This document provides information about understanding trauma, including what trauma is, its causes and effects, and how it impacts survivors of online sexual exploitation of children (OSEC). It discusses that trauma is a stress response to threatening events that can cause emotional, physical and cognitive symptoms. Trauma is classified as acute, chronic, complex or historical/racial. Symptoms range from mild to severe depending on characteristics of the event and individual. The document also outlines perceptions and myths about OSEC, effects on victims, reasons for non-reporting, themes in treating OSEC survivors, and tips for responding to disclosures from children.

1. Teachers Guide
Module 2 – Impact
of OSEC to
victims/survivors

2. Session 01:
Understanding
Trauma

3. Description
• Trauma is mind-body reaction that occurs in response to events that
involve threats to one’s physical and/or psychological security. This
session is about trauma as experienced by people. It involves
identifying the potential causes of trauma and the manifested
symptoms that helped to deeply understand the experience and
behaviours of OSEC survivors.

4. What is Trauma?
According to the American Psychological Association (APA), trauma is
“an emotional response to a terrible event like an accident, rape or natural
disaster.”
However, a person may experience trauma as a response to any event
they physically or emotionally threatening or harmful. A traumatized person
can feel a range of emotions both immediately after the event and in the
long term. They may feel a range of overwhelmed, helpless, shocked or have
difficulty processing their experiences. Trauma can also cause physical
symptoms.
Trauma can have a long-term effect on the person’s well-being. If
symptoms persist and do not decrease in severity, it can indicate that the
trauma has developed into a mental health disorder called post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD).

5. Categories of Trauma
Category Definition Trauma Type
Acute Single, isolated incident  Accident
 Natural disaster
 Single act of violence or terrorism
 Sudden unexpected loss
Chronic Traumatic experience that is repeated and
prolonged.
 Prolonged family or community violence
 Long-term illness
 Chronic bullying
 Chronic poverty and related stressors
 Exposure to war, torture or forced displacement
Complex Exposure to multiple traumatic events from an
early age, often within the caregiving system or
without adequate adult support that has short
and long term effects in many areas.
 Physical, emotional and sexual abuse within caregiving
systems
 On-going neglect by caregivers
 Witnessing domestic violence
 Other forms of chronic violence without support
Historical and Racial Collective and cumulative trauma experienced
by a group across generations that are still
suffering the effects and current experiences of
race-based trauma.
 Systematic oppression of particular groups across
generations
 Racism
 Discrimination
 harassment

6. Symptoms of Trauma
The symptoms of trauma range from mild to severe. Many factors
determine how a traumatic event affects a person, including:
• Their characteristics
• The presence of other mental health conditions
• Previous exposure to traumatic events
• The type and characteristics of the event or events
• Their background and approach to handling emotions

7. Emotional and Psychological Responses
A person who has experienced trauma
may feel:
• Denial
• Anger
• Fear
• Sadness
• Shame
• Confusion
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Numbness
• Guilt
• Hopelessness
• Irritability
• Difficulty concentrating
They may have emotional outburst, find
it difficult to cope with how they feel or
withdraw from others. Flashbacks, where
a person relives the traumatic event in
their mind are common, as are
nightmares.

8. Physical Responses
Along with an emotional reaction, trauma can cause physical symptoms,
such as:
• Headaches
• Digestive systems
• Fatigue
• Racing heart
• Sweating
• Feeling jumpy
Sometimes, a person will also experience hyper-arousal, or when someone
feels as though they are in constant state of alertness. This may make it
difficult to sleep. Individuals may also go on to develop other mental health
issues, such as depression, anxiety and substance abuse problems.

9. Potential Causes of Trauma
• Bullying
• Harassment
• Physical, psychological or sexual abuse
• Sexual assault
• Traffic collisions
• Childbirth
• Life threatening illnesses
• Sudden loss of a loved one
• Being attacked
• Being kidnapped
• Acts of terrorism
• Natural disasters
• War
Traumatic events can be isolated or repeated, on-going events. A person can also experience trauma after witnessing something
traumatic happening to someone else. People have different reactions to traumatic events. For example, those who live through the
same natural disaster can respond very differently despite experiencing the same event.

