1. SW 158- Seminar in Social
Work Profession
Brian Ven Climaco Bag-ao, MTSW, RSW
February 22, 2012
Academic Complex, College of Law, MSU
Essential Roles of Social
Workers in Community Based
Rehabilitation for
Differently-abled Persons

3. Overview of this session:
 What are your common myths and beliefs
about having disability?
 What are the types of disability you have
observed in your community
 What do you think are the causes of
disability?
 How can we provide rehabilitative
and preventive programs for differently-abled
persons anchored on social work lens?

6. What do you feel?

7. Basic premises:
 Disability is the result of the interaction
between people with different levels of
functioning and an environment that does not
take these differences into account.
What is Disability?
Disability = functional limitation x
environment

8. 5 Steps in Defining Difference
(Social Construction of Difference)
Naming
↓
Aggregating
↓
Dichotomizing
↓
Attributing Meaning to Difference
↙ ↘
“The Norm” “The Other”

9.  “The Norm”
“A standard of rightness and often righteousness
wherein all others are judged in relation to it.”
The Norm includes those who have ability to exert
power and control ; example able-bodied persons).
 “The Other”
“Those who fall outside ‘The Norm,’ yet who are
defined in relation to it.” The Other are often seen
as “abnormal,” “inferior,” “needing help,” etc., and
are often marginalized and not able to exert power
and control (example: differently-abled persons ).

12. What’s the
difference of
Disability,
Impairment and
handicap?

13. Workshop

14.  Disability is part of everybody’s life-cycle.
Everyone is likely to experience disability at
some point during his/her lifetime because of
illness, accident or ageing.
 Disability resides in society, not in the person
(UN CRPD Handbook for Parliamentarians
 An accessible physical environment benefits
everyone, not just persons with disabilities.
(Universal design)

15.  IMPAIRMENT
any loss or abnormality of psychological,
physiological or anatomical structure or
function.
An impairment may be missing or
defective body part, an amputated limb,
paralysis after polio, a facial disfigurement
etc.

16.  DISABILITY
- any restriction or lack ( resulting from an
impairment) of ability to perform an activity
in the manner or within the range
considered normal for a human being.
Disabilities as a result of an impairment
may involve difficulties in walking, seeing,
speaking, hearing, reading, writing among
others.

17.  HANDICAP
a disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an
impairment or a disability that limits or prevents the
fulfillment of a role that is normal for that individual.
A disability becomes a handicap when it interferes
with one’s ability to do what is expected at a particular
time in one’s life. Children with disabilities may
become handicapped in caring for themselves,
engaging in social interactions with other children and
adults, communicating their thoughts and concerns,
learning in and out of school and developing a
capacity for independent economic activity.

18. CAUSE – Reason why problem has happened
 Impairment
Medical problem that is result of the cause
 Disability
Is the practical problem the person faces in
his/her life because of the problem
 Handicap
The social problem that the person faces,
caused by other people’s attitudes, behavior
and practices

19. Impairment (Medical)
 Is a loss of ability to use parts of the body
 Physical or mental loss or problem/abnormality
 Can be permanent or temporary
 Can be caused by disease, accident,
malnutrition or a person be born with it.

20. Disability (Daily Living Aspect)
Disability is functional/practical problems
Work, school, moving around community,
ADL, dressing, eating, working
Practical activity aspects - cannot do
practical things in same ways that people
same age and culture do.

21. Handicap (Social Aspect)
 Loss of limited opportunities to take part in life of community in
same ways as others of the same age and social background
do
 Caused by other beliefs and attitudes about PWD’s
 Personal reactions of people to PWD’s, policy that exclude
PWD’s lack of access to building decision
 Caused by ignorance and lack of knowledge about impairment
and disability (e.g. causes and ability of PWD’s)
 Social discriminations
 Attitudes and feelings of other people.

