ive a file has questions i need you guys to answer the question.docx

ive a file has questions i need you guys to answer the question
Assignment 1 Directions
Enter your Name Here =
è
XXXXXXXXXX
Most requirements of this assignment will require you to
research answers from your text book (you must read the text
book to get some answers), from the Internet, or any other
reasonable source. Many Internet sources, video links, text book
and Blackboard presentation reference are provided to help you
START your research. I have found that any single Internet
source is very incomplete and the format may not conducive for
most answers required. Some students do not READ the text
book or review the Power Point presentation provided to you in
Blackboard.
Some answers are only available from my power point
presentations or update notes.
You may cut-and-paste answers whenever appropriate, you
should take care to synthesize your answers to include multiple
sources. I would be impressed that you consult a Google image
search and paste and
appropriate
image to supplement your answer.

While I permit cut-and-paste, I do expect you use your own
words so that you:
1. Organize the answer
2. Demonstrate that you have read what you have cut-and-pasted
3. Use any means that clearly displays that you have gained
knowledge.
If you are LEARNING the subject matter there should be no
problem. If you cut-and-paste and pray that it might answer the
question you will be penalized. I hate irrelevant cut-and-paste
BS.
The content of each student's assignment may NOT be copied
from any other current or past student enrolled in this class.
Each assignment is to be prepared by ONE student.
Assignments are NOT a group-prepared assignment. Copying
and pasting assignment any portion of the requirements from
another student either enrolled in the current semester and or a
previous semester is an act of plagiarism according to the RMU
Academic Integrity Policy.
Any assignment found to be "too much alike" will be subject to
a grade of zero for all parties concerned. Such an act constitutes
a violation of the Robert Morris University Academic Integrity
Policy.

The instructor reserves the right to review past assignments
with students who are unable to prepare assignments during the
hands-on portion of the exam to determine the student's mastery
of the assignment's objectives. The assignment grade based
upon the result of the instructor's review.
On-ground tests may be used to compare the student’s
knowledge to performance on assignments.
All acts of plagiarism will be submitted the RMU Academic
Integrity Board to determine university-wide penalties.
You, however, may discuss assignment requirements, assist
other students with debugging programs or other hands-on-
requirements, tutor students, or provide other advice that may
assist the students in acquiring knowledge. But the actual
preparation of an individual assignment must have been
completely prepared by the student who submitted the
assignment. Sections of the assignments may be copied from the
internet as per the individual assignment's directions. Please
contact the instructor if you need assistance interpreting this
RMU Academic Integrity Policy.
You are to enter all answers or Prtscrn requirements into this
Word Document.
You are not permitted to submit any other document format,
e.g., Wordpad, PDFs, etc. that is not based on this original
Word document.

This document contains hidden internal markers and
applications that will track the version of this assignment and
your assignment progress.
You MUST submit the assignments using the Word document(s)
provided you. You may not use any other word processor,
except Microsoft Word. Do not use Open Office DOCX files.
When an instructor has possession of an electronic document it
is very easy to detect plagiarism. Many instructors use Turnitin
assignments, which is applicable to assignments that permit cut-
and-paste as this assignment.
It is very easy to compare multiple copies of word documents
(see link below).
Microsoft provides a variety of FREE anti-plagiarizing tools.
And there is a wide variety of tools that can analyze hidden
information within a Word document (see sample link below).
Changing fonts, margins and spacing does not do it anymore.
Even when individuals try to artificially change content, a Word
document contains hidden markers that may provide an audit
trail to find previous authors and computer systems who have
edited the document.
Comparing and merging Microsoft Word documents -

http://support.microsoft.com/kb/306484
Compare documents side by side -
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/compare-
documents-side-by-side-HA010102251.aspx
Fight crime. Unravel incidents... one byte at a time.
http://computer-
forensics.sans.org/community/papers/gcfa/computer-forensics-
investigation-image-file-analysis_170
Why am I providing some of this detailed information? There
are several reasons.
1)
The real world exists outside this class.
A student in this class must be aware of the dangers when
organizations or individuals provide electronic copies to others,
e.g., an email attachment.
2)
The objective of this assignment is to "introduce" minimal
knowledge that is required in the real world. If you do not
acquire this minimal knowledge, you will significantly harm
your employment, income, promotion and retention potentials.
If you do not want to do the hard work, I can recommend a
better alternative to plagiarism - get a new major or career plan.
Perhaps you can star in a reality TV show.

3) The majority of my students will exert the effort and submit
excellent assignments.
I will use many of the previous tools as time permits to ensure
that you do not steal their grade. I really don't understand why a
student would provide a student with a copy of their assignment
when they are competing in the same job market. In my class
both the original author and the plagiarizer will be punished.
If you do not have a copy of WORD
, you may use VMWARE VIEW (available from the RMU
website) to access a virtual lab computer which contains any
software needed for this course.
http://www.rmu.edu/web/cms/departments-
offices/administration-services/it/Pages/vmware-view.aspx
NEVER STORE ANY DOCUMENTS ON THE DESKTOP OF
VMWARE VIRTUAL COMPUTER.
You will lose your document. It is preferable to store you
documents on a local flash drive.
Since the quiz and test questions are based on your researched
answers, I would recommend that you refer to any quiz
questions on the assignment topics to ensure that your
assignment answer is complete. Some quiz answers will NOT be
provided to you unless 75% of your answers from practice
attempts are correct.

YOU MUST enter your name in the beginning of this document
as provided and "Save As" this document using a new name that
includes your name and the assignment number, e.g., Bob Jones
Assignment 1.docx
When completed, submit the FINAL version of this document to
Blackboard under the Assignment folder for this individual
assignment.
I NEVER ACCEPT AN ASSIGNMENT AS AN EMAIL
ATTACHMENT FOR ANY REASON.
If you made an error on an assignment you may request that the
previous assignment submission be cleared so that you may
resubmit the assignment again.
Please only submit a completed assignment.
All assignments must use the original Word Document format.
Wordpad,
PDFs, etc. formats are not permitted.
While the assignments have a recommended due date, I do not
penalized your assignment grade if you are slightly late.
Please do not send me an email if you are going to submit your