10. Session 2: How OSEC
survivors view about their
exploitation and its
suggested intervention for
protecting children against
OSEC

11. Description
This session will be anchored base on the research results that was
conducted by PAVE Project and National Study on Online Sexual Abuse and
Exploitation of Children in the Philippines with its purpose to develop and
strengthen systems for comprehensive care of survivors of OSEC.
According to the National Study on Online Sexual Abuse and
Exploitation of Children in the Philippines, The Philippines has emerged as
the center of child sex abuse materials production in the world, with 80% of
Filipino children vulnerable to online sexual abuse, some facilitated even by
their own parents (UNICEF, 2016). Some of the sociocultural, social, cultural
and economic factors contributing to the high concentration of online sexual
abuse and exploitation of children (OSAEC) in the country are English
language literacy, availability and ease of access to technology, well-
established financial transaction facilities, and absence of perceived conflict
between sexual exploitation and significant social norms.

12. Perceptions on OSEC
• Many parents and children are not aware that engaging in OSEC is a
crime
• No touch, no harm
• Children do not know how to get themselves out of the situation
• Dysfunctional families will result

13. Myths on OSEC
Myth 1 – OSEC ONLY INVOLVES STANDING
NAKED IN FRONT OF A CAMERA
Truth: OSEC does not only involve standing
naked in front of a camera rather:
• Children are being molested and sexually
abused by adults
• Children having sex with each other
• Children performing oral sex on an adolescent
boy
• Children made to use sex objects to portray
sex acts
• Children dancing naked
• Children made to masturbate
• Children made to engage in bestiality
Myth 2 – OSEC DOES NOT HARM CHILDREN
Truth: OSEC harms children and one of them is
the physical harm and this includes:
• death of children
• extreme physical pain (inserting sex toys or
other things i.e. bolo, drops of melted candle)
• Physical capacity of the child to engage in sex

14. Myths on OSEC
Myth 3 – ONLY GIRLS ARE
VICTIMS OF OSEC
Truth: Boys are just as vulnerable
to grooming and online sexual
abuse and the indicators for
identifying them are the same.
Myth 4 - If a child consents to
sex, it’s not unlawful.
Truth: The Philippine law
provides that consent of a child is
irrelevant.

15. Effects of CSEC and OSEC
Child sexual abuse and exploitation negatively affects every aspect of a
child’s life. Child sexual abuse and exploitation are proven to have an effect on:
• Physical and mental health and well-being
• Education and future employment prospects
• Family relationships
• Friendships
• Relationship with their own children
If not detected early, child sexual abuse can have long term effects. In some
circumstances, these effects may remain until the child becomes an adult, affecting
his or her relationships. Likewise, children abused end up having difficulty fitting in
the society and may become offenders themselves. This is why it is very important
to report cases of abuse and exploitation in order to help victim-survivors be
provided with healing care, medical attention and justice.

16. Among the impacts of abuse are psychological, physiological, cognitive,
interpersonal, behavioural, economic and social (Miler et al., 2007; ECPAT
international, 2008; Stairway Foundation, Inc., n.d.):
1. Psychological effects - Children who have been abused or exploited are likely to
experience psychological problems. For instance, they are likely to experience
depression, which involves prolonged feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in
activities once enjoyed (Ramiro, et al, 2018; UNESCAP, 2001). Children who have
been sexually abused and exploited are also five times more likely to attempt
suicide than those who have not. Other psychological effects that they may
experience include:
• Low self-esteem
• Feelings of guilt and shame
• Fear, anxiety, nightmares
• Eating disorders
• Substance abuse disorders (alcoholism, drug addiction)
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Self-harm

17. 2. Physiological effects - The sexual abuse and exploitation of a young
person may lead to pregnancy. During such delicate pregnancy of a young
woman, she may experience reproductive health problems that may lead to
death. According to the World Health Organization, these complications are
one of the leading causes of mortality among 15-19-year-old girls all over the
world who experience abuse. In addition, some teenagers may resort to
abortion. Since this practice is illegal in the Philippines, they may seek
abortion in unsafe conditions, making them vulnerable to health
complications, and may result in death (WHO, 2013).
3. Cognitive effects - Sexual abuse and exploitation can also cause the child
to experience cognitive issues including:
• Attention and memory problems
• Impaired intelligence
• Learning difficulties which may result in poor academic performance