22. Examples:
1. Somebody with paraplegia


23. 
IMPAIRM
ENT
DISABILITY HANDICAP
Paralysis
and loss of
sensation in
the lower
limbs,
perhaps
with some
loss of
bowel and
bladder
contl.
Physical
disability – an
inability to walk
or move parts
of his body in
the same way
as other
people.
He is handicapped by the
inaccessibility of public
buildings and toilets, by his
inability to use public
transport, and by terrain
which makes it difficult for
him to use his wheelchair
efficiently – if he has a
wheelchair.

24. Entrance ViewInside View
That wide cubicle inside
is utterly useless… I can’t even
get through from here!!!

25. Now, how do they
expect me to close
this door? What
about my
privacy…?
Grab bars
beyond reach!
So
near
& yet
so
far!

26. 2. Somebody with Down’s
Syndrome

27. 2. Somebody with Down’s
Syndrome
IMPAIRM
ENT
DISABILITY HANDICAP
I.Q. of 70 Learning
disability –
she is
unable to
learn or
reason as
quickly as
other people
She may be
handicapped by the
patronising or
superstitious attitudes
of other people
towards her
appearance or
performance.

28. Disability Problem
and
Situation

29. Disability Situation based on UN estimate:
About 600M people in the world have
various types and degrees of disabilities
An estimated 80% of the world’s disabled
live in low-income countries and the
majority of them are poor
About 6.8M Filipinos have some form of
disabilities (1:10 of the population is
estimated to have disabilities)
“SITUATIONAL FACTS”

30. The face of disability
in the Philippines
•Pegged at 10% of the total population
(should be 8.86M based on August
2007 population census 88.6 million
Filipinos )
•There could be more if we take the
WHO projection for Asia-Pacific (10% -
15%)
•PWD population is expected to grow
by4% annually

31. •Recent violence in Mindanao
has rendered more people
physically, emotionally,
and psychologically disabled
lately
•80% live in the rural areas
•80% are impoverished
•98% of children with
disabilities do not
go to school
•97% of PWD population do
not get appropriate services

32. Some 75% percent of people with
disabilities live in rural or semi-rural
areas and the remaining 25% in the
urban areas.
Only about 2% have access to
rehabilitation services.
Therefore, a lot of disabled people
are not getting appropriate and
substantial support.

35. Some 75% percent of people with
disabilities live in rural or semi-rural
areas and the remaining 25% in the
urban areas.
Only about 2% have access to
rehabilitation services.
Therefore, a lot of disabled people
are not getting appropriate and
substantial support.

36. TYPES OF DISABILITIES
 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
 PHYSICAL DISABILITY
 SENSORY DEFICIT
 OTHER DISABILITIES

37. Types of Disabilities and
its Multidimensional
Causes

38. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
can be described as the presence of a
below average general intellectual
functioning associated with or resulting in
difficulties in behaviours such as
communication, self care, social skills,
safety, work and leisure.

40. PHYSICAL DISABILITY
A disorder that limits physical mobility and
dexterity.
CAUSES
accidents which could result to spinal cord
injury, amputations and head injury.
Congenital conditions such as cerebral
palsy, spina bifida and muscular dystrophy
 Drug or alcohol abuse by pregnant
women.
Inherited conditions.

42. Muscular Dystrophy

43. Spina Bifida

44. Hydrocepalus

47. SENSORY DISABILITY
 VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
 can be defined as a limitation in one or more functions of the eye
or visual system.
 the terms partially sighted, low vision, legally blind and totally
blind are used to describe people with visual impairments.
 Partially sighted indicates that some type of visual problem has
resulted in a need for special education .
 Low vision generally refers to severe visual impairment and
applies to all individuals with sight who are unable to read the
newspaper at a normal viewing distance, even with an aid of
eyeglasses or contact lenses.
 Legally blind indicates that a person has less than 20/20 vision in
the better eye, or a very limited field of vision.
 Totally blind refers to people who learn via Braille or other non
visual media.

50. OTHER DISABILITIES
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
learning disability
autism
speech/language/communication disorder.
Multiple disability

51. WHAT IS ADHD?
it is a developmental disorder characterized by
three (3) predominant features:
• inattentiveness
• impulsivity
• restlessness or hyperactivity ( in many but not all cases)
 CAUSE
The specific causes of ADHD are not known. There are,
however, a number of factors that may contribute to, or
exacerbate ADHD. They include genetics.

