized by reformers like Erasmus, but it wasn't until 1517 when a monk named Martin Luther
published his Ninety–Five Theses that quickly spread and caused a chain–reaction ... Show more
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While the ideas of the clergy and nuns not needing to be celibate and the act of shutting down the
convents were welcomingly accepted, there were issues that arose. Women did not gain any
elevation in social or political status, and instead were deemed to be 'more sexually driven than men
and less capable of controlling their sexual desires' (414). The reformers insistence that men and
women should marry while young also caused conflict, as many men in Germany could not marry
until the were a master craftsmen, and were expected to go to brothels. By the 1600, governments
had outlawed prostitution and brothels (414).
While Protestantism was spreading throughout, the Catholic Reformation (or Counter–Reformation)
was attempting to thwart it. In the 1530s, popes Paul III, Paul IV, Pius V, and Sixtus V were the
leaders of this reformation who lead by example by not being self–indulgent as their predecessors,
but lived their lives as the religious examples for their people. They also rectified their financial
statuses and elected bishops and abbots who exemplified the same morals and ideals as they did
(420–421). The council also mandated that bishops and priests were only able to hold one position,
and censorship of books the council deemed as dangerous was on the rise. In 1545, the Council of
Trent, a General Council of the entire Church that was summoned by

Should Prostitution Be Legal?
These two stories are very sad and difficult to read. Prostitution is illegal in most countries and
where it is illegal it is considered a back–alley business. It can be a dirty and dangerous act, but it
can be fixed. Prostitution should be legal, because it may be able to help society. If prostitution was
legal, the act could be cleaner than most people think it could ever be. It could be a new job for
unemployed people, so it could bring down unemployment. Crime rates could go down and some
poor people could start gaining money. A nation can also gain money from taxes.
Prostitution has been around since as far back as 2400 BCE. During the Babylonian and Sumerian
civilizations, it was considered as honorable trade, sacred traditions, and ... Show more content on
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Christianity is a monotheistic religion and they believe in only one marriage and no sex before
marriage. Later in the twentieth century, the United States attempted to regulate prostitution. In
1910, the Mann Act or the White–Slave Traffic Act was passed, making prostitution for any immoral
purpose a federal crime. As history moved on, more countries started to view prostitution negatively.
(Sexton and Cushman.) The reason why prostitution became more morally wrong may all be
because of religion. Though many countries disapproved prostitution some kept it legal. In 1946,
France kept the act of prostitution itself legal, though solicitation and running a brothel was
criminalized. England legalized prostitution in 1959, and in 1971 the state of Nevada regulated
prostitution, allowing rural counties to license brothels. Prostitution has been legal in Canada since
well before World War II and remains so, though prohibitions remain against street prostitution and
pimping. Not withstanding these laws, some provinces, notably British Columbia, have elected to
regulate and license escorts and escort agencies. (Sexton and Cushman.) Today, prostitution still
exists everywhere even if it is illegal in the country. There is at least 13.8 million prostitutes in the
world and over $186 billion is spent worldwide. For example of some countries, in China it is illegal
and there are five million prostitutes and $73 billion is spent there. In the United States where it is

Catholics In The Elizabethan Era
Catholics in the Elizabethan Era The Elizabethan Era took place in the years 1558 to 1603 and was
marked in history as "The Golden Age". It took place during the beginning of the Renaissance, and
sparked a growth in the areas of art, music and literature. Despite all of the wonderful things that
may have come from this time period, the Elizabethan Era was a time of imprisonment, torture and
prejudice for English Catholics. The main religions of the time were Protestant and Catholic, which
are both denominations of Christianity. Both Catholics and Protestants have very strong belief
system, which meant that when exposed to the corruption of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, there was
often violence and tension between the two groups. Catholics believe that Priests are the link
between God and the people, and the pope was ordained by God. Priests in the Catholic Church
were believed to be special, and were expected to devote their lives to God. The Priests wore
elaborate robes and the church was often elaborately decorated, as they believed that churches were
a way to celebrate God. Protestants believe that people can find God without a priest or pope, and
that priests were ordinary people who should live ordinary lives. They believed that since the
Church was a place to concentrate on God, it should be plain, allowing people to concentrate on the
sermons. Queen Mary I ruled before Queen Elizabeth and was her half–sister. Mary was adamant to
restore England back to Catholicism

Saint Thomas Aquinas A Saint
Saint Thomas Aquinas was a great saint who was born in 1225, Roccasecca Italy and died on March
7, 1274 in Fossanova Abbey, Italy. He was an Italian Dominican friar, a catholic priest, doctor of the
church a great influential philosopher and theologian. Saint Thomas was a great saint and inspiration
and originally was supposed to take place in a monastery where he would work. Instead saint
Thomas decided to something else when he went into school.
Saint Thomas went to the school of the Monte Cassino to learn everything that he needed to know.
Through his time there, he decided that it would be best if were to join the Dominican Order. The
Dominican Order is a mendicant religious order that would help saint Thomas become a doctor of
the church. They would help him to become a priest and learn to believe in God in all ways that he
could. Although Thomas was totally on board with becoming part of the Dominican Order there
were others that were not happy for him to be part of this order. Thomas Aquinas's parents were
Theodora Rossi, his mother, and Landulf of Aquino, his father. Though Thomas was ready for him
to be part of the Dominican Order his parents and his family wanted him to go another direction. His
family did not want him to go so much so that they had kept him captive in a castle for a whole
entire year before they finally released him. The only reason that they had let him go was because
they had now known that he was not able to be persuaded. So with that he

Skeptics Of Western Astrology
Eighty–four million Americans believe in astrology; Not only does it psychologically have a strong
appeal by giving us mere mortals a sense of estranged, esoteric knowledge, it captivates us by
providing answers to our confusing, questionable lives, as well as the fact that it's highly profitable.
Accessories representing the different signs of the zodiac never go out of style, much of today's
society can't help but check their weekly horoscope in the tabloids; it may barely qualify as a
science, but it is more than eligible to be considered a business. In a world that's constantly and
rapidly undergoing evolutionary changes, whether they be technological, social, or economic– the
human race continually abandons rituals and traditions as time ... Show more content on
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This belief may be partly based off of religion, or just general, scientific skepticism. Astrology, by
definition. is the study of celestial objects and how they influence individual lives on Earth. It all
started about 6,000 years ago, with the Mesopotamian Chaldeans, who sought a way to track the
seasons in order to sort out their sowing, reaping, and hoarding schedules throughout the year. Using
12 constellations, they were able to derive a 354–day calendar based off of the Moon's position in
relation to each constellation. Each time a new constellation was encountered by the Moon, the
following month began. Thousands of years later, the Greeks named these constellations the "circle
of animals," or zodiakos kyklos, presently known as the the "zodiac." Although the Lunar calendar
was primarily effective, the fact that it was 11 days short threw the calendar up to 6–months out–of–
sync within 20 years. The Chaldeans then turned to the planets to form a 365–day, in–sync calendar
(Bakich). When the European Renaissance came about, astrology was commonly viewed as a
common form of divination; people indulged in the constellations and found new ways to interpret
them. European astrologers were widely considered scholars that explored the mysteries of the
universe through science and research, and their influences spread to not only the European
continent, but the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and eventually even the Americas. However, in the 16th
and 17th centuries, during a time known as the "Enlightenment," the Christian religion waged war
on astrology, with Pope Sixtus V officially condemning it, though it continued to be practiced. The
Italian astrologer Jerome Cardan was convicted and held under house arrest by the Catholic
Inquisition under suspicion of violating Sixtus' papal bull. In England,