assignment late. I assume you have a good excuse.
Documenting your Results
Some requirements specify that you perform a specific action,
e.g., access a web site, execute a command, etc.
You will need to provide evidence that you performed this task.
There are two techniques
1. Window 7 Snipping Tool -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ax75dA1TGU0
2) Alt-PrtScrn - Available for all versions of Windows
1) Once the web site or the results of the command is displayed
hold down the ALT key and press the Prtsc. Some laptops may
require you to press the FN key to perform this action. 2)
Position the cursor to answer the question in this Word
document. 3) Press Ctrl-V or select Edit/paste.
To make your graphic more controllable in a Word Document,
after pasting 1) Right-click and select Format Picture, 2) Click
on the Layout tab, and 3) Select Square ( You may also other
justification settings). Now you graphic will flow with text

better and can be sized more easily. Page S17-15
Requirement 1
(20%)
Little bit of advice before you start.
There is NO requirement to read each reference link or view
each video in detail.
Some of the links will have overlapping content. Some links
will provide more information than the question requirements,
but employers consider these topics to be minimal knowledge of
a RMU CIS graduate.
It is recommended to visit each reference link and overview the
content. Then read each question and return to each reference
link or video as needed. You may supplement your answers with
content from your text book by using a question keyword and

looking up in the glossary or index in the back of the book.
PDF text books can be easily searched for keywords.
It is not required to read your text books before working on this
assignment unless specified in a requirement. Text book
contents are used to support quiz questions (which contain the
answers), which are used on the tests.
The reference links and videos are excellent resources.
The topics presented in the course assignments have been highly
recommended by two or more employers who recruit RMU CIS
students as
minimum
computer hardware, operating system, and application
development knowledge.
Employers expect that students should be able to present one or
two sentences of the majority of keywords applicable to job
requirements in a face-to-face interview.
On the other hand, each assignment is allocated 100 points out
of a total of 1000 points. The number of questions or hands-on
activity on each assignment varies. Assume that an average
assignment has 50 requirement questions. This means that a
requirement may be worth 2 points towards your final grade.
The bottom line is that missing a few questions will have little
effect of your assignment or final grade. Not completing an

assignment will generally decrease your final grade by at least a
letter grade. Do not waste time on the small problems.
Using the link at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture
and any other source that you deem appropriate answer the
following questions:
Video - Computer Architecture : Bits and Bytes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmSelKbP4sc
Video - Introduction to Computer Architecture
-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEjPop-aK_w
Video – Introduction to Computer Architecture
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TzMyXmzL8M
Video -
Introduction To Computing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leWKvuZVUE8&feature=cha
nnel

Please write or paste the answer in the box or table area
provided as best as possible
1. Define the meaning of computer architecture. Your answer is
2. Provide the three main subcategories of computer
architecture and provide examples of each. Your answer is
3. What are the three major factors that affect the choice of a
computer architecture? Your answer is
Review the videos under the Video Folder/ Introduction to
Computer Hardware, Introduction to Operating Systems, and
Buying a Home Computer
The Review Quiz named "Overview of Computer Hardware"
under Quiz 1 folder will also be Very helpful.

4.
Using the following table provide a detailed description and
function for each of the following major computer hardware
components.
Be Specific. In addition, cut and paste a graphic that in your
opinion best illustrates these hardware components. (Use
Google images (see image on the top menu bar of Google.
Don’t' be lazy and use the first image that you find. Use an
image that will help you understand the concept after this class
is over.)
Video - Introduction to Solid State Drives (SSD)
-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AB-JUyQYxIw
Computer Hardware Component
Detailed Description and
Function
Google Image
Mother or System Board

Processor (CPU)
Main memory
(RAM)
SSD Drive
Chipset
Ports
Slots
Expansion Cards
CMOS Battery
Video - Hardware Basics -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-

KUm9YpPm0&list=PLj9wTftvMaHjZ7AZ-ps-
ZN0ggmHKWZyvj
Video - Operating System Basics -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GDX-
IyZ_C8&list=PLj9wTftvMaHjZ7AZ-ps-ZN0ggmHKWZyvj
Video -
Hardware and Operating System basics - Part 1 of 11 -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PN7aO81pktU&list=PLj9wTf
tvMaHjZ7AZ-ps-ZN0ggmHKWZyvj
Video - Hardware and Operating System basics - Programming
Model - Part 2 of 11 -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sT2DKuI6U14&list=PLj9wTf
tvMaHjZ7AZ-ps-ZN0ggmHKWZyvj
Video - See How the CPU Works In One Lesson -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNN_tTXABUA&list=TL5Su
7angStNmDPzohCK7y3tEXYT_mrKe7
Video - See How Computers Add Numbers In One Lesson -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBDoT8o4q00
Video - Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XM4lGflQFvA
Using the Processor Presentation, the Processor Handout, and
using the links at
Microprocessors
-
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm

Microprocessors
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor
Processor Clock Speed
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_speed
MIPS
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_instructions_per_second
Instruction Set Architecture
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture
Address Bus
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_bus
Operation Code
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_code
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operand
What is a Processor?
A processor is an electronic device that can translate and
execute computer instructions to accomplish a specific task.
Essentially a processor does the work in a computer system.
There are many different specialized processors in any computer

system. Some processors specialize is displaying an image on
your monitor or LCD panel. Other processors specialize in
communicating with a network or the Internet.
A computer system has many processors or workers. Just like at
my home - there are many workers (individuals) specializing in
various functions. For example, my kids mess up the house and
I clean up after them. In order to coordinate these activities at
my home someone needs to be the "boss". Someone needs to be
in control. At my home, we call it the "wife", but in computers
we call the "boss" processor - the Central Processing Unit
(CPU).
To get any work out of a processor one must tell the processor
what you want it to do - what task you want it to electronically
perform. Unlike humans, processors can only perform a
predefined set of electronic tasks. This limited set of tasks that
a processor can perform is called an Instruction set.
To force the processor to perform a specific electronic task, we
humans must give the processor a specific instruction, e.g., add
these two numbers. The processor looks up method to add two
numbers in its instructor set much like we look up a telephone
number in a telephone book. This function of looking up
instructions is call Interpretation. Then the instruction is
executed.
So what does an ADD instruction look like? The only language

a processor understands is binary. Therefore, the add instruction
might look like this: 1110010001000100 (a 16-bit instruction).
Can you imagine memorizing thousands of binary instructions
like the one previously? Can you imagine the mistakes that you
would make just typing those 1s and 0s? Wouldn't it be simpler
to give the instruction "ADD", instead of 11100
Notice that the processor can only interpret and
execute instructions contained within its instruction set. Since
there are many different types of processors, manufactured by
various different companies, there is no single universal
processor instruction set.
Therefore, each application program or operating system is
written for a specific instruction set or processor. Any
programming language and instruction translator must be
compatible for a given instruction set.10001000100.
The desire to avoiding the tedious nature of binary data and
instructions is why we developed computer programming
languages. A computer programming language simply
substitutes English-like commands, e.g., ADD, for one or more
computer instructions. But, again processors do not understand
English. Hence, the program language statement ADD must be
translated into 1110010001000100 before it can be given to the
processor.