53. LEARNING DISABILITY
is a disorder in one or more of the basic
psychological process involved in
understanding or using spoken or written
language. It may manifest itself in an imperfect
ability to listen, think, speak, read, write and
spell or to do mathematical calculations.

56. SPEECH/ LANGUAGE/COMMUNCATION DISORDER
 refers to problems in communication and related areas such as
oromotor functions. These problems range from simple sound
substitutions to inability to understand or use language or use
the oromotor mechanism for functional speech and feeding.
 Manifestation
- Stuttering
- Muteness
- Apraxia of speech
( due to stroke)

58. AUTISM
is a neurological disorder that affects an individual’s
ability to think, feel and communicate with others.
Is one of the most common developmental disability
and its characteristics show themselves in the first
three years of a child’s life.
Children with austim do not look any different from
other children. They are not physically disabled. The
common factor that everyone with autim shares is a
difficulty in understanding their world.

61. HEARING IMPAIRMENT
can be defined as the
degree of hearing loss
ranging from mild to
profound.

64. Understanding the Cycle of Poverty & Disability
Source: http://www.dfif.gov.uk/Pubs/files/disability.pdf

65. Source: http://www.dfif.gov.uk/Pubs/files/disability.pdf
There is a vicious circle between poverty and
disability.
Poor people are more at risk of acquiring a
disability because of lack of access to good
nutrition, health care, sanitation, and living
conditions. Disability creates barriers to
education, employment, and public services that
could help an exit from poverty.
It is estimated that 100 million people in the
world acquired a disability due to malnutrition.

66. Many causes of disability relate to poverty
 When mothers do not get enough to eat during
pregnancy, often their babies are born early or
underweight. These babies are much likely to have
cerebral palsy, which is one of the most common
severe disabilities. Also, some birth defects are
related to poor nutrition during the first months of
pregnancy.
 When babies and young children do not get
enough to eat, they get infections more easily and
more seriously. Diarrhea in a fat baby is usually a
mild illness. But in a very thin malnourished baby,
diarrhea often leads to serious dehydration, high
fever, and sometimes brain damage or cerebral
palsy.

67.  Poor sanitation and crowded living conditions,
together with poor food, make diseases such as
tuberculosis – and the severe disabilities it causes
– much more common.
 Lack of basic health and rehabilitation services in
poor communities makes disabilities more
common and more severe. Often secondary
disabilities develop that could be prevented with
early care.

68. CURRENT ISSUES FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY
 Lack of implementation of Laws RA 7277 & BP
344 (The Magna Carta and the Accessibility Law)
which protect the disabled people’s rights.
 Mass unemployment of people with disability.
 Education – lack of access to schooling and lack
of qualified teachers and facilities within the school
campus for disabled.
 Discrimination against people with disability
(PWD’s): Negative attitudes and segregation.

69.  Lack of housing & access to public buildings.
 Lack of health programs for disabled people. and
local rehab. Services
 Lack of information about disability at local level or
LGU’s, and community awareness.
 In the year 2000, Health Budget was reduced to
10.2 billion, or a more 2% of the country’s total
budget. Debt servicing goes to the lion share at 45%
and the military get 20%.
 The average Hospital Bill is three times the average
monthly income.
 And a lot more……….

70. Positive Attitudes Towards
Differently-abled Persons
WELCOME to
Barangay Mapagmahal!
CBR Bus Liner

71. Do we always INTERACT
WITH PEOPLE WITH
DISABILITIES (PWDs) ?

72. “Amongst all, the best
is to seek professional
help from the experts.”

73.  It takes a
community to
raise a child;
much more to a
differently
abled/special
child!

74. What’s the
community-based
rehabilitation
approach?

75. If you are a social
worker in MSWD or
NGO handling PWD,
how will you help
them bringing with
you your portfolios of
knowledge and
social work roles?