18. 4. Interpersonal effects - Sexual abuse and exploitation also affects the
person’s ability to have meaningful relationship with other people. These
effects may appear when the child develops into an adult. These may
include:
• Problems in communicating
• Insecurity in relationships
• Unstable intimate relationships
5. Behavioural effects – Behavioural effects of abuse and exploitation often
show as unlawful conduct or violating common rules or regulations in
society. This may include:
• Doing poorly in school
• Causing fights
• Becoming more violent
• Becoming more promiscuous

19. 6. Economic effects – A child’s experience of sexual abuse and exploitation also has
economic cost. If the child gets pregnant, she may be forced to drop out of school
youth to take care of the baby or look for a job to support the baby. This decreases
the young person’s chance of a good future (ECPAT International, 2008).
7. Social consequences – As a result of CSEC and OSEC, children are often left to
deal with stigma coming from the community with being branded as a “victim”,
especially with the conservative view in the Philippines towards your mothers who
got pregnant due to child abuse. Because they are treated differently, they often
have difficulty forming relationships and interacting with others.
For some children, securing employment and education might be difficult.
For others who are already in school or employed, they may have a hard time
fitting in and focusing on their responsibilities. This is even more notable when they
do not receive the proper support to deal with the trauma they have experienced
from the abuse and exploitation. All these can lead to financial insecurity, which
can add to the psychological burden they are already experiencing. Hence, social
consequences that result from CSEC and OSEC can severely affect the well-being of
a young person. (ECPAT International, 2008)

20. Why is the fear of reporting about cases of
sexual abuse and exploitation rampant?
Many victim-survivors of abuse and exploitation are filled with
fear that they will not be believed, fear that they will only cause
trouble, fear they may be wrong. In many cases, this is where non-
reporting stems from. The culture of silence is common in cases of
sexual violence especially when accompanied by threats coming from
the perpetrator. (UNICEF, 2016)
In fact, in a survey conducted by Banez (2015) involving 384 girls
in Davao City communities, it was found that cause of non-reporting
was the hesitation of the victims for fear of troubling the family or
experiencing punishment. The results also showed that girls involved in
illegal activities and drug use were reluctant to report sexual violence
experienced for fear of punishment and incarceration.

21. The research conducted by PAVE Project and National Study on Online
Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Children in the Philippines summarized
eight (8) defining themes in the treatment of OSEC survivors and they are
the following:
Theme 1: Survivors often lack of signs of observable trauma
Social workers reported that there are few signs of Post-
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among survivors which was often
dependent on the type of abuse experienced – photos. Videos, live-
streaming or physical contact. Moreover, the lack of symptoms of the
survivors makes the treatment and social workers job more
challenging. However, the fact that OSEC survivors experienced abuse is
more than enough to impact social worker’s perception of their clients.
As the treatment continues, showing of trauma behaviors also
increases as clients become more educated about their experience.

22. Theme 2: Survivors don’t always perceive OSEC as abuse.
Describing their experience as abusive can be difficult for the
survivors. Most commonly, they believe they weren’t sexually or
physically abuse since it’s only a photo or video. Also, survivors may
struggle to understand that their loved ones are abusing them as they
believe their behavior helps the family meet ends meet. They rather
feel proud for being able to provide the family’s needs.
Theme 3: Survivors often have pre-existing family dysfunctions.
Often, the family already has history of verbal and physical
abuse. Some parents are also neglectful, not monitoring their children’s
doing especially their social media screen time. All these
dysfunctionalities in the family gives the child limited to no life skills
when rescued to the center.

23. Theme 4: Survivors are traumatized by the rescue.
Many OSEC survivors felt that they were captured, not rescued.
They may describe the experience as terrifying and traumatic. They
may blame the police and service providers for taking them away and
causing problem in their family. This thought makes them difficult to
trust social workers in return. Lastly, the rescue can be very confusing
and chaotic for them, leading to further traumatization.
Theme 5: Survivors struggle with separation from family.
Survivors still miss their family and feel lonely even after
understanding that their family were harming them. More so,
reintegration with family is slow and a lengthy process, creating
confusion among survivors. From a social worker’s perspective, it is
very stressful and traumatic for the children to be separated from their
families regardless of the services provided for them in the shelter.