The Instruction Cycle describes the sequence that a processor
uses to:
§
Instruction Fetch - fetch the
computer instruction from memory, i.e., RAM or L1 Cache
§
Decode (Interpret) computer instructions using the instruction
set.
§
Execute - computer instructions, which may involve a math or
I/O operation.
In this example, we will assume that each part of the instruction
cycle must be performed before the next step can begin.
This assumption is called non-pipelining.
The Review Quiz named "Review of Processor Technology"

under Quiz 1 folder will also be Very helpful.
Video -
How a CPU Works -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNN_tTXABUA
5. Your computer's processor is rated at clock speed of 3.2 GHz.
What is the purpose of clock speed?
Answer
è
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_do_pipelining_and_the_system
_clock_affect_processing_speed
6. Define the following terms that are used when comparing
processors: Microns, Clock Speed and Data Width, and MIPS.
Answer
è

7. Both Clock Speed and MIPS are used to describe how fast a
processor operates. What is the relationship between Clock
Speed and MIPS.
Answer
è
8.
What is the native language of the processor?
Answer
è
9.
List and describe the three basic things a processor does.
Answer
è

Be sure that you review the 2010 Processor Update Document.
Go to the following link - cut and paste the image you find
below,
Basic structure of a Pentium microprocessor -
http://www.pctechguide.com/cpu-architecture/basic-structure-
of-a-pentium-microprocessor
10.
Complete the following table and explain the function of the
following Processor components.
Processor Component
Function
Control Unit
ALU Unit
I/O Unit
Register

Internal Bus
Front Side Bus (FSB)
L1 Cache
L2 Cache
L3 Cache
Copy and paste an image similar to the following that best
illustrates L1, L2 and L3 cache
Memory Subsystem -
http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/amd-k10_8.html
Complete the following table and explain the function of the
following Processor components.
Processor Component
Google image
Control Unit

ALU Unit
I/O Unit
Register
Internal Bus
Front Side Bus (FSB)
L1 Cache
L2 Cache
L3 Cache
11. What is the difference between an address bus and a data
bus? Answer
è

12.
What is the difference between the data that is stored in a
processor register, ROM and RAM? Answer
è
The presentation of the Processor Architecture and the
Instructor Cycle is very helpful.
13. Describe the function of the following processor registers
and provide a Google image?
Registers
Function
Instruction Register
Instruction Pointer
Data Registers
Program Status Word
Accumulator

Registers
Google image
Instruction Register
Instruction Pointer
Data Registers
Program Status Word
Accumulator
14. Using Google Images copy-and- paste an image that best
describes the instruction Cycle
Insert image below =>
15. What is the purpose of a memory address? Your answer is
Why do we use Hexadecimal?

http://digiassn.blogspot.com/2006/02/why-do-we-use-
hexadecimal.html
Hexadecimal Numbers Explained -
http://vlaurie.com/computers2/Articles/hexed.htm
Video - How To Do Decimal To Hexadecimal Conversion -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgVc1Tl-JDA
Video -
How to convert hexadecimal to binary to decimal? -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFY8YuBLNKc
Video - Binary Tutorial -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qjEkh3P9RE
Video - Hexadecimal Tutorial -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1JtWKuTLR0
16. Why is hexadecimal notation used to identify a memory
address? Answer
è

17. Using the following tables convert a decimal value to a
hexadecimal value, and a hexadecimal value to decimal l value.
Decimal Value
Hexadecimal Value
11
183
592
1024
16145
64523
65535
Decimal Value

Hexadecimal Value
40
D7
F6900000
1000
100
80
FFFF
The following is a section of code displayed in the z/OS editor
named ISPF.
All data or computer instructions
is stored
in binary code, and series of on and off electronic pulses that
text books represents as 1s and 0s.Since you and I cannot
understand binary data, computers use binary representation
codes that symbolically represents binary code . In the example,
that follows IBM is storing characters as EBCDIC code and
displays the content (this is called mapping)
as display characters that we see in ISPF or Word.

The following looks like simple English to me.
The problem is computers do not understand English.
There are many characters that cannot be displayed in an editor
or your Word document, but they are displayed as a space. For
example, when you told Word to bold a letter, word of phrase,
you do not see any bold commands. This is because Word using
non-displayable characters.
How can we see non-displayable characters?
The next example will use the hexadecimal code to convert the
displayed character to a hexadecimal value.
Using the ISPF HEX command we can use the hexadecimal code
to see the stored ECDBIC.
Notice that a displayed space on Line 400 is hexadecimaal value
40 and a displayed P is hexadecmal mvalue of
D7

Let's review the following examples. You see the letter
displayed on (or mapped to) the screen as capital letter "P". But,
in the computer's memory he actual on/off electronic pluses
stored are the following 8-bits: 11010111, or on-on-off-on-of-
on-on-on.
What would prefer to see a P or 11010111?
Now we must understand that computers were not originally
designed to work with letters of the alphabet or special
characters. Hence, the binary character codes, i.e., ECBDIC,
ASCII, and UNICODE, where designed to overcome this
problem. The binary value, actual stored variable is 11010111
or in decimal the number 64.
Sooooo, one day 80+ years ago some IBM engineers went to the
local sports bar and made a set of rules called ECBDIC. Or if
the computer see 11010111 or binary 64 display the capital
letter P.
If I was at the sports bar, I would have chosen decimal value 37
for the letter P, but I wasn't invited. Therefore, character codes
were created to symbolically store characters using a system of
binary numbers.
O.k. where does hexadecimal come in? Those ECBDIC values
became so complex and some valuse were not even displayed
hexadecimal was used to see something even if the character

was not displayed. Again review the space on line 400. You do
not see the space, but you do see the Hex value of 40. How do
you know that is really was a space and not a hidden escape or
tab character?
Because these characters would have a different Hex value.
17. The following table is some examples for line 400.
Using the conversion convertors discussed previously fill in the
missing values for the shaded areas.
Displayed Character
Hexadecimal Value
summarizes
ECBDIC decimal value
Binary value which is actually stored
- a space -
40
64
0100000
P
Capital Letter
D7
215
11010111
1
the number
F1

241
11010111
.
a period
4B
75
01001011
E3
*
an asterisk
230
The only difference between IBM mainframes and your cell
phone, tablet or personal computer is that they use ASCII or
Unicode. The principles are exactly the same, but the ASCII
engineers went to a different sports bar.
One more hexadecimal example of the use of hexadecimal -
memory address.
The following is a display of the memory locations use by
various Windows hardware devices as displayed in Windows
Device Manager.