76. Workshop

77. Who can
explain this?

78. Community Development Approaches
COMMUNITY
D R
R
R
D
D
P P P
Fund Source (Govt, NGOs, PMOs, etc)
Legend: P = Project; D = Decision-making; R = Resources
D
RP

79. An ideal community
must be responsive
to the needs of
differently-abled
person.

80. “There must be a
Community-Based
Rehabilitation
Program designed for
them such as these...”

81. The Community-Based Rehabilitation
A way of helping people with
disabilities to overcome their
problems with disabilities, within
their own communities, making
the best possible use of local
resources.

82. The Community-Based Rehabilitation
 is a strategy within community development
for the rehabilitation, equalization of
opportunities and social integration of all
people with disabilities. CBR is implemented
through the combined efforts of disabled
people themselves, their families, and the
appropriate health, education, vocational and
social services.

83. CBR is the most practical,
affordable and effective way of
bringing services to Persons
with Disabilities right in their
own communities.

84. Philippine legislation supporting
disability concerns:
BP 344 of 1983 (Accessibility Law)
RA 7277 of 1991 (Magna Carta for
Disabled Persons
Proclamation 125 (UN-ESCAP Agenda of
Action for the Asia and Pacific Decade of
Disabled of Disabled Persons 1993-2002)
Proclamation 240 (UN-ESCAP Asia And
Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons which
has the Biwako Millennium Framework of
Action)

85. Community-Based
Rehabilitation is identified as
the most effective strategy in
the implementation of the
Decade Plan (2003-2012)
following the 7 priority areas of
the Biwako Millennium
Framework.

86. As CBR proponent, it must
introduced the following
components/services:
1. Social Services
- Family Counseling
- Profiling/Survey of PWDs
- Training of CBR Volunteers
- Preparation of Social Case Studies
- Legal Assistance & Advocacy
- Skills and Livelihood
- Community Integration

87. 2. Educational Assistance
A. SPED:
- Hearing Impaired
- Visually Impaired
- Autistic
- Mentally Retarded
B. Integrated Educational Assistance
to other Impairments
- Elementary
- High School
- College

88. 3. Orthopedic Services
- Fitting & fabrication of
Prosthesis/Orthosis
- Provision Wheelchairs & other
Mobility Devices
4. Physical/Occupational Rehabilitation
Services
- Orthopedic clients
- Cerebral Palsy
- Training of Family Members

89. 5. Medical Services
- Eye work
- Ear Work
- Orthopedic Work
- Provision of Assistive Devices
- Provision of Medicines to Epileptic
Clients

90. How to start CBR at the Municipal
Level?
1. Social Preparation and Mobilization
- Courtesy Calls
- Orientation
- Information & Education Campaign
The lead agency shall coordinate with all
agencies that will be involved in the
rehabilitation process.

91. 2. Acceptance of the Program
- The local health unit and the social
welfare office start working with the
proponent, receiving PWDs and
identifying appropriate responses to
their needs.
- The CBR is officially accepted and
recognized through a resolution by
the Sangguniang Bayan

92. 3. Organization of MCWDP
Composition:
Bayan/Panlungsod (SB/SP),
Mun/City Social Welfare & Dev’t Office, Mun/City
Health Officer,
Mun/City Municipal/City Mayor, Representatives
from the Sangguniang Engineer, Dept. of Interior
& Local Gov’t., Dept. of Labor and Employment,
NGOs, Organization of Persons with Disabilities,
Barangay Rehabilitation Committee,
Organization of Community Rehabilitation
Volunteers

93. 4. Organization of the CBR Technical
Team
Composition: Municipal Social Welfare
Officer, Municipal Health Officer, DECS
Special Education, DOLE Public
Employment Service Office (PESO),
NGO and PO/PWD
Main Function: Provide technical
assistance to the MCWDP & evaluate the
CBRP

94. 5. Selection of CBR Program Coordinator
- shall be designated by the CBR
Technical Team to ensure the
sustainability of CBR. The local
government shall provide the salary of
the CBR coordinator.