Vatican City Of Rome 's Basilica The Home Of Pope Francis
The Sistine Chapel ... St. Peter's Square ... Saint Peter's Basilica ... The home of Pope Francis., What
do all these famous places have in common? They are all in The Vatican City. Vatican City, an
independent state within the city of Rome, is ruled by the Pope and is the headquarters of the Roman
Catholic Church. (Ruhl 1) (Blake 2)
Vatican city, the smallest country, has the smallest population in the world. The Vatican stamps their
own coins (Ruhl 3). The full name of the country is the State of Vatican City, and it is the spiritual
and governing center of the Roman Catholic Church. Vatican is usually referred to as a City State
and often called "The Holy See". It stands on Vatican Hill in northwestern Rome, Italy west of ...
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The men main duty is to protect the Pope. The Swiss Guards wear colorful uniforms protecting the
Guards since 1506 (Klein 3). To be a Swiss Guard, have to be Catholic and take the oath of loyalty
to the Pope. The men have to be at least 5'8.5 inches tall and between the ages 19 to 30 (Ruhl 4).
Swiss Guard Commander, Alois Estermann and his wife, were killed by another Swiss Guard,
Cedric Tornay, who later killed himself (Ruhl 5). On April 18, 1506, Pope Nicholas V begins
rebuilding and expanding St. Peter's Basilica. According to researchers Basilica is the world's
second, the largest Christian church after Yamoussoukro Basilica in Côte d 'ivoire. Michelangelo
designed the dome of Basilica, 400 feet tall and 138 feet in diameter. St. Peter's Basilica has the
shape of a cross 700 feet long, 450 feet wide and is standing on 18,000 square yards or more. The
building can hold more than 60,000 people, it is a beautiful place to see and is one of the many
visited places in Vatican. The original Basilica was built in 326 AD by Emperor Constantine.
Between 1473 to 1481 Vatican workers constructed the Sistine Chapel. But this was designed
mainly for the Pope, not for the people of Vatican. Michelangelo spent four years painting the
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Architect Giovanni dei Dolci, the designer, Raphael, a decorator,
continued for 60 years, even after construction was finished. The Sistine Chapel is one of the

Medieval Vs. Medieval Era
The Medieval, or Middle, Ages in Europe have often been called the Dark Ages, since they seem to
have been lacking in many ways. However, the Church was always shining the light of the Gospel in
even the darkest of places. "In the very bosom of this doomed society, a power remained which was
capable of giving meaning to the drama, of bringing order out of disorder, of integrating the
Barbarians into civilization and of using their youthful energies to restore the world to vigor and
health. This power, to which the West owes its salvation, was the Church.1" Medieval Europe was,
in many ways, more Christian then, than it is now. The Medieval era can be divided into three parts:
the Early Ages, the High Ages, and the Late Ages. Each had its own achievements, shortcomings,
and beliefs, but they are all inextricably linked. Though the Middle Ages have been called Dark,
they always had the light of the Church shining in them.
The Early Ages started in 476 A.D. with the fall of Rome to barbarian tribes. The Popes from that
time on had to run everything themselves, due to a lack of support from Byzantium, the eastern part
of the empire. "Severed from Byzantium, and with Rome in the hands of the Barbarians, the West
had only itself on whom it could rely.2" The countries of Europe now began to heal from the inside
out. Ireland started this with saints such as Patrick, Brigit, and Columbanus, who spread new ideas
of Christianity, such as private penance, throughout Europe.

The Spanish Inquisition Essay examples
Political power acts as a foundation for society through persuasion. This influential ability controls
the thoughts and actions of society as a whole, and who is in control heavily determines how
successful their influences will be. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were the political rulers of
Spain during the late 15th century, and remained in control up until the early 16th century. They
craved unity for their country, and would do anything they could to achieve their desired conformity.
Spain was to be united under one flag, one form of ruler, and one religion; those who did not oblige,
became targets. For more than three hundred years, the Spanish Inquisition hovered over Spain,
inciting fear and inflicting brutality upon those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They claimed that those of the Jewish faith were responsible for Jesus' death, and therefore they
were unable to be trusted. The expansion of Jewish communities infuriated the Christian society,
pushing them towards their breaking point. In 1391, anti–Semitic violence broke out in Castile, and
spread across many other areas in Spain such as Barcelona, Saragossa, and Valencia. Mobs entered
the Jewish communities to burn synagogues, invade homes, rape the women, and kill the dominant
Jewish rulers that were recognized. The Jews of Spain were given an ultimatum; evacuate, or
convert to Christianity. Nearly half of them agreed to convert their faith, and they were baptized in
order to show their true commitment to the Church. Those who converted were referred to as
Conversos or "New Christians". This ultimatum that those of the Jewish faith were given satisfied
Christian societies, but it soon became apparent that the Conversos were not acting accordingly in
respect to the Christian belief system. Although they attended church and participated in Christian
traditions, behind closed doors, it was believed that they continued to practise the traditions, beliefs,
and holy days outlined by the Jewish faith. They refrained from eating pork, and supposedly
celebrated the Jewish Sabbath which lasted from Friday's sundown until Saturday's nightfall. This
realization caused Christians to become furious, and those who had been deemed