24. Theme 6: Many survivors have difficulty opening up to counselors.
Survivors fear that speaking up will put their loved one to jail. They also feel shame
about their behavior during the OSEC activities, thinking the social workers will scold or yell
at them. Above all, their past experiences, including the rescue, made it difficult for them
to trust and open up to their social workers or counselors.
Theme 7: Psychoeducation is important for survivors.
Psychoeducation not only teaches OSEC survivors what is abuse, its impacts to a
person, and consequences of doing so, but also enlighten them about their own
experience. Furthermore, it helps decrease negative feelings such as shame and self-
blame, thinking what happened to them is not their fault. Most especially,
psychoeducation prevents future abuse as they are now aware and can protect themselves
from abusive situations.
Theme 8: Survivors require time and patience to heal.
From the social worker’s perspective, it is hard to gain trust as a service provider.
They have to be consistent of their own words and actions as the survivors love it when
they feel their utmost sincerity in helping them. Moreover, the counselor have to be
patient to overcome their lack of trust, lack of disclosure, and abuse denial effectively.
Treatment strategies are not enough. Survivors have to be told over and over again that it’s
not their fault their parents got apprehended. Patience must be carried out everyday as
these survivors are still confused about their situation, deep down.

25. Tips on How to Positively Respond to
Disclosures from a Child
1. Listen – let the child speak. This is their chance to tell their story. Practice the active listening
skills.
2. Remain calm – react sensitively. Maintain a calm and peaceful atmosphere to aid the child in
opening up. Do not respond with anger or they might feel that you are angry towards them. If
you show disgust, they might think that you are disgusted with what happened to them .
3. Show to child that you know that he or she is telling the truth – it is helpful to show language
of support such as “I know what you are saying is the truth,” or that “It is not your fault that is
happened.” Having the assurance that they are being taken seriously is a big step to healing.
4. Tell the child what he or she feels is valid – oftentimes, when the child might feel that he or
she should not be feeling this way or what happened was not a case for concern when in fact,
it is. When they express fear or they feel despair, tell them that it is okay to feel that way and
they are not alone. Let them know you understand.

26. 5. Provide reassurance and comfort to a child – you can do this by communicating
that:
• You appreciate their courage to tell their story;
• You are with them;
• They should not be afraid to approach you with their concerns; and
• There are other children who have experienced the same thing and have
completely recovered and are doing well-there is hope in their situation.
6. Be understanding and kind – the child may be experiencing difficulty in
expressing themselves. Avoid correcting the words that the child uses while
disclosing. Let them say it the way they feel most comfortable.
7. Do not force the child to tell you details they are not ready to tell - it is okay if
they do not give you the exact details, such as where the abuser touched them, or
if he or she is sure of her facts. Avoid asking why the CSEC or OSEC case happened
because this might the child feel blamed instead of supported.
8. Be honest - if you are not sure of the information you hold, do not hesitate to tell
the child that you do not know, or that you are not aware. Do not make up answers
just so the child will feel better.

27. 9. Give your support - let the child feel that he or she is not alone.
Make them feel that you are with them. Ask the child what he or she
wants to happen at the moment and what kind of support he or she
needs. Disclosing the abuse may take a toll on the child and what he or
she needs the most is all the support he or she could get from friends
and family.
10. Provide the child with options for next possible steps, and
encourage him or her to report - One important thing you can do for
the child is to encourage him or her to report the abuse to service
providers, authorities, or ask someone you trust to help you report the
abuse. The child needs to understand that he or she does not have to
go through what happened alone, that there are people, such as
service providers, who are capable and will help him or her heal and
move forward.

28. Words of Support and Encouragement
Here are some sample statements you can say to reassure a child:
• Statement that builds trust: “I believe you.”
• Statement that strengthens your bond with the child: “I am glad that you
told me.”
• Statement that expresses sympathy: “I am sorry this happened to you.”
• Statement that is non-blaming: “This is not your fault.”
• Statement that reassures and empowers: “You are very brave to talk with
me and we will try to help you.”
Adapted from International Rescue Committee (IRC) and UNICEF (2012).
Caring for Child Survivors of Sexual Abuse: Guidelines for Health and
Psychosocial Providers in Humanitarian Settings . Retrieved from
www.unicef.org/protection/files/IRC_CCSGuide_FullGuide_lowres.pdf