95. Roles and Responsibilities of CBR
Coordinator:
Drafts the CBR Work Plan
Coordinates & supervises all CBR activities
Supervises CBRVs
Establishes & facilitates referral network
Mobilizes needed resources
Prepares periodic reports & maintains proper
record
Conducts evaluation of the program

96. 6. Preparation of Work and Financial
Plan
- to be drafted by the CBR
Coordinator together with PWD
organization; reviewed by the
technical working group; adopted by
the MCWDP & submitted to the SB
for approval

97. 7. Implementation of the Work Plan
- with the involvement of concerned
line agencies of the government like
MHO, MSWDO, TESDA/PESO,
DEPED, NGO, etc.

98. Structure of CBR Program
MCWDP
CBR Coordinator
Health & Physical
Rehabilitation
Education Livelihood Social Services
CBR Technical Team
Barangay
Rehabilitation
Barangay Rehabilitation
Volunteers
PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

99. Key Players of CBR, their Roles
and Responsibilities
MCWDP
Main Function: To make policies and
guidelines that will mobilize human
and material resources in order to
ensure PWD’s access to education,
vocational training, livelihood,
employment, social and political
integration.

100. MCWDP Members - Primary Roles
Mayor - Chair of the Council
SB - Proposes ordinances for the
welfare of PWDs
MSWDO- Secretary of the Council; In-
charge of the social preparation &
mobilization; Support the organization
of PWDs; Ensure PWDs’ access to
social services
MHO - Promote disability prevention,
medical & physical rehabilitation

101. MCWDP Members - Primary Roles
MEO - Ensure accessibility in all public
buildings
DepEd- Promote PWDs’ access to
education (formal/non-formal), sports
and recreation
DOLE – Promote access to vocational
training; self and open employment
DILG - Coordinate training & capability-
building process

102. MCWDP Members - Primary Roles
NGO - Assist in training & mobilization
of resources; Provide technical
support
PO - Plan & implement activities for
PWDs
BRC - Coordinate services for PWDs
at the barangay level
CBR Volunteers’ Organ – Identify and
refer PWDs & ensure participation of
local community and PWD Families

103. Bringing CBR to the Barangay
WELCOME to
Barangay Disability
CBR Bus Liner

104. 1. Orientation of the Barangay
Captains/Council
- The M/CCWDP shall call for a
meeting of Barangay Captains and
orient them regarding the concept and
mechanics of the CBR.
Bringing CBR to the Barangay
Level

105. Roles of the Barangay Captains/
Councils:
organize the Barangay
Rehabilitation Committee (BRC);
endorse the community
rehabilitation volunteers (CBRV);
establish and sustain the CBR in
the barangay

106. 2. Selection of Community
Rehabilitation Volunteers
Roles and Responsibilities:
- Identify and establish rapport with
PWDs and their families
- Help the PWDs and their families to
identify their needs and together
prepare a written rehabilitation plan

107. - Ensure that planned steps
in the rehabilitation process
are carried out
- Make referral for services and
resources not available in the
community and follow up on
persons referred back to the
community from other
entities/centers/hospital

108. - Keep the community
interested, involved
and
informed
- Attend meetings and
trainings
- Keeps records and
participate in
evaluation

109. 3. Organization of Barangay
Rehabilitation Committee
Functions:
- Coordinate disability concerns
in the barangay;
- Conduct educational campaign;
- Mobilize the resources in the
community;

110. - Assist PWDs access
services
and facilities;
- Establish the referral
network
for services and facilities
not
available in the barangay;
- Integrate PWDs in
communities activities.

111. 4. Organization and Development of
People with Disabilities
Objectives of PWDs:
- Plan and undertake activities
towards developing the potentials
and capabilities of PWDs

112. - Develop among the members the
value of self-reliance,
responsibility, commitment and
honesty in the organization
- Identify the needs and try to
resolve the problems through
internal efforts and advocacy

113. “In CBR, we help
Persons With
Disabilities who help
themselves.”