Vatican Government
Government
Paragraph 1
Vatican can is an absolute ecclesiastical elective monarchy where the sitting pope (Bishop of Rome)
has ex officio powers on the executive, legislative and judicial arms of the government. The pope
exercises these powers through state organs acting on his name and authority. This form is elective
monarchy because it the pope is elected and a pope can ascend to the seat. The election of the pope
by cardinals is democratic because he must garner the support of a two–thirds majority.
Paragraph 2
The current head of the Vatican City is His Holiness Pope Francis; real name is Jorge Mario
Bergoglio. Pope Francis, born in 1936 in Argentina is the 266th pope and he took over from Pope
Benedict XVI on March 13, 2013. Previously, Bergoglio worked as a chemical technologist and ...
Cardinals meet the soonest possible after the vacancy and must remain in seclusion until they elect a
new pope. This voting takes place within a conclave in Sistine Chapel. Candidates must be members
of the church, baptized in the church and be in a position to be ordained as Bishops since the Pope is
the Bishop of Rome. For absent cardinal (Mostly because of illness), three cardinals collect their
votes. Three other cardinals count the votes and another three verifies. Cardinals write the name of
their preferred candidates and swear that his choice is best in the eyes of God. A slight irregularity
leads to cancellation of the votes. On success, the votes are burnt and produce a white smoke
significantly announcing to the public that there is a new pope, followed by church bells.
Immediately, the Dean asks the elected Pope if he accepts If the answer is "Accepto", his reign
begins immediately but if it is "not" his reign begins during inauguration seven days later. The
elected pope chooses his regnal name

Spanish Inquisition Research Paper
The Inquisition started because the Catholic Church was worried that the devil was stealing people's
souls. To fight the devil the church founded a new court. The Inquisition, were those priests whose
job it was to find and punish anyone who was against the church or working with the devil. They
called people who worked against the church a heretic and any action against the church was heresy.
The inquisition could place people under arrest and torture them until they confessed to heresy; even
if u weren't and heresy but they suspected that you were they still torture you. But, if you confess
right away before torture, will be punished, but you can redeem yourself. If you didn't confess you
were torture until you did.
The inquisition was used for both religious and political reasons in Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella
asked permission from Pope Lucius III to purify Spain of all other religions other than Catholicism.
They began by driving out Jews, Protestants and other non–believers. ... Show more content on
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He was responsible for establishing the rules of inquisitorial produce and creating branches of the
Inquisition in various cities. He was reasonable from 5,000 deaths in 15 years. Pope Sixtus IV and
the Catholic Church tried to stop them but the political tool was too powerful to get hands on.
The inquisitors were excellent record keepers. One surviving document gives the expenses for an
execution down to price of the rope used to tie victims' hands. About 2% of those who were born
before the inquisition were burned at the stake that means that about tens of thousands of people
were

The Purpose Of The Spanish Armada
On August 1588, an enormous Spanish fleet of 130 ships sailed from A Coruña under the command
of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the sole purpose of invading England. If the invasion
succeeded, it would change the world and Christianity; there would not be an England, as we know
it, in its place a Spanish colony; Catholicism would prevail as the superior form of Christianity over
Protestantism. There would be no British Empire, but, in its stead, the Spanish Empire. The USA
would be heavily influenced by the Spanish. The world's most spoken language would be Spanish.
But after all, what were the motives of the Spaniards for launching such a vast invasion on Britain;
what was worth all the effort and work? In this essay, the reasons for the launching of the Spanish
Armada will be covered.
The motives of the Spanish were plenty. The Spanish desired England to be part of their expanding
empire. By taking over England, there would be minimal traffic towards America from the rest of ...
King Philip's ambitions was the most prominent of the reasons as the Spanish Armada was one of
the bigger, if not the biggest, moves in his attempt to conquer England. With ambitions as the key
reason, this event would prove useful in becoming a crucial example in the study regarding pre–war
conditions of invasions and relationships between the contenders. A profound understanding of such
events might even allow future wars to be evaded. The Spanish Armada itself was a brilliant idea
and, if it had succeeded, Spain would have owned "The empire on which the sun never sets".
However, the Spanish Armada failed; England remained independent, and British influence from
that point onwards surpassed

Historical Events That Occurred During Europe During The...
There were many historical events that occurred in Europe during the sixteenth century. At this time,
Europe was not very virtuous and respectable. This is because at this time, the Protestant Revolt
nearly destroyed the Catholic Church. In addition to this, European politics were compromised by
religious struggles which laid the foundation for the Thirty Years' War. Though there were numerous
events that occurred in sixteenth century Europe that are worth noting, this essay will focus on three
individuals who heavily influenced history in the West. The essay will not only describe the lives
and careers of these men, but the roles each one played in trying to advance, or in some cases,
destroy, the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this war, he saw this as a chance for France to develop as a Christian country, both Catholic
and Protestant. "Many Catholics, including the queen mother, regarded Huguenots... as the enemy
and insisted that they be dealt with" (Armand–Jean du Plessis de Richelieu Biography, Encyclopedia
of World Biography internet). To certain degree, the cardinal agreed with them and "...cooperated on
a program of reforms...and he allowed the Huguenots to continue practicing their religion as long as
they stayed loyal to the king" (Armand–Jean du Plessis de Richelieu Biography, Encyclopedia of
World Biography internet). Though this seems to be a generous action on Richelieu 's behalf, from a
Catholic viewpoint, the Cardinal did not fulfill his position as a Catholic in truly advancing the
Catholic faith in France– not Protestantism. Instead of making France a united Catholic country as it
once was prior to the Revolt, he decided to make France both Catholic and Protestant. Instead of
fulfilling his vocation as a priest, he really acted as a Prime Minister in France. Thus, again, failing
to make France a Catholic nation. France was considered the "Eldest Daughter of the Church," but
through Cardinal Richelieu, this title slowly drifted away. Richelieu played a major role in the
demise of the Catholic faith in France. "Oliver Cromwell was born in Huntingdon, England on April
25, 1599. He was the second son of the ten children of Robert Cromwell and

Galileo Galilei Essay
Galileo Galilei
Galileo was born in Pisa along the Via del Cuore in 1564 to Vincenzo Galileo, a man known for his
study of music, and Giuli Ammananti. When Galileo was ten he moved to Florance.1 At eleven
young Galileo was sent to Vallombrosa for school. At fifteen Galileo decided to be a monk, but
because of his father gave up his ambition. In the late summer of 1581 Galileo entered the
University of Pisa and embarked on a course of study in medicine. Studying the Aristotelian system,
which states larger heavier objects from high places, Galileo became increasingly skeptical.
Evidence of Galileo's brilliance was assured when in 1583, he was attending service in the cathedral
and he saw that the flames of the candles osculated back ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In February 1609 Galileo returned to his problem for the military about the trajectory of an artillery
shell. Fortune was yet to smile on Galileo that is until 1609. Hearing of a spyglass, invented in
Holland, that magnified objects from afar. Galileo sought to make profits from this devise before the
Holland inventor was able to come and sell his spyglass throughout Venice. Using the properties of
light refraction, Galileo was given a substantial raise. With his life apparently out of ruin Galileo set
out to investigate the moon. Galileo's noticed that the moon was not a perfect sphere as had been
throughout Galileo's moon observations left much to be acquired in the universe, so he stated
remodeling his telescope to even grater. Proportions in attempt to observe the constellations. Upon
these observations Galileo wrote "Siderus Nuncius", which took Europe by storm with the
discoveries made.
The world was definitely looking better for Galileo at this time. On July 10, 1610 Galileo was
appointed Chief mathematician and philosopher of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. Reassuring to the
doubt of Galileo's finding's as being anti–religious, Pope Paul V promised support. However, this
did little to prevent the onslaught of attacks starting in 1614 by Friar Coccini. In December of 1615
Galileo set out to Rome to put a stop to the accusations of him being anti–religious. By 1616 Galileo
spoke out wrote