29. The following are the recommendations of the National Study
on Online Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Children in the
Philippines for protecting children against OSAEC:
a. Create an integrated framework for responding to OSAEC-related cases covering the continuum
of interventions—from prevention, identification, reporting, rescue, trial, and after care —that will
involve the review of existing laws and policies and promotion of effective collaboration among
different government and non-government agencies. Adopting an integrated framework is a
prerequisite for a more efficient and integrative collaborative work of the different stakeholders.
b. Protect children from psychological harm. Develop a child-sensitive rescue protocol that
prevents the victim from experiencing more trauma. Temporary shelters for victims—from rescue to
inquest—are also needed. During investigation, acceptance of digital evidence presented by law
enforcement as sufficient to prosecute the alleged offender can spare the child victim from
testifying in court. Children should also be protected from media coverage of OSAEC cases.
c. Have mental health professionals, i.e., licensed psychologists and guidance counselors provide
appropriate psychosocial interventions for victims. Strengthen services in halfway homes to quickly
provide the children a sense of safety and security even before they are transferred to shelters.
More importantly, there is merit to study optimization of relevant laws that encourage community-
based approaches such as the Foster Care Act. This ensures that children rescued have other
placement options and are not only endorsed in alternative residential facilities but are supported
in home environment setting.

30. For Family and Community
a. Provide a reform program that aims to rehabilitate parents who were involved in
OSAEC cases.
b. Provide sustainable livelihood programs for families in the community and inculcate
the value of hard-earned money acquired legally.
c. Conduct programs for families and the community to educate them on how to deal
with children who will be reintegrated so that the children will not experience
secondary victimization and will thrive despite their OSAEC experience.
d. Spread public awareness across schools, communities, churches, and families on
proper Internet use; the nature of OSAEC and its impacts on the child, the family, and
the community; and its identification and prevention.
e. At the barangay level, educate leaders on child protection and OSAEC. Strengthen the
local council for protection of children and carry out information campaigns on OSAEC-
related laws. Have barangay officials visit homes as a measure of prevention and
intervention.

31. For Case Resolution and Management
a. Allow for less stringent requirements in obtaining search warrants when dealing
with OSAEC cases.
b. Provide continuous training
• to address relocation of trained law enforcement staff;
• on terminologies and the use of search engines to spot OSAEC cases;
• for investigators on evidence required by courts;
• for prosecutors and judges on OSAEC laws and on authentication of electronic/digital
evidence;
• for National Bureau of Investigation and the Philippine National Police on protocols for
investigating OSAEC;
• fortheircounterpartsinprovincesand/orregionstoaddressaccuracyofreportson detection,
investigation, and case build-up;
• for lawyers on effective presentation of digital evidence so it can become admissible in court;
and
• for social workers on enhancing the design of intervention programmes from the rescue to
aftercare, which could include placement of children.

32. c. Propose rules to make OSAEC cases an exception to the Anti-Wiretapping Act
because some evidence is deemed inadmissible with respect to this law.
c. Significantly increase efficiency in securing evidence, rescuing victims, and
coordinating with other agencies.
d. Adopt standard terminologies that cut across government and non-government
service providers, making clear how child pornography, cyber-bullying, and online
grooming are defined and reflected in law. This is to ensure that stakeholders have
a harmonized understanding of the various forms of online sexual abuse and
exploitation of children.
e. Protocols for each phase of the case management system (from reporting to
aftercare with specific roles of all involved parties) should be explicitly defined,
understood, and followed across the country to make OSAEC response sustainable.
Internal protocols in organizations may exist but may not be clear as to when the
case is to be taken to the next phase or service provider (e.g., referral of a small
NGO to the police). One area that can be studied is on aftercare where children are
in community-based rehabilitation programmes, in order to understand the level of
support and security that must be given for children rescued and the homes that
will care for them.

