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t – test   nezavisni uzorci
Testiranje Ho o razlici između prosječnih
            vrijednosti dvaju uzoraka


•Podaci za broj prvoklasnih
cvatova za dvije sorte gladiole
(Oscar i Peter Pears)
•n1 =n2 =12
•Utvrditi da li se sorte statistički
značajno razlikuju u tom svojstvu
Oscar i Peter Pears
        34        39
        29        32
        31        35
        36        35
        32        35
        36        33
        32        25
        29        30
        29        30
        30        36
        25        39
        32        33
• p ≥ 0,05 n.s.
• 0,05 < p <0,01 *
   • p < 0,01 **
Julyred i Stark Earliest
            9,2          12,4
            8,9          11,1
            9,6          11,5
            8,7          10,6
            9,1          10,7
             9           10,4
            8,9           11
             8           11,2
            8,1          10,6
            8,9          12,1
            8,4          12,8
            8,9          12,1
         suma 105,7   suma136,5
t - tablični faktor

 ttab – očita se iz t tablica iz
         (n1-1) + (n2-1)
Provjera Ho: D=o



Usporedbom : texp i ttab
t exp < t tab        Ho se prihvaća

t exp > t tab        Ho se odbacuje
•Studentov t-test ili t – test

•najvažniji test u primjenjenoj statistici
Odnos D i LSD

   D
t=                    D = t * sD
   sD
   t- uzima se granična “t” tj.t - tab
     tada izraz prelazi u najmanju
       opravdanu razliku ili LSD
LSD= t x sD
  LSD= t p 5% x sD
 LSD= t p 1 % x sD

Least Significant Difference
Provesti t test
Usporediti D i LSD

D < LSD –H0 se prihvaća
D>LSD- H0 se odbacuje
Rezimirajmo Ho:

              x1 = x2  Ho


Provjeriti istinitost hipoteze tj. testirati Ho

     t test: grafički (iz odnosa D i sD)
             usporedbom texp i ttab
             usporedbom D i LSD
Prihvaćanje hipoteze – razlika nije
    signifikantna, nije značajna

 Odbacivanje hipoteze –razlika je
opravdana, značajna, signifikantna
uz vjerojatnost pogreške p =0.05 i
               0.01
a) ako je n1 ≠ n2 i   s12 ≠ s22


               2       2
       s   s
  sD =   +     1       2

       n1 n2
b) ako je n1= n2= n   s12 ≠ s22



         2
        s s   2
                      s +s
                      2      2

sD =     + =
         1    2       1      2

        n n             n
c) ako je n1≠ n2   s12 = s22 =s2




             2 n1 + n2
        2    2
     s  s
sD =   + = s
     n1 n2     n1 ⋅ n2
d) ako je n1= n2= n   s12 = s22=s2


           2    2          2
          s   s       2s
   sD =     +   =
          n   n        n

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T test nezavisni uzorci

  • 1. t – test nezavisni uzorci
  • 2. Testiranje Ho o razlici između prosječnih vrijednosti dvaju uzoraka •Podaci za broj prvoklasnih cvatova za dvije sorte gladiole (Oscar i Peter Pears) •n1 =n2 =12 •Utvrditi da li se sorte statistički značajno razlikuju u tom svojstvu
  • 3. Oscar i Peter Pears 34 39 29 32 31 35 36 35 32 35 36 33 32 25 29 30 29 30 30 36 25 39 32 33
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9. • p ≥ 0,05 n.s. • 0,05 < p <0,01 * • p < 0,01 **
  • 10. Julyred i Stark Earliest 9,2 12,4 8,9 11,1 9,6 11,5 8,7 10,6 9,1 10,7 9 10,4 8,9 11 8 11,2 8,1 10,6 8,9 12,1 8,4 12,8 8,9 12,1 suma 105,7 suma136,5
  • 11. t - tablični faktor ttab – očita se iz t tablica iz (n1-1) + (n2-1)
  • 13. t exp < t tab Ho se prihvaća t exp > t tab Ho se odbacuje •Studentov t-test ili t – test •najvažniji test u primjenjenoj statistici
  • 14. Odnos D i LSD D t= D = t * sD sD t- uzima se granična “t” tj.t - tab tada izraz prelazi u najmanju opravdanu razliku ili LSD
  • 15. LSD= t x sD LSD= t p 5% x sD LSD= t p 1 % x sD Least Significant Difference
  • 16. Provesti t test Usporediti D i LSD D < LSD –H0 se prihvaća D>LSD- H0 se odbacuje
  • 17. Rezimirajmo Ho: x1 = x2 Ho Provjeriti istinitost hipoteze tj. testirati Ho t test: grafički (iz odnosa D i sD) usporedbom texp i ttab usporedbom D i LSD
  • 18. Prihvaćanje hipoteze – razlika nije signifikantna, nije značajna Odbacivanje hipoteze –razlika je opravdana, značajna, signifikantna uz vjerojatnost pogreške p =0.05 i 0.01
  • 19. a) ako je n1 ≠ n2 i s12 ≠ s22 2 2 s s sD = + 1 2 n1 n2
  • 20. b) ako je n1= n2= n s12 ≠ s22 2 s s 2 s +s 2 2 sD = + = 1 2 1 2 n n n
  • 21. c) ako je n1≠ n2 s12 = s22 =s2 2 n1 + n2 2 2 s s sD = + = s n1 n2 n1 ⋅ n2
  • 22. d) ako je n1= n2= n s12 = s22=s2 2 2 2 s s 2s sD = + = n n n