Dante's Inferno And Beowulf Analysis
Importance of Name and Remember in Dante's "Inferno" and Beowulf
One of the important themes that stands out in Dante's epic poem, "Inferno", is a theme of legacy via
endurance of one's name. In other words, the human need to have one's name and story shared with
others in an effort to gain some sense of immortality. Even from the depths of hell the characters in
the "Inferno" express a wish to have their stories told. The "Inferno" tells of Dante's adventure
through the depths of Hell with the spirit of the great Roman poet Virgil as his guide. In this epic
adventure, Dante treks the Nine Circles of Hell and in each circle he encounters prominent figures in
both his personal life and in history. The poem as a whole is a commentary on sins and
transgressions, but the significance of these transgressions are amplified with the attachment of
names we the readers recognize from history and literature. Among them are figures one would
expect to be Hell for their famous transgressions such as Judas Iscariot, Attila the Hun and Brutus
but also more surprisingly Ulysses, the hero from Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, who is in the Eighth
Circle of Hell for the crime of spiritual theft and Pope Celestine V, whom Dante condemns for
abdicating the papacy and thus allowed Pope Boniface VIII to become the new pope. This was a
transgression worthy of hell in Dante's eyes because historically Pope Boniface VIII was something
of a rival to Dante, who had been an advocate for the separation of

Abortion And Abortion
Being a Catholic follower in the Roman Catholic Church means one belongs to a Christ–centered
faith community that views Jesus Christ as the firm foundation. Catholics share Christ's vision and
model their lives after His example of love. Catholics are called to care for one another and to use
their gifts and talents to spread good among the world. God gave his followers the ten
commandments for their well–being, and in the Church's eyes today, the sixth commandment, "You
shall not murder," (Exod 20:13; Deut 5:17) relates to abortion. Abortion is an intended action to
destroy an embryo, blastocyst, zygote, or a fetus in itself, as a measure to an end. The Catholic
Church believes each human life is to be respected and protected from the moment of conception,
holding a zero tolerance policy towards abortion and contraceptives, causing the Church to fail to
recognize the modern changes that have been brought into society. Life in the Roman Catholic
Church is seen as sacred. The word sacred means being perceived by religious individuals as
associated with divinity and considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion among believers.
This is to be considered with all human life, even children who are to be born with illnesses or
disabilities. Scripture says, "Do not slay the innocent," (Exod 23:7) the children are not to be
blamed, for it is the society that makes harmful accusations for which one is born into. God had a
plan before He shaped the world, just as He continues

Theme Of Allusions In Dantes Inferno
James Dietrich
Mr. Kokenakes
4th Hour
15 December, 2017
The Secrets Behind People
Smiling.. Shaking head, and acting like everything is understood and okay is a common gesture
people show when they are told something they are incapable of putting together or understanding.
This feeling of cluelessness or embarrassment most commonly occurs when someone uses an
allusion to describe a noun. Most people use allusions everyday and have no idea that they are doing
so. Allusions are an excellent way to build someone's confidence or put them in down in a sneaky
and sly way. Using allusions is quite simple; comparing someone or something that has a specific
representation or meaning to a person or group. This allows: authors, friends, and even enemies to
indirectly imply a reference. The Book Dante's inferno is filled with a plethora of allusions from
small references to big that take a significant amount of elaboration and background knowledge to
understand completely. Including Greek emperors and queens being alluded including: Virgil, Pope
Celestine V, and many others.
Dante made it through many different obstacles and layers of hell, but he could not of made it
through his journey without Virgil. The character in the book is being alluded to the Roman poet
Publius Vergilius Maro. Maro believed and wrote a legendary piece of literature that stated the
mission to civilize the world under divine guidance. He not only wrote about these ways of life but
he did his best to

Archbasilica Essay
The Archbasilica of St. John Lateran is the home of the current Pope and one of the most important
buildings in Rome. This Christian cathedral was originally constructed for Pope Miltiades in the
early 4th century over the remains of the old fort of the Castra Nova Equites Singualres. Emperor
Constantine built this church in 324 AD, making it the oldest basilica in Rome. This cathedral went
through many reconstructions throughout its history due to earthquakes and fires. Its façade was
designed by architect Alessandro Galilei, and it was completed in 1735. Pope Clement XII held a
competition for a new design of the façade in 1732 to replace the mediaeval one, and Galilei was
chosen because he was an anti–Baroque forerunner of the neoclassical architectural movement.
Galilei had already been involved in the neo–Palladian architectural movement in England and
Ireland, and architect Christopher Wren's work in London was a major influence on him. In
designing the new façade, he removed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its characteristics include "its grand scale, dramatic use of columns, and its simplicity of geometric
scale." Its façade is the most well–known part of the building. The two–story portico on the church's
front façade was constructed in the 1700's. On the very top lies statues of of Jesus, Saint John the
Baptist, Saint John the Evangelist, and other Doctors of Greek and Latin churches, made by
sculptors of the late baroque era. The central doors are composed of bronze and were previously
used at the Roman Senate House within the Roman Forum.
Criticism
Although its façade is the most well–known aspect of the basilica, it is also the most criticized part.
It is often said by many critics that the main face of the basilica is more like that of a palace than a
church. Many people consider it too palace–like without any of the flourishes expected of the
Baroque period in which it was