114. One social welfare agency cannot, at
all times, provide services to PWDs
without the participation of concerned
parties. It must be done in partnership
with appropriate agencies of the
government/ non government and the
PWDs themselves/families.
It cannot Be Done by One Agency
Alone but TOGETHER WE CAN DO IT
ALL!

115. Community-Based Rehabilitation
(CBR)
DOLE
Social Preparation and
Capacity Building
Meeting with Community, Local
Officials, and heads of various
agencies and organization
Training of LGU CBR
Coordinators and CBR
Volunteers
PWD Problem Identification
and Prioritization of Needs
PWD Survey, Case Conference,
Meeting with Parents’ Group,
Medical Consultations
Establishment of network
of referrals
Provision of Rehabilitation
Services

119. Community-Based Rehabilitation
(CBR)
DOLE
Social Preparation and
Capacity Building
Meeting with Community, Local
Officials, and heads of various
agencies and organization
Training of LGU CBR
Coordinators and CBR
Volunteers
PWD Problem Identification
and Prioritization of Needs
PWD Survey, Case Conference,
Meeting with Parents’ Group,
Medical Consultations
Establishment of network
of referrals
Provision of Rehabilitation
Services

120. Your essential roles…

121. Your essential role
as…( Enabler)
Worker
SUPPORT SUPPORT
Macro
Client
System
Organizatio
nal or
Community
macro
system
ACTION
To benefit
ACTION
To benefit

122. Your essential role
as…(Educator)
Worker
Macro
Client
System
Organizatio-
nal or
Community
macro
system
INFORMATION INFORMATION

123. Your essential role
as…(Analyst/evaluator)
Worker
Macro
Client
System
Organizational
or Community
macro system
Worker
(SELF)
Evaluate
Effectiveness

124. Your essential role
as…(Broker)
Macro
Client
System
Organizatio-
nal or
Community
macro
system
Worker
Resources

125. Your essential role
as…(Facilitator)
Colleague Colleague
Colleague
Mezzo System
Worker
Organizational
or Community
macro system

126. Your essential role
as…(Negotiator)
Macro
Client
System
Worker
Macro
System:
organizational
or community
CONLICT

127. Your essential role
as…(Mediator)
Worker
Organizational
or community
Macro System
CONLICT
Macro
Client
System

128. Your essential role as…
(Initiator)
Macro
Client
System
Worker
Macro
System:
organizational
or community
IMPROVES
SERVICE
PROVISION
BENEFITS

129. Your essential role
as…(Mobilizer)
Citizen
Citizen
Citizen
Citizen
Citizen
ACTION
COMMUNITY
MACRO SYSTEMWorker

130. Your essential role
as…(Advocate)
Macro
Client
System
Worker
Macro
System:
organizational
or community

131. ACCESSIBILITY
The Key to Independent Living
and Equal Opportunities

133. Orthopedically Handicapped
Crutch-users
Amputees
Wheelchair-bound
for the
Elderly
and the MobilityImpaired
Walker-users
Pregnant Women

134. Visible Signage
indicating use of
access by:
• PWDs
• Elderly
• Pregnant women
• Babies
• Children
Elevators
Inside transportation
Comfort rooms
Parking area

135. Our dream…

137. I have no legs,
But I still have feelings,
I cannot see,
But I think all the time
Although I’m deaf,
I still want to communicate,
Why do people see me as useless,
thoughtless, talkless,
When I am as capable as any,
For thoughts about our world.
- Coralie Severs, 14

138. Who
is disabled?

139. If you cannot hear your brothers cry for
justice,
then who is DEAF?
If you fail to see the person but only the
disability,
then who is BLIND
If you do not stand up for the rights of the
people,
then who is CRIPPLED

140. If you do not communicate with your sister
but separate her from you,
then who is MENTALLY HANDICAP!
“The attitude towards Persons With
Disabilities maybe our greatest
handicap”
“Let us Help Them, Help Themselves”.

141. What have
you done to
the lives of
others?
Life’s most pressing
question.. (Martin Luther King)

142. As a_______
I promise to
…..
A pact for the Welfare of
Differently Abled Persons

143. As a_______
I promise to
…..

144. SHUKRAN!