The following is a Device Manager display of the memory
location used by my network card.
Notice the use of hexadecimal.
So which would you prefer the Hexadecimal value of F6900000
or 11110110100100000000000000000000 as a memory address?
.
18. What is the relationship between an operation code and an
operand?
Answer
è

19.
Microprocessor instructions are based on an Assembly
Language Format? Use a table like Slide 20 in the Processor
presentation and look at the example starting at slide .
A Variable Name, e.g., QPA used below , is a symbolic name of
a memory address.
Write an assembly language program that provides the
following task to calculate a beer budget.
Remember, assembly language programs use memory addresses
instead of variable names.
It uses simple codes to represent operations, e.g., MV, to move
or store data.
TotalQualityPoints =100
CreditsEarnedToDate= 30
QPA =
TotalQualityPoints / CreditsEarnedToDate

Address
Contents
999
another program
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
Inside the Processor
IP
IR
REG1
REG2
ACC
20 Using the above program describe the steps of the instruction
cycle. (Your processor presentation will help. Hopefully, the

instruction life cycle image you pasted will also help. ) Answer
è
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_do_pipelining_and_the_system
_clock_affect_processing_speed
http://www.csi.ucd.ie/staff/jcarthy/home/alp/alp7.pdf
http://www.scs.gmu.edu/~jwallin/c702s06/lecture/l02/lecture2.p
df
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_level_parallelism
Instruction pipeline -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipeline
How is superscalar design different from pipelining design?
What are their advantages and disadvantages?
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~meesh/cmsc411/website/projects/micro
proc/topics.html
The Microarchitecture of Superscalar Processors -
http://garga.iet.unipi.it/II/the-microarchitecture-of-
superscalar.pdf

21. Using Google Images copy and paste an image that best
illustrates the concept of instruction pipelining.
22. Describe how will instruction pipelining help the
performance of your processor? Be specific Answer
è
23. Describe how superscalar processing will improve the
performance of your processor? Answer
è
Using the following table provide a detailed description for
each of the following concepts.
Concept
Detailed Description
Boolean Logic
Gate

Flip Flops
Video - x86 vs. x86-64 (23) (Intermediate Level)
-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhoVltcDlq4
Video - 8 1 Cache Basics (Intermediate Level)
-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELlnCzKMXns
Video - 8 2 Principle of Locality (Intermediate Level)
-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XmALGPW0zA
Video - 8 3 Memory Hierarchies (Intermediate Level)
-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vVStI7hetE
Video - 8 4 Cache Organization (Intermediate Level)
-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sg4CmZ-p8rU
Video - 8 5 Cache Organization cont (Intermediate Level) -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKFGR1FV_BU

Requirement 2
- Processors and Process Architectures (25%)
Instruction Set
-
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/instruction_set.html
CICS Instruction Set -
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/CISC.html
RISC Instruction Set -
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/R/RISC.html
x86 Instruction Set
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86
Intanium -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itanium
X86-64
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64
EPIC -

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_co
mputing
64-bit -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bit
The difference between 64 and 32 bit processors-
http://www.softwaretipsandtricks.com/windowsxp/articles/581/1
/The-difference-between-64-and-32-bit-processors
Video - How the CPU Works In One Lesson -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNN_tTXABUA
Video - What is x86..??What is an Instruction Set
Architecture..??32-Bit vs. 64-Bit -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_o-nUzbWR0
Video - 32 Bit vs 64 Bit - The Advantage -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgiMzKb8dD0
Video - Instruction Set Vocabulary of the Machine part 01 -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KK9dbkeMzE8
Video - Instruction Set Vocabulary of the Machine part 02 -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phy9nV4D9GU
Video - Hardware and Operating System basics - Programs and
memory
- Part 3 of 11 -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dObS7zTAcCY&list=PLj9wT
ftvMaHjZ7AZ-ps-ZN0ggmHKWZyvj
Video -

Hardware and Operating System basics - Processor Registers,
RAM and Auxiliary Storage
- Part 4 of 11 -
1. What is function of an instruction set? Answer
è
2. Assume that your computer's processor is based on a 32-bit
Motorola Instruction Set.
What are the requirements and limitations of will this or any
other instruction set have on you using your computer? Answer
è
3. Use the following table to provide a practical an detailed

definition of the following popular instruction sets.
Instruction Set
DETAILED Definition and Functions
CICS
RISC
x86
EPIC
IA-64
x86-64
Video - 32 Bit vs 64 Bit Architectures - The Advantage
-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgiMzKb8dD0
3a.
What are the advantages of 64-bit architectures (hardware,
processors, and operating systems) over 32-bit architectures.
Answer

è
4. What is the maximum amount of memory a 32-bit instruction
set and processor can access? Answer
è
5. A 64-bit processor can access more memory (RAM) than a
32-bit processor. In which type of applications would that be
very important?
Answer
è
6. While in theory a 64-bit processor can access very large
amounts of
RAM, what are the practical limitations of reaching that limit?

Answer
è
7. Mary has a laptop that uses a 64-bit processor. She complains
that she cannot run older 32-bit applications on her laptop, but
her friend can run these older applications on her 64-laptop.
What is the problem? Answer
è
8. A processor must use which type of instruction set to use a
multicore processor? Answer
è
9. Assume that your computer's processor is based on an 32-bit
Motorola Instruction Set (hint: compare Motorola processors
and Intel Processors).