The Challenges And Features Of The Villa Lante
The Villa Lante is one of the most outstanding features of the 16th century. It was built on the
wishes of the, by then the most prominent cardinal Raffaele Riario who was a nephew to the pope
Sixtus IV. The Villa Lante is located along the lower slopes of Cimini Mountains which is on the
south of mediaeval village of Bagnaia. It is connected by three key roads which converge at the
main square. The Villa Lante is not large as per se nor is it popular for its outstanding maintenance
only, but also for its unique and outstanding formal attributes and features. Originally the park was
destined for relaxation and hunting purposes. However, later it was conceived as one of the summer
destination for the bishops of Viterbo.
The main aim of this essay is to look at the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this point, the stairs flanking down towards the catena d'acqua leads one to the next terrace.
Figure 2: Catena d'acqua
Source: Lamm (2012)
The next upper terrace consists of yet some few grottos and fountains and other two small casini
known as the 'House of the Muses. The sides of these features frame yet another large fountain
known as the 'Fountain of the Deluge'. This fountain terminates the main axis of the parks and the
garden. A rough texture was applied to the sides of these small buildings for the purpose of
harmonizing them with the naturally occurring rough rock of the fountain. Moreover, the water
conduits are set in the eaves of these small buildings and are controlled by a remote switch. They
sprout jets of water hence completing a visual ensemble referred to as the 'theatre of waters'. The
small casino's facades, similar to their grande relations situated at the adjacent terraces represent or
feature the Serliana Loggias which are articulated by the ancient Ionic columns. This suggests that
they might have been crafted by Vignola. They also bear the name of Gambara, a cardinal in the
16th century, which is embedded on the

How Did Thomas Aquinas Influence
The Worldwide Influence of St. Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas was born in the year 1225 into an
incredibly Catholic family in a small town in Italy. As Thomas Aquinas grew up, he was very smart
and was very interested in the catholic faith and philosophy and ultimately became a teacher of all
these things. Thomas Aquinas proved that he was an important historical figure over his life time by
being a leader in the Catholic Church , writing The Summa and spreading his beliefs.
Thomas Aquinas proved himself as the important historical figure we know him as today with his
leadership in the Catholic Church and by helping people understand the religion. Thomas Aquinas
was heavily involved in the church and took on smaller behind the scenes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One of Thomas Aquinas's greatest accomplishments was his book called The Summa, this helped
create his place in history because it was one of the first books by a philosopher proving God's
existence. Summa was written for the common people by Thomas Aquinas to help the readers
understand that the religion is reasonable. The book also takes Thomas Aquinas' researches of
philosophy and bring them into his religious beliefs. The book was written sometime around 1265–
1272. In The Summa, Thomas Aquinas basically talked about how there is no reason why not to
believe in god. He made statements that showed there IS evidence into believing in god but no
evidence not to believe in god. The summa is divided into 3 chapters in which Thomas Aquinas
gave different sets of evidence. The first summa is the fact that Thomas Aquinas believed in God's
existence. In the Summa, Thomas Aquinas says, "God wills good to every being which exists and
loves them. Together making love the common denominator of God to the world." Statements like
this in the first summa were referring to the fact that god helps everyone and it brings out the best
love in them. The second summa was all about ethics and how people should act. Aquinas based a
lot of his information of of the information of a man he studied for years, Aristotle. Aristotle was
just before Thomas Aquinas' time and Thomas Aquinas didn't only learn information from him, he
learned how to

Analyzing Virgil's Advertisements
HANZLIK, M. 7 WMRD
The advertisement created by Emily Dai and I, Marissa Hanzlik, covered the realm of the waverers.
We advertised for Virgil Travel to visit the outside of the gates of hell. Emily and I chose to do a
commercial because it would give us more of an opportunity to be creative and have fun with the
project. The target audience for our ad are sports fans, particularly those who enjoy attending the
events in person.
Characters we chose to highlight in our commercial were Moses, Celestine V, and Charon. Moses is
included to advertise to those living in Limbo and to offer entertainment to those in the first circle.
We also included Moses because is well known and those on earth are will likely recognize his
name. Moses endorsement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Celestine's costume consisted of a papal hat and a necklace with a cross to help portray his character
as a pope. Charon wore a large black cloak to show how he takes souls of the deceased from the
livid shore and guides them across the dark river. Also, Charon is wearing masks arranged to depict
his flaming eyes. The tormented shades are wearing athletic clothing to show that they are
competitors in a race. Props that we used included a book, a scythe, a cross, a banner, and plastic
insects. The book, used as a bible, and the cross were used to help portray the holiness of the
characters. The scythe was used by Charon to represent the recent death of the souls waiting to
cross. The banner was used as a sign at the entrance of the gates of hell to set the location. The
plastic insects were thrown at the competitors to represent the tormenting of the waverers by wasps
and flies. We chose to begin our commercial at the stairs outside of school to symbolize the entrance
to a stadium or coliseum. Emily and I decided to film Celestine in the cafeteria to portray him in an
arena like were the race would take place. Our original plan was to film Celestine's scene in the
sophomore and junior commons but they were blocked off and filled with chairs. We filmed Charon
on one side of the hallway to portray him as being on the shore of the Acheron. Eli Greer, David
Winters, and I acted in this commercial. Eli was chosen to be Celestine V because he displayed the
athleticism and attitude needed to portray his character. David was chosen for Moses because he was
able to capture the stoic nature of his character and was able to present the change of emotion that
we were looking for from his character. I was chosen to play Charon because I was willing to wear
the two masks needed to represent his flaming eyes. Members of the cross country team acted as

The World And A Grand Symbol Of Papal Authority Essay
During the Late Renaissance period, the largest church in the world and a grand symbol of papal
authority was built within the territory of the Vatican City. Principally designed by famous
architects, such as Michelangelo, Donato Bramante, Carlo Maderno and Gian Bernini Lorenzo, St
Peter's Basilica– built between 1506 to 1626– is one of the greatest Renaissance architectures and is
regarded as "the greatest of all churches of Christendom". Believed to be the site of Saint Peter's
tomb, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and considered to be the first pope, the ground in which
the basilica stands is one of the holiest places in the world. Evidence state that the tomb of Saint
Peter is located directly beneath the altar of the Basilica. Due to being such a holy place, the Basilica
contains many tombs of popes and famous religious sculptures, such as the Pieta of Michelangelo.
Admired for its Renaissance architecture, with a fusion with Baroque architecture in the later years
of building, the Basilica of St. Peter also holds great meaning; thus in order to emphasize its
importance, it took several years to design and completely build the dome (and the Basilica itself).
Consequently, the greatest architects and artists were involved . The Roman public hall, known as a
basilica, is usually a rectangular building with side aisles behind the rows of columns which support
the main walls. The focus of attention is at the end opposite the entrance, where a raised platform is