33. For Government and International Partners
a. Enhance information-sharing of all agencies involved (including courts) on OSAEC
cases through a centralized database system for prevention and monitoring.
b. Strengthen secretariat and coordinative functions of the Inter-Agency Council Against
Child Pornography (IACACP) to ensure facility in information-sharing, resource
mobilization, and linking with other like-minded organizations and councils; provision
of support to member organizations; and monitoring of the implementation of the
council’s strategic plan.
c. Provide logistical support for law enforcement agencies dealing with OSAEC (i.e.,
increase operational budget and budget for purchase of needed equipment).
d. Expand OSAEC-related satellite offices in the regions (e.g., address congested
facilities).
e. Provide debriefing and regular psychosocial services for first responders and child
advocates (including house parents in shelters) to prevent secondary trauma or
vicarious traumatization and burnout among those involved in OSAEC.
f. Enforce provisions in the law requiring financial institutions and remittance centers to
act on OSAEC-related transactions.

34. For UNICEF
a. Continue to conduct research on OSAEC so that more evidence-based
recommendations for prevention, identification, and response can be
made, including the impact and application of community-based
rehabilitation programmes as opposed to alternative residential facilities.
b. Support awareness-raising and capacity-building programs for regional,
local service providers, and local officials (from provincial to barangay
levels).
c. Support advocacy and information campaigns for targeted stakeholders
who are not aware of OSAEC but are in a position to influence change.
d. Support the production of a more harmonized, integrated guidebook in
handling OSAEC cases to include non-government players, based on a
more focused and in-depth study of case management processes.

35. Deepening
Identifying the learnings with regards to OSAEC impact and its perceptions to less
victimization will correct the mindset of the society posits that these essential learning realize the
importance in understanding the OSEC concept and to be aware in responding with the affected
victims. This consequently unfold the students understanding and knowledge acquisition about
OSEC. The identified learnings which are fundamental to practical of the social work profession and
real-life problems will develop justified perceptions and better understanding on OSAEC. While this
topic is sensitive, it is important to discuss this to help the children, youth and learners be aware, to
empower them with the right tools to protect themselves and give them proper support at such a
critical developmental period. They serve as a peer educator to have the opportunity and potential
as role model to their fellow peers by helping them become more informed and equipped to avoid
abuse and exploitation.
From the intervention perspective of the social work profession, workers played an
important role in providing direct support to those victimized through advocacy, psychoeducation
and clinical interventions, educating the community and advocating programs through agencies.
With that, they can develop and strengthen systems for the comprehensive care of the survivors of
OSAEC and to deliver services and needed shelter provisions.
Education that addresses trafficking, abuse and exploitation can and should prepare the
future social workers to support and work alongside diverse people involved in commercial sex as
encompassing a range of relationships.

36. Synthesis
This session, focused on Understanding Trauma. In accordance to the American Psychological
Association (APA), Trauma is an “emotional response to a terrible event like an accident, rape or natural
disaster. Immediately after the event, shock and denial are typical. Longer term reactions include unpredictable
emotions, flashbacks, strained relationships and even physical symptoms like headaches or nausea”. The
person experiencing trauma may developed a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
According to Analytics for Living (2015), some people acquire PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder)
after experiencing or witnessing a life-threatening incident, such as battle, a natural catastrophe, a vehicle
accident, or sexual assault. A person experiencing this disorder has a little control over what's going on during
this type of incident, and may be terrified.
All things considered; this session will allow the students to understand about trauma. This session
will help students to expand their knowledge about different categories, types, symptoms, and the potential
causes of trauma. Also, the person’s physical, emotional and psychological responses to a terrible event. The
use of evidence-based treatment approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy to alleviate different
trauma-related mental health issues is appropriate when working with a traumatized client.
The students have to take into consideration the principle of social work in working with their future
clients whose has the symptoms of trauma. To practice the acceptance of the client as they are, the
individualization, non-judgmental attitudes towards the client case, and the privacy and confidentiality towards
the case of the client. In working with a vulnerable individual, the self-awareness of the worker must be
realized in order to avoid triggering any overwhelming traumatic event of the client

37. Session 3: Evaluation of Module 2

38. • At the end of the session, the students will be ask with regards to the
concept discussed in the session and their realization about the topic.
• Guide the participants to reflect on the following:
1. Which of the eight defining themes in the treatment of OSEC
survivors that you can resonate the most? Why?
2. As a future social worker, how will you involve others in the fight
against OSEC?
• At the end of the session, provide a 20 items multiple questions as
their post-test with regards to the concept discussed, to check if the
students familiarized and understand the 2 sessions.

39. Thank you