What are the requirements and limitations of will this or any
other instruction set have on you using your computer? Answer
è
CPU Processor Comparison – Intel Core i7 vs. i5 vs. i3 -
http://helpdeskgeek.com/how-to/intel-core-i7-vs-i5-vs-i3/
Intel Mobile Processors -
http://www.intel.com/support/processors/mobile/pm/sb/cs-
007967.htm
Nehalem (microarchitecture) -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)
Sandy Bridge
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridge
Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture) -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)
The Benefits of Multiple CPU Cores in Mobile Devices -
http://www.nvidia.com/content/PDF/tegra_white_papers/Benefit
s-of-Multi-core-CPUs-in-Mobile-Devices_Ver1.2.pdf
Intel® Core™ i7 Mobile Processor Extreme

-
http://www.asipartner.com/Microsites/Intel/MobilePlatform/tabi
d/703/Default.aspx
[1443].
10. Use the following table list 10 Intel, AMD, Motorola, or
other processor manufacture desktop or mobile processors.
Provide a detailed description of the major features of each
processor
Processor (family) Name
Description of the Major Features
For example: number of cores, speed, cache, microns, 32-64
bits, etc.
Desktop, mobile or other type
List your processor as the first example

11.
List the reasons that are mobile microprocessor architectures
are different than desktop microprocessor architectures.
Answer
è
What is the difference between a process and a thread -
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/200469/what-is-the-

difference-between-a-process-and-a-thread
Process Computing -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_%28computing%29
Parent Process -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_process
Child Process -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_process
Process Forking -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28operating_system%29
What is a Task? -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_%28computers%29
What is a Thread? -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_%28computer_science%29
What is Multitasking? -
http://linux.about.com/cs/linux101/a/multitasking.htm
Daemons versus Background processes -
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_difference_between_a_da
emon_and_a_background_process
Process States -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_states

Video - Introduction to Processes & Threads -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsERPf9k54U
Video - Part 5 A quick review of threads states and DLLs -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9U6dtRtSuFo&list=PLC0XA
DjYnH0Cf-qAsFvJQt2c2amjNFuZK
Video - Processes - Part I -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIa2mhKCeYo
Video - Processes - Part II -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5EV7isUJ6k
Video - Basic Windows Task Manager Tasks Tutorial -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPg_puU1G_Y
Video - Why Do Computers Get Slower? -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9_MoKIlPso
Video - Fix Programs Slowing Your Computer Tutorial -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EL_y_Ucq3nY
Video - Linux Processes (Will be used later in the course) -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDy-eGw31A0
Video - Part 1 Why do we need processes (intermediate level) -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2cjpw2UJgo&list=PLC0XA
Video - Part 2 What are Processes (intermediate level) -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVDPU5xsjmM&list=PLC0X
ADjYnH0Cf-qAsFvJQt2c2amjNFuZK
Video - Part 3 Deeper Dive into Processes (intermediate level) -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3fDDFi4tsY&list=PLC0XA
Video - Part 4 Deeper Dive into Processes (intermediate level) -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXgz9vKsObE&list=PLC0X

ADjYnH0Cf-qAsFvJQt2c2amjNFuZK
Video - Part 5 A quick review of threads states and DLLs
(intermediate level) -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9U6dtRtSuFo&list=PLC0XA
13. What is the difference a Daemon and a Background Process?
Answer
è
14.
What is the difference a Parent Process and Foreground
Process? Answer
è
15.

Start the Windows Task Manager on your computer. For
example, right-click on the task bar at the bottom of your XP
screen or press Ctrl-ALT- Delete and select task manager.
Delete the example listed below.
Switch to the task manager, press Alt-Prtscnn or use the
Snipping tool. (Some laptop users may be required to using a
function key (Fn) when they press Alt-Prtscr). Now switch to
the Word document and press Ctrl-V to Paste your copy of the
Windows task Manager.
Print two copies of YOUR Task Manager: 1) the display of your
Application Tab, and 2)
the display of your Process Tab
16.
Based on the results of your two Print Screens, i.e.,
Applications and Processes, what do you think is the difference
between an application, task and process? Answer
è

Computer multitasking -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking
What is computer multitasking?
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081013191502
AAih6mU
Multiprogramming -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprogramming
Time-sharing -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharing
Context Switch -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_switch
Cooperative multitasking -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking
Preemptive Multitasking -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-emptive_multitasking
17.
Using the following table provide a practical a detailed
definition of the following Multitasking, Multiprogramming, or

Time Sharing concepts.
Multitasking and Multiuser Concepts
Definition
Multitasking
Multiprogramming
Context Switching
Cooperative Multitasking
Preemptive Multitasking
Time Sharing
http://www.blogsdna.com/2336/enable-multiple-user-
accessconcurrent-user-sessions-for-remote-desktop-on-
windows-7.htm
18.
All multitasking and multiuser operating systems require a
multitasking processor. But not all operating systems permit
multiple concurrent users.
Does Windows 7 provide for multiple concurrent users? Answer
è

19.
What Windows 7 feature provides limited support for multiple
users? (Hint: Look at your Shut Down Button in Windows 7)
Answer
è
20. List a name a popular multiple-user operating system?
Answer
è
Multitasking, Multiprocessing and threads -
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc767883.aspx
Multiprocessing
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-processing

Symmetrical Multiprocessing
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing
Advantages And Disadvantages of Multiprocessing -
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disad
vantages_of_multiprocessor_systems
Advantages And Disadvantages of Multiprocessing -
p://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disadva
ntages_of_Multiprocessing
Video - Operating System Defined -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBjtp9zWxyk
Video - Operating System Terminology -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Id78Ja_RgY
Video - Multi-Core Processors Demystified - Lab Rats #25
-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bg5atUmjcyA
Video- Hyper Threading Vs Dual Core / Multi-Core -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8B_XgIVfyl0&list=PL52BB2
E9DDAB724E9
Video Picking An Intel Core Processor: What is Hyper-
Threading Good For?
-

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHtda4mJjxc&list=PL52BB2
E9DDAB724E9-
21.
Using the following table provide a practical a detailed
definition of the following
Multi Processing Concepts.
Multitasking and Multiuser Concepts
Definition
Asymmetric Multiprocessing
Symmetric Multiprocessing
22.
In order to take advantage of multiprocessing architectures what
changes must be made to your computer hardware? Answer
è
23.

Using the following table list the advantages and disadvantages
of Multiprocessing Architectures.
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Multiprocessing Architectures
Advantages
Disadvantages
24.
Explain the concept of Hyperthreading or SMT.
Answer
è
25. Hyperthreading is an Intel Concept. AMD choose not to
implement Hyperthreading into their processors. What
architectural approach did AMD use instead of Hyeprthreading?