The History Of Western European Religious Landscape
During the 15th and 16th century, Western Europe was a cauldron of mixed ideas and emotions. The
enlightenment and cumulative effort of individuals of that time produced different ideas contributing
to the renaissance or re–birth of religious doctrine. Change was instigated by various Italian
humanists or Popes of the era, norther humanists such as Desiderius Erasmus, Martin Luther, John
Calvin, Henry VII, and Queen Elizabeth I were some of the participants that changed the paradigm
of Western European religious landscape. Like the secular despots, popes engaged in war and, when
that failed, diplomacy. They brought artistic riches to the church but also lowered its moral tone by
accepting bribes for church offices and filling positions with kinsmen. But above all, these popes
patronized Renaissance culture. Three of the most aggressive and successful of these popes were
Nicholas V. who founded the Vatican Library. Pius II often considered the most representative of the
renaissance popes because of his interest in Greek and Roman classics he practiced both war and
diplomacy with astounding success and Sixtus IV who came from a powerful family and increased
his personal power through nepotism. Unlike the Italian humanists, the northern humanists were
preoccupied with the condition of the church and the wider Christian world. These northern thinkers
researched and studied both Christian writings and the Greco–Roman classics, and their scholarship
was meant to further the

Ocligation : Legal, And The Legalization Of Abortion
Abortion is one of the most socially, politically, and culturally controversial topics of the 21st
century, ultimately affecting women of all ages. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, abortion
is defined as the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or
closely followed by the death of the embryo (Merriam Webster.1). The United States Supreme Court
ratified the legalization of abortion in an effort to make the procedure safer; this was done through
the Roe v Wade decision of 1973. In the United States more than a thousand abortions take place
every day, and although legal, public opinion remains at a standstill as to whether or not abortion is
ethical. In the midst of the controversy, two groups emerged. These two groups are referred to as
pro–choice and pro–life. Pro–life supporters claim that the life of a baby begins at conception,
therefore the act of abortion is equivalent to murder. Pro–choice supporters, on the other hand,
believe that a woman has the right to choose what she does with her body. In the end, one must
understand the implications of abortion in order to answer the question, is abortion ethically and
legally moral?
In the United States, the history of abortion goes back much farther than the 1973 Supreme Court
case Roe V. Wade, which made abortion legal and marked an important turning point in public
health policy. Forty–three years ago, before Roe V. Wade made abortions legal in all 50 states,
abortion rights

Spanish Inquisition Research Paper
The Spanish Inquisition is known for the pain and terror it caused the inhabitants of the Iberian
peninsula (Spain). Although the Inquisition originally began to purify the nation from heretics, it
came to have a more materialistic, racial, and political motives, instead of just purification. The
beginning of the Inquisition is more commonly credited to the reign of Ferdinand V and Isabella.
Whereas in truth it began before that time, and carried on long after Ferdinand and Isabella passed.
In order to better understand the Inquisition and the causes and effects of it, we must first look back
at the events that led up to it.
The Jewish people are often associated with material wealth and being an enemy to the society to
which they have been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
King Ferdinand, however, was not as devout as his wife and probably saw the opportunity for an
increase in wealth. It is highly likely that some of Spain's early triumphs abroad and at home were
aided by the finances by the Spanish Inquisition. This idea of financing without increasing taxes
could be seen as Machiavellian. Machiavelli suggested that "in order for a ruler to hold his
principality, he must not overburden his people with taxes, yet he must not spend all of his funds
either, or he would risk not being able to finance the maintenance of his kingdom" . It is not likely,
however, that Machiavelli would have been pleased with the attitude that the "Catholic Kings" had
produced in their

Astrology : A Time Of Rebirth Of New And Improved Ideas
The Renaissance was a time of rebirth of new and improved ideas. New interests developed. Many
things and people made an impact on the Renaissance. One of those things is astrology. Astrology is
the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an
influence on human affairs and the natural world, according to the dictionary. "From its origins
4,000 years ago in Babylonia and Chaldea astrology developed into a science of great complexity,
capable of detailed and precise predictions" (renaissanceastrology.com). There were many famous
astrologers during the Renaissance including Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Johannes Kepler, and
John Dee. Many people were interested in Astrology, as others were ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another individual that took interest in this topic include William Shakespeare, who used the word
and mentioned astrology in every single one of his plays. He's used the topic over 100 times, which
is a big deal considering how significant Shakespeare and his plays were to this Era.
Along with astrology, Almanacs became very popular as well. "Almanacs typically contained a
calendar, showing the months and days of the week, astronomical events like eclipses, and planetary
aspects as well as astrological predictions" (renaissanceastrology.com). During the middle of the
seventeenth century, William Lilly published his very famous almanac, which was called "Merlinus
Anglicus". His almanac was so popular was that, according the renaissanceastrology.com, it had an
"annual circulation reaching 30,000 copies" and "the total number printed in England during this
period exceeded the number of bibles". From this information, it is not difficult to see that astrology
was immensely popular during this era.
As mentioned before, surely the predictions made by astrologers in the past that happened to come
true sparked a widespread interest in the topic of astrology among many members of society. These
true predictions led people to be interested in their future, and they would go to William Lilly to get
answers. William Lilly used the technique of horary astrology to

Pantheon And The Gods
Pantheon means all of the Gods. The first Pantheon was built in 27 B.C., but it burned to the ground
in 80 A.D. Titus then became Rome 's Emperor and rebuilt Agrippa 's work, but it, too burned down
in about 110 AD. Consequently, it was then rebuilt in 126 A.D. The purpose of the Pantheon is
unknown, but from what we know today it suggests that it was used as a temple. Whether people
worshiped there or the emperor made appearances there is unknown. On the facade of the Pantheon,
there are words inscribed in latin that in English read "Marcus Agrippa son of Lucius, having been
consul three times made it." This was a dedication to commander Marcus Agrippa who had built the
original Pantheon. Below the main inscription is a smaller one indicating the restorations carried out
by Septimius, Severus and Caracalla in 202 CE and reads, "with every refinement they restored the
Pantheon, worn by age" (translated to english).Though in my journey to the inside, it was interesting
that the inside of the Pantheon looked nicer than the outside and that this was indeed done
deliberately . What I was most impressed by what they layout of the circular part of the building
which is entranced via two bronze doors and the interior is further lightened by five rings of 28
coffers which reduce in size as they rise towards the center of the dome. Presently, the Pantheon is
used as a church which is what is was being used for since 608 A.D. Masses are held there every
Sunday. It also

