Describe research methods

1. Describing Research
Methods
An overview of different research methods used in various fields of study,
including quantitative and qualitative approaches, experimental design,
survey design, case studies, and ethical considerations.
by Chantel Chaps

2. Introduction to Research
Methods
An introduction to the fundamental concepts and principles of research
methods, including the importance of research in generating knowledge,
the research process, and the key steps involved in conducting research.

3. Quantitative Research Methods
Surveys
Collecting numerical data
through structured
questionnaires to analyze
trends and patterns.
Experiments
Utilizing controlled
variables to investigate
cause-and-effect
relationships.
Statistical Analysis
Applying mathematical
models and tests to
interpret numerical data.

4. Qualitative Research Methods
Interviews
Gaining in-depth insights and understanding
through open-ended conversations.
Focus Groups
Eliciting group discussions to explore
preferences, attitudes, and opinions.
Ethnographic Research
Immersing in a specific cultural context to
observe and document behavior.
Content Analysis
Analyzing qualitative data, such as texts and
images, to identify themes and patterns.

5. Experimental Design
1 Independent Variables
The factors that are manipulated or
controlled in an experiment.
2 Dependent Variables
The outcomes or responses measured
to determine the effect of the
independent variables.
3 Control Group
A group that does not receive the
experimental treatment, used for
comparison.
4 Randomization
Assigning participants or subjects to
different groups randomly to minimize
bias.

6. Survey Design and Sampling
Techniques
Survey Design
1. Define research objectives and target
population.
2. Select appropriate question types and
formats.
3. Pilot test the survey to ensure clarity
and validity.
Sampling Techniques
• Random Sampling
• Stratified Sampling
• Cluster Sampling

7. Case Study and Observational
Research
1 Case Study
An in-depth analysis of a particular individual, group, or event, providing
detailed and context-rich insights.
2 Observational Research
Systematically observing and recording behavior in natural settings to gain
an understanding of social or psychological phenomena.

8. Ethical Considerations in Research
Methods
Informed Consent Obtaining voluntary and informed
agreement from participants before their
involvement in the research.
Confidentiality Ensuring that participants' personal
information and data are protected and
kept confidential.
Data Integrity Maintaining accurate and reliable data and
using appropriate measures to prevent
data manipulation or fabrication.
Minimizing Harm Taking steps to minimize any physical,
psychological, or emotional harm to
participants.
Conflict of Interest Avoiding situations where personal,
financial, or professional interests may
compromise the objectivity and integrity of
the research.