Answer
è
26. What is Hyper Transport? Answer
è
27. AMD uses Hyper Transport Architectures, Intel does not.
What does Intel use instead of Hyper Transport? (Hint: Be
careful, these concepts have nothing to do with Hyperthreading
or internal architecture of the processor.)
Answer
è
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core_processor
http://www.networkdictionary.com/howto/Advtantages-and-
Disadvantages-Multi-core.php

http://www.networkfactor.net/newsdualcore.html
http://www.ehow.com/list_7420612_disadvantages-multi_core-
cpus.html
28.
Explain the architecture of a Multicore Processor.
Answer
è
Please search Google images and past one or two images that
best presents the concept of Multicore Processors. Paste a copy
of this image below.
What is the difference between MultiCore and MultiProcessor?
http://superuser.com/questions/214331/what-is-the-difference-
between-multicore-and-multiprocessor
29. Contrast the architectural differences between a Multicore

and a Multiprocessor Answer
è
30.
of Multicore Architectures.
Multicore Architectures
Advantages
Disadvantages
Comparison of Grid Computing vs. Cluster Computing -

http://www.jatit.org/research/introduction_grid_computing.htm
The Distributed Computing Paradigms: P2P, Grid, Cluster,
Cloud, and Jungle -
http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1311/1311.3070.pdf
Cluster Computing -
http://www.bestpricecomputers.co.uk/glossary/cluster-
computing.htm
Computer Cluster -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster
Why Would Anyone Need a Computer Cluster? -
http://obscuredclarity.blogspot.com/2008/10/why-would-
anyone-need-computer-cluster.html
Advantages of Cluster Computing
Architectures -
http://www.ccgrid.org/the-advantages-of-cluster-computing-
and-internet-computing.html
Downsides of Cluster Computing Architectures -
http://www.ccgrid.org/downsides-of-cluster-computing.html
High Availability Clusters -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-availability_cluster
ENTERPRISE GRID COMPUTING VS. CLUSTERING -
http://www.avarsys.com/clustering.html

31.
Explain the architecture of a Cluster Computing (Computer
Clusters).
Answer
è
Please search Google images and past one or two images that
best presents the concept of Computer Clusters. Paste a copy of
this image below.
32. Use the following table and provide a practical and detailed
definition of the following types of Cluster Architectures.
Cluster
Computing Concepts
Definition
High Availability (HA) Clusters

Load-balancing Clusters
High-performance Clusters
33.
of Cluster Architectures.
Cluster Architectures
Advantages
Disadvantages
Fundamentals of Grid Computing -
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpapers/pdfs/redp3613.pdf
Grid and Cluster Computing: Options for Improving Windows®
Application Performance -

http://www.digipede.net/downloads/Digipede_CCS_Whitepaper.
pdf
Beowulf cluster -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_cluster
Video - Distributed Computing -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkkQy6ivbe4
Video - HPC & Cloud - How you can Exploit the Full Potential
of your Cluster -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHukYy7kGcE
Video - IBM Platform Computing (Clusters) -
http://www.youtube.com/user/platformcomputing
Video - IBM Accelerating workloads -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzcKeIuH838&feature=c4-
overview-vl&list=PLYXLybgJZf7YASP-inrdz7QVvrlSBoM6r
Video - IBM Platform Computing -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8u-
PjgJ7mI&list=PLYXLybgJZf7YASP-inrdz7QVvrlSBoM6r
Video - IBM End-to-end Case Cluster Study -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFerWeyv6B8&list=PLYXL
ybgJZf7YASP-inrdz7QVvrlSBoM6r
Video - Windows Server 2008 R2 Failover Clustering
Introduction (Part 1 of 4) -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcByPD_PuQE

34. How does cluster computing relate to cluster computing?
Answer
è
35.
What are the differences between grid computing and cluster
computing? Answer
è
36. What is a Beowolf Cluster?
Answer
è

37. What type of applications are taking advantage of cluster
computing? Answer
è
Requirement 3 - Binary Representation and Character Encoding
(20%)
Using Data Representation Methods Presentation and the links
at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system
Video - What Is Binary? Part 1 of 2 -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTQ8Y6th2Jk
Video - What Is Binary? Part 2 of 2 -

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lrdz8Y92ZtY
Video - Binary Representation of Decimal Numbers and
IEEE754 Format
(No Audio)
-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PM4hSkbx6s
Video - Mantissa and Exponent: Explained -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zzx7HN4wo3A
Video - Intro to the Floating Point Format -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owtK58XiPGo
Video - Floating Point Numbers -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRGaPnBTQL4
Video - What is ASCII -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzQJogN4rVk
Video - Unicode-UTF-ASCII -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9v8cHFjNm0
Video - Introduction to UTF-8 and Unicode -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqPTR_v4qFA
Video - Characters in a computer - ASCII Tutorial (1/3)
-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1Sf1IhA0j4
Video - Characters in a computer - Unicode Tutorial (UTF-32 &
UTF-16)(2/3) -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oYfv794R9s

Video - Characters in a computer - Unicode Tutorial UTF-8
(3/3) -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLBtrd9Ar28
Video - Character Set / Character Encoding in HTML5
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8AZZKk753lc
Video - Character sets: ASCII, UTF-8 and the ISO family
-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lRzRfFYfqY
Binary translator
- (Convert text to ASCII - Interesting and Simple)
-
http://nickciske.com/tools/binary.php
ASCII Number Values and Binary
-
http://www.roubaixinteractive.com/PlayGround/Binary_Convers
ion/The_Characters.asp
Octal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal
Hexadecimal
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal

Computer Number Formats
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_numbering_formats
Data Representation
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_types
Which is better UTF-8 or ISO-?
-
http://blog.wordtothewise.com/2010/03/which-is-better-utf-8-
or-iso/
and any other source that you deem appropriate answer the
following questions:
1. A Binary Number has two states 1 and 0. Why were binary
codes created to handle some of the limitations associated with
simple binary numbers? Your answer is
2. Express the decimal number 456 in binary.
The Binary translator would help or see slide 8). Your answer is

3. What is the problem of storing a mathematical since in a
binary numeric code? Your answer is
4. Explain how the number 20 is added to 10 in binary. Your
answer is
5. What does concept of floating point or a real number
represent? Your answer is
6. Floating points are stored using the following concepts.
Describe each using the following as an example:

-117.14
(Hint Slide 17)
Concept
Purpose and value to be stored
Sign of the Exponent
Exponent
Sign of the Mantissa
Mantissa
7. What is the Radix Point? Your answer is
8. What is IEEE 754 and 854? Your answer is

9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using floating
point data representation methods? Your answer is
ASCII -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii
Unicode -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode
Understanding text encoding in Word -
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/outlook-help/choose-text-
encoding-when-you-open-and-save-files-HA010121249.aspx
MS Office 2010 Word change character encoding -
http://superuser.com/questions/378015/ms-office-2010-word-
change-character-encoding
Video - Save a File as Encoded Text - Word 2010

-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uURWqmNxOPQ
10. Explain the features and use of the following character
codes 7-bit ASCII, 8-bit ASCII, and 16-bit Unicode.
(Hint: many great answers to this question in the Binary
Representation Presentation)
Character Representation Code
Features
Example of Use in Excel, a database or other application
program languages
7-bit ASCII
EBCDIC
UTF-8
16-bit Unicode
EDCDIC

11. What the purpose is Character Encoding? Your answer is
13.
What is a character set? Your answer is
14. How does a character set relate to a ASCII or Unicode e?
Your answer is
12. Where is purpose of MIME?