Kimball's Argument On Religion, And Cultures
Chad Martin Dr. Eakin Religions, Ethics, Cultures 9 Sept 2016 I can slightly agree and heartily
disagree with different aspects of Kimball's claim that religion becomes dangerous and even evil
when mixed with our own interpretations. I think that when we take our own view as absolute, we
start lording over others, and we start to enter dangerous territory. For example, Kimball mentions
that the most extremist believers will resort to murder and not care about breaking their own
doctrines. People not only start going against their own values and humanity but they also start
taking interpretations so down to the peg that they start lording it over themselves perhaps forgetting
who they are and letting something else take its place. Soon they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
And a long process that would take place over several years. Later on king Philip did all he could to
destroy the order, by 1310 scribed by frale, Philip the fair did all he could to damage their he had
fifty–five Templars who were found innocent by the church burn at the stake. Over the course of the
trail the pope stricken, was forced to resign his duty of overseeing the Templars and left the
proceeding the hands of various bishops. Ultimately this lead to the eventual dissolution of the order
in pope Clements dying years, all the damage Philip had done to both the church and the Templar
order. I believe shows the foolishness of the roman church and how easily they were used by a
greedy Philip the fair, to destroy and gain the wealth of the Templars he coveted so much. So
religion is I would say more of used for evil, and not become evil, equating itself to more
foolishness of its practitioners rather than the entity of religion

Rating the News Sites
Rating the News Sites
The links that are used are FOXNews.com and CNN.com.
The commentary associated with the stories are the same, but some of the reporter's words are
different such as FOX News use the word "five people" and CNN uses the words "five clergy" ,
FOX News also used 'molested' and CNN used the words "abuse victims." Even though the story is
about the same thing, the reporters' words are different. Both stories where from interviews that the
Pope had apologizing to five people who were molested as children by a priest where a march was
held in London.
FOX News and CNN are both great station that covers news that happens around the world. Both
companies take pride in their works and want to make sure that their viewers ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Both CNN and FOX News both news media's told a lot about Pope Benedict and the British
Parliament at Westminster Hall, the place where the Pope gave his speech. Both news medias had
the same reports about the six people getting arrested and still remaining in custody because some
reports that the arrests were because of threats that were made to the Pope.
FOX News and CNN both reported about the how Benedict would began his day by meeting with
Prime Minister David Cameron, Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, and opposition leader Harriet
Harman. Both also reported the pope offered his condolences to Cameron about his father's death.
Each of the three gave the pope gift; this was only reported by FOX News. CNN reported that the
pope prayed alongside the archbishop of Canterbury at the tomb of Edward the Confessor that died
in 1066 and FOX News reported that the pope was schedule to visit with the elderly before
celebrating evening prayer service I Hyde Park in preparation for Sunday's beatification of Cardinal
John Harry Newman, a 19th century convert from Anglicanism whom the pope wants to hold up as
a model of faithful. So these two sites had a lot to report that was the same and they were a lot of
information that CNN reported that FOX News did not– vice versa. Both medias covered the Pope's
apology and made sure that their viewers knew the story about the five

English Essay : English Literature
14th century –thе bеginning of remarkable ϲhanges in the Italian soϲiеty and in thе fifteеnth ϲentury,
this "Renaissanϲe" sрrеaԁ tօ nօrthern Eurօрe Econօmic grօwth laiԁ the matеrial basis frօm thе
Italian Renaissanϲe, from 1050 tօ 1300, witnеssеԁ commercial anԁ finanϲial ԁevelopmеnt, the
grօwing рօlitiϲal рowеr of sеlf–gօverning cities, and great pօpulatiօn expansiօn (ϲultural
aϲhievemеnts) The реriod from the late sixteenth century was charaϲterized by artistic еnergies In
the great ϲommеrϲial rеvival օf the elevеnth cеntury, nօrthеrn Italian citiеs leԁ the way Vеnicе,
suррortеԁ by a huge mеrchant marinе grеw rich thrօugh oversеas traԁe Gеnoa anԁ Milan enjoyed
benеfits օf a large vօlume of traԁе with thе Miԁdle East anԁ Eurօре (еxϲhange bеtwеen thе East and
West) Genօa anԁ Vеnice alsօ made aԁvancemеnts in shipbuilding allowing shiрs tօ sail all yеar
long anԁ the incrеasеԁ the vօlumе օf gooԁs that cօulԁ bе transрօrtеd (aϲcеlеrated sрееd) ––thе risks
in such օpеratiօns օf traԁe were grеat, but the profits werе enօrmօus The first artistic and litеrary
manifеstations of thе Italian Rеnaissanϲе aррearеԁ in Flօrence but towarԁ the еnd of thе thirtеenth
century, Flօrеntinе mеrϲhants and bankеrs acquirеd ϲontrօl օf paрal banking (aϲteԁ as tax ϲollеϲtօrs
fօr thе paрacy) For Florenϲe, profits frօm loans, investments, and mօnеy еxϲhangеs ϲontributеd tօ
the city's eϲonօmy but thе wool industry was thе majօr faϲtor in thе ϲity's financial expansion and
poрulatiօn

Ancient Rome
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Eternal City went through a series of political and social
changes that ultimately contributed to the image of the city that is present today. The process of
renovation of Rome began in the eleventh and twelfth centuries with the church reform and
continued through the Renaissance, a period that would eventually combine the new power structure
with the city's ancient essence.
Some of the first attempts to overtake the ancient Rome by the church began in the eleventh and
twelfth centuries when the reuse of the ancient buildings and monuments primarily involved placing
Christian inscriptions on the existing buildings and architecture (Riccioni 439). As Christianity
began dominating in the middle ages, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The years between 1450 and 1650 was the era of the popes' attempts to further transform the city's
structure by imposing their values and notions on what was remaining of the pagan architecture
(Rocchi). At the beginning of the 15th century, the transformation began on a large scale at the two
most important centers of the city, the Vatican, and the Capitol Hill. The popes renovated roads,
monuments, and aqueducts (Rocchi) and excavated remains of the ancient structures. At the
beginning of the 16th century, the excavations intensified (Sebregondi 124). The church's building
campaigns were expanding thanks to the sensible convincing of many famous architects who
persuaded the popes to reuse the old building materials in the construction of the new city (Rocchi).
Famous structures such as the Belvedere Court, the Palazzo del Tribunall, and the Palazzo the
Cancelleria were all constructed in the first few decades of the 16th century (Sebregondi 124) as a
result of this newly–developed patron–artist relationship between the popes and their architects.
Another noted structure built during the period was St. Peter's Basilica, which was partially
constructed by using stone removed by Pope Nicholas V from the Colosseum (Van Drew 25). The
Colosseum was also excavated by Pope Sixtus V, who unearthed the obelisks placed by Augustus
and Constantinus II and set them in the Piazza de Popolo and

Speech To The Troops By Queen Elizabeth At Tilbury
This is an historical and circumstantial text.
There are three versions of this speech, two of them written by different clergymen or writers of the
time. However this speech has been accepted as genuine by several historians.
This is exactly a speech given by Queen Elizabeth I of England. It took place at Tilbury in Essex. It
was delivered the 8th or 9th (19th August New Style) of August, 1588. In the context of English–
Spanish war (1585–1604).
The "Speech to the troops" was found in a letter of Lionel Sharp (1624, English churchman) to the
Duke of Buckingham. The author was Queen Elizabeth I of England and the speech was given by
Elizabeth I herself to her troops who were assembled at Tilbury Camp to defend the country against
the Spanish Army. The successful defence of the Kingdom (and due to certain unpredictable weather
conditions) against the invasion on such an unprecedented scale boosted the prestige of Queen
Elizabeth I's England and encouraged a sense of English pride and nationalism. ... Show more
("for fear of treachery", "Let tyrants fear...") She refers to King Philip II of Spain and the Pope of the
Catholic Church, Sixtus V.
Elizabeth I (1533–1603) became queen of England in 1558, after the dead of her half–sister, the
catholic Mary I of England. Philip II was married to her. This was a political matrimony. By it,
Philip II, known as the protector of the faith, planed to eradicate the heresy of Protestantism of

Abortion Essay
The Church Until Recently Was Pro–Choice
From a sermon delivered on February 15, 1998 at the Unitarian Universalist Church of Urbana–
Champaign, Illinois, by the Rev. Elaine Gallagher Gehrmann:
Most of us know that the Roman Catholic church teaches that life begins at conception, and yet most
of us don't know that this is a relatively recent change. It wasn't until 1869 that Pope Pius IX
decreed that "ensoulment" takes place at conception. Up until then, the Catholic church had taught
that "life" begins at 40 days gestation for a male and 80 days for a female, and therefore abortions
before those 40 or 80 day periods were not viewed as murder. (Gehrmann)
The above claim that before 1869 the Catholic Church did ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Where there are medicines of sterility? Where there is murder before birth? You do not even let a
harlot remain only a harlot, but you make her a murderess as well. Do you see from drunkenness
comes fornication, from fornication adultery, from adultery murder? ... Do you make the anteroom
of birth, the anteroom of slaughter? Do you teach the woman who is given to you for the procreation
of offspring to perpetuate killing?" (Homily 24 on the Epistle to the Romans) (Jurgens)
The 1909 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia notes:
The early Christians are the first on record as having pronounced abortion to be the murder of
human beings; for their public apologists, Athenagoras, Tertullian, and Minutius (Eschbach, 'Disp.
Phys.' Disp. iii) to refute the slander that a child was slain, and its flesh eaten, by the guests at the
Agape, appealed to their laws as forbidding all manner of murder, even that of children in the
womb. The Fathers of the Church unanimously maintained the same doctrine. In the fourth century
the Council of Eliberis decreed Holy Communion should be refused all the rest of her life, even on
her deathbed, to an adulteress who procured the abortion of her child. The Sixth Ecumenical Council
determined for the whole Church, that anyone who procured abortion should bear all the
punishments inflicted on murderers. In all these

Saint Bonaventure Research Paper
Saint Bonaventure was born in Umbria, Italy to parents Giovanni di Fidanza who was a physician
and Maria Ritella, he was an Italian medieval Franciscan, scholastic theologian and philosopher, and
there is not a lot of information about his childhood. He fell ill while he was young and was saved
from death by the intercession of St. Francis of Assisi. He was born as Giovanni di Fidanza just like
his father but later on be canonized by Pope Sixtus IV. He would be also later on declared a Doctor
of the church in 1588 by Pope Sixtus V. Giovanni attended the University of Paris from 1235–1243
and received a master of arts degree. He then studied theology with the Franciscan order from 1244–
1248, who named him Bonaventure, which means good fortune ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Bonaventure was also considered one of the best philosophers of the middle ages. Most of
Bonaventure's philosophical work was greatly influenced by Saint Augustine, so much so that he
considered the best medieval representation of Augustinianism. Bonaventure believed that it is
possible to prove the existence of God and immortality of the soul. Bonaventure held that
philosophy opens the mind to at least three different routes humans can take on their journey to God.
Towards the end of his life, Bonaventure mentions four levels of auctori–tates in his Hexaëmeron:
sacred scripture comes first, then the explanation of the church fathers (originalia sanctorum); and
since their texts are not always easily understood they are explained by texts of more recent theo–
logians (summae magistrorum). During his time with the Franciscans as a student, Bonaventure had
several teachers, like Alexander of Hales, and Johannes de la Rochelle, Odo Rigaldi and William of
Melitona. During the years 1248–1250, Bonaventure worked as a baccalaureus bib–licus, which
means that he had to introduce students to the study of bibli–cal books. Bonaventure's theological
writings may be classed under four heads: dogmatic, mystic, exegetical, and

Vatican City Of Rome 's Basilica The Home Of Pope Francis
VATICAN CITY The Sistine Chapel ... St. Peter's Square ... Saint Peter's Basilica ... The home of
Pope Francis., What do all these famous places have in common? They are all in The Vatican City.
Vatican City, an independent state within the city of Rome, is ruled by the Pope and is the
headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church. (Ruhl 1) (Blake 2)
Vatican city, the smallest country, has the smallest population in the world. The Vatican stamps their
own coins (Ruhl 3). The full name of the country is the State of Vatican City, and it is the spiritual
and governing center of the Roman Catholic Church. Vatican is usually referred to as a City State
and often called "The Holy See". It stands on Vatican Hill in northwestern Rome, ... Show more
The men main duty is to protect the Pope. The Swiss Guards wear colorful uniforms protecting the
Guards since 1506 (Klein 3). To be a Swiss Guard, have to be Catholic and take the oath of loyalty
to the Pope. The men have to be at least 5'8.5 inches tall and between the ages 19 to 30 (Ruhl 4).
Swiss Guard Commander, Alois Estermann and his wife, were killed by another Swiss Guard,
Cedric Tornay, who later killed himself (Ruhl 5). On April 18, 1506, Pope Nicholas V begins
rebuilding and expanding St. Peter's Basilica. According to researchers Basilica is the world's
second, the largest Christian church after Yamoussoukro Basilica in Côte d 'ivoire. Michelangelo
designed the dome of Basilica, 400 feet tall and 138 feet in diameter. St. Peter's Basilica has the
shape of a cross 700 feet long, 450 feet wide and is standing on 18,000 square yards or more. The
building can hold more than 60,000 people, it is a beautiful place to see and is one of the many
visited places in Vatican. The original Basilica was built in 326 AD by Emperor Constantine.
Between 1473 to 1481 Vatican workers constructed the Sistine Chapel. But this was designed
mainly for the Pope, not for the people of Vatican. Michelangelo spent four years painting the
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Architect Giovanni dei Dolci, the designer, Raphael, a decorator,
continued for 60 years, even after construction was finished. The Sistine Chapel is

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