Your answer is
15. Provide some examples of Word Character Sets. Open your
version of Word. Google and find the directions how to display
the Character Sets for your version of Word] Find the Character
sets. Press Alt-Prtsc (Hold down the ALT key and the Prtsc key
simultaneously). Then position the cursor below and press Ctrl-
V or paste.
You should see an image like this.
15. Provide an example of Word Character Codes on your
version of Word. Document with an Alt-Prtsc or snipping tool.
Your answer is

Octal -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal
Hexadecimal-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal
16. What is the purpose and uses of Octal and Hexadecimal
Binary Codes? (Hint: they are not used to store data in a binary
format.) Your answer is
17. When using a binary mathematical code "1 divided 3 times 3
"(1/3*3) is what number? Explain your answer. (Hint: review
the Data Representation Power Point in Blackboard). Your
answer is

18. When data is stored in a program, database, Excel cell the
data is stored in a binary code format. Using the binary codes of
7-bit ASCII, 8-bit ASCII, Unicode, Floating point, Fixed-point,
Octal and Hexadecimal answer the following questions using
the following table. (Hint: review the Data Representation
Power Point in Blackboard). DO NOT TRANSLATE YOUR
ANSWER TO BINARY.
Applying Binary Representation Codes used by Excel
Type of data
Binary representation codes
used to store this data by Excel
When you type test words (labels), e.g.,
"Go Steelers" into an Excel Cell
When you type value 16 into an Excel Cell
When you type value
$5.18 into an Excel Cell
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange
(ASCII), also known as ANSI X3.4, and the Extended Binary
Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) are computer
character encoding sets. Although there are a number of

variants of ASCII, all of them are essentially the same, and the
encoding system is often praised by computer scientists for its
simplicity and adaptability. EBCDIC is considered an
anachronism in the computer world as it was designed for the
now superannuated punch cards. ASCII, on the other hand, was
developed in the 1960s and is very much designed for use in the
world of modern computing.
Both ASCII and EBCDIC are based on the Baudot code — a
19th century alternative Morse code — but they were designed
for different purposes and to different ends. Essentially a seven-
bit code, ASCII allows the eighth most significant bit (MSB) for
error checking, but most contemporary computer systems use
the codes above 128 for extended character sets. Whereas this is
a character encoding set common on a number of different
computer systems, EBCDIC is a character set particular to IBM
mainframes.
EBCDIC is exclusively used on IBM machines such as
mainframes, midrange personal computers, and peripheral
devices. Since most IBM machines include extensive processing
capabilities and some support for modern encoding languages,
they are able to keep up and even outperform devices from other
brands. However, most machines and operating systems depend
on ASCII and Unicode as their default encoding format.
Requirement 4 Internal Memory (15%)

Computer Memory Concepts -
http://www.computermemoryupgrade.net/index1.html
Maximum Memory, Standard Memory and Slots -
http://www.computermemoryupgrade.net/maximum-standard-
memory-slots.html
Memory RAM Speed - Access Time, Megahertz (MHz), Bytes
Per Second -
http://www.computermemoryupgrade.net/measuring-ram-
speed.html
System DRAM Technologies -
http://www.computermemoryupgrade.net/system-dram-
technologies.html
DIMM
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMM
Double Data Rate
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_data_rate
DDR
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR_SDRAM

DDR2 -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM
DDR3 -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3_SDRAM
DDR4 Intel set to bring next-gen DDR4 DRAM memory to
computers later this year -
http://www.pcworld.com/article/2085880/intel-set-to-bring-
ddr4-dram-to-computers-in-third-quarter.html
Intel plans to bring speedy DDR4 DRAM to computers in Q3 -
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9245266/Intel_plans_t
o_bring_speedy_DDR4_DRAM_to_computers_in_Q3
Everything you want to know about Dual- Triple and Quad
Channel Memory Architectures
- http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/133
Multi-channel memory architectures
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-
channel_memory_architecture
Dual Chanel Architecture -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-channel_architecture
Video - PC Memory Tutorial -

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZV7UV31VGg
Video - Understanding and upgrading your RAM -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e68YyNTeL18
Video - Installing your PC's memory -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hw-zreo1hBE
Video - Learning About Memory (RAM) - HP Workbench -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJ5kRofuGLQ
Video -
How Much Memory (RAM) do I Need? - HP Workbench -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNrzycPDwvk
Video - Guide to RAM Memory Channels as Fast As Possible -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-D8fhsXqq4o
Video - PCI Express (PCIe) 3.0 - Everything you Need to Know
As Fast As Possible -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSSHuMHbCWo
Video - Dual & Triple Channel Memory -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARi52co3ANs
1.
Using the following table provide a practical and detailed
description of the following concepts concerning internal
(RAM) memory. Paste an Google image that best illustrates the
concept
Memory Architectures
Detailed Description

Image
DIMM
SDRAM
DDR SDRAM
DDR2 SDRAM
DDR3 SDRAM
DDR4 SDRAM
Latency
ECC
GDDR3
Dual Channel DDRs
Quad Channel DDRs

2.
What is the relationship between the concept of a DIMM and a
DDR? Answer
è
3.
What type of memory module(s) use(s) 184 pins? Answer
è
4.
What type of memory module(s) use(s) 240 pins? Answer
è

5.
By looking a the physical appearance of the DDR2 and DDR3
memory module how would one determine the difference
between the two types of memory modules? Answer
è
6.
You see a memory module that states that it is a PC2-8500
module. What does the number 8500 mean? Answer
è
7.
What is the purpose of a PC rating when discussing internal
modules? Answer
è

8.
What is the relationship between PC ratings and the Front Side
Bus Speed? Use PC2-8500 as an example. Answer
è
9.
Go to crucial.com or any other online supplier of computer
memory.
Enter the model and type of your computer. Find the type of
computer memory that is most appropriate for your computer.
Use the ALT-PRTSC technique below to document your
findings.
10.

What is maximum amount supported by your motherboard?
Answer
è
11.
What is recommended type of memory to be used by your
computer? Answer
è
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/Find-out-how-
much-RAM-your-computer-has
http://www.online-tech-tips.com/computer-tips/how-to-
determine-the-amount-of-ram-installed-on-your-computer/
Using Windows document the amount of memory currently
installed in your computer.
Use the Alt-PrtScrn to document your results.

http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-vista/How-do-I-
know-if-my-computer-has-a-memory-problem
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/Diagnosing-
memory-problems-on-your-computer
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9158258/Most_Windo
ws_7_PCs_max_out_memory
12. What are the three major causes of computer memory
failures? Your answer is

13. What is the name of the new tool provided by Windows
Vista and 7 that may be used to diagnose memory problems?
Your answer is
The Difference Between Notebook and Desktop Memory -
http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Computer_Science/20
08/laptop_desktop_memory.asp
Can Laptop Memory Be Used in Desktop and the Other Way
Around?
-
http://www.popularmemory.org/can-laptop-memory-be-used-in-
desktop/
14.
What are the differences between laptop memory and desktop
memory? Your answer is

15. What factors affect the maximum amount of RAM that can
be installed into your computer?
Your answer is
Requirement 5 Functions of an Operating System
Operating System Functions -
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system2.htm
The main functions of an operating system -
http://www.ukessays.com/essays/information-technology/the-
main-functions.php
Operating Systems -
https://www.cs.umd.edu/users/oleary/c662/opsys.pdf
How Operating Systems Work -
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system.htm
Process (computing) -

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)
What is a computer process? -
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/process
Video - Computer Tour -
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/23-computer-tour-video.htm
Video - Introduction to Operating Systems -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzVGL44eq9w
Video - Operating Systems - Lecture 1 -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55FeqGGzE5Q
Video - Processes & Threads in Operating Systems -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gif8znTA1Jw
1. Describe the differences between, single-user/single task,
single-user/multitask, and multiuser operating systems. Give an
example of each.
Operating System Task and User Management
Description
Example Operating System
Single-user/Single task
Single-user/Multitask

Multiuser
2. An Operating System provides many Services.
Use the following table and provide a description for each of
the following operating system function or service.
Operating System Function/Service
Description
Process Management
Memory Management
Device Management
(I/O control and Device Drivers)
Security
User Interfaces
Application Interface (APIs)

3.
What is the difference between a process and an application
(computer program)? Answer:
4. What is meant by the concept of
concurrency
?
Answer:
5. Describe a detailed practical example of an application
(assuming you are using a Web browser), multiple processes,
and concurrency? [The answer is easier than you think] Answer:
Processor Management

What is Interrupt Processing?
Chapter 3.7.1 : Overview of z/OS: Introduction to the
Mainframe: z/OS basics
6. What is Interrupt Processing?
When an interrupt occurs what happens next in the processing
cycle?
Answer:
7. What is the difference between an I/O Interrupt and an
External Interrupt? Answer:
Process Control Block -

8. What is the role of a Process Control Block in relationships
to Processes and Interrupts?
Answer:
9. List the type of information stored in a Process Control
Block.
Answer:
Computer Processes -
Threads -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)
Difference between a process and a thread
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_a_
computer_process_and_thread

10. What is a thread? Answer:
11. What is the difference between a process and a thread?
Answer:
12. What is another name for a thread? Answer:
13. Describe how an API (Application Program Interface)
works? Answer:
Shell (computing) -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29

Command-line interface -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
Command Line Interfaces (Advantages and Disadvantages)
-
http://www.teach-
ict.com/gcse_new/computer%20systems/user_interface/miniweb
/pg3.htm
Graphical User Interfaces (Advantages and Disadvantages)
-
http://www.teach-
/pg7.htm
Touch Sensitive Interfaces (Advantages and Disadvantages)
-
http://www.teach-
/pg11.htm
Sound and Speech Interfaces (Advantages and Disadvantages)
-
http://www.teach-
/pg9.htm

Command line vs. GUI -
http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000619.htm
Command line -
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/commandi.htm
GUI -
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/gui.htm
14. What is the function of a shell in computing and operating
systems? Answer:
15. What is a command line interface? Answer:
16. How does one know that the operating system is ready to
process the next command when using a command line
interface? Answer:

17. Use the following table and compare each topic citing
advantages or disadvantages of using command line interfaces
(CLI) as compared to graphical user interfaces (GUI).
Comparison of Command Line and Graphical User Interfaces
Topic
Command Line Interfaces
Graphical User Interfaces
Ease of Use and Effort to Learn
Degree of Control of the Operating System
Multitasking
Speed of Use
Resource Utilization, e.g., Memory, Processor Time
Scripting
Remote Access
Flexibility to transfer knowledge to other user interfaces

Ergonomics
and Strain
Five benefits of command line tools in security -
http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/linux-and-open-source/five-
benefits-of-command-line-tools/
Seven Free Security Tools for Linux -
http://www.pcworld.com/article/224955/7_free_security_tools_f
or_linux.html
List of Linux Security Audit and Hacker Software Tools -
http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LinuxSecurityTools.html
Advantages of command line over GUI -
http://www.aswedeingermany.de/50SoftwareDevelopment/50She
llVsGUI.html
Why Command Line still important? -
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110202071442
AAGs5Bc

The Importance of Command Line Literacy -
http://www.linux-mag.com/id/7096/
18. Many security tools have a GUI interface.
Using the following table list and explain five reasons why
one's ability to use the CLI is very important to their careers?
Importance of a
Professional's Knowledge of Command Line Tools in Security
Topic
Discussion
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Evolution of shells in Linux -
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-linux-shells/

What Linux shell should I use?
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/199661/what-linux-shell-
should-i-use
Unix Shell -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell
XWindows
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System
GNOME vs KDE (includes videos)
-
http://www.diffen.com/difference/GNOME_vs_KDE
10 reasons why GNOME is better than KDE -
http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-reasons-why-
gnome-is-better-than-kde/
Video - KDE Vs Gnome -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWIE6GeKp-w
Video - KDE Vs Gnome -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PydY_a2KNQs
Video - An X Window System tutorial (Part 1) -

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvbAawBGmgE
19. What is the most popular Linux command line shell?
Answer:
20.
What is the function of Gnome and KDE in Linux and Unix?
Answer:
21. What is the function of Linux's XWindows? Answer:

ive a file has questions i need you guys to answer the question.docx

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