1. Hi everyone!Here is the link to my final project film on Wate.docx

1. Hi everyone!
Here is the link to my final project film on Water Pollution in
Lake Washington and short essay
below: https://vimeo.com/422295003 (Links to an external
site.)
Water Pollution in Lake Washington Final Project
Our world has faced major environmental issues, but water
pollution was the topic that piqued my interest the most while
finding a topic for this project. Water is the most important
resource on earth for all living and non-living beings. Water is
needed for almost everything in anyone’s life, whether it’s
doing household chores, cooking, farming, industrial activities,
entertainment activities, etc. Even if we heavily depend and rely
on this resource, it doesn’t account for how humans use it
carelessly and not thinking about how it causes water pollution
and water scarcity. Ever since I began doing household chores
and cooking more frequently, I’ve realized that how a lot of
people don’t consider the usefulness of water. I often see my
mother drinking water bottles but won’t ever refill her bottle
after she’s finished using it or she’ll dump half of the water
bottle out, or I’ll see my boyfriend brushing his teeth and he’ll
leave the water running while he’s not even using or needing it.
Not only is water beneficial to humans, but also to living
animals and insects. I have two cats and when their water bowls
are running low on water, it makes me wonder what they would
do without the resource. They would be extremely dehydrated
and probably get sick or die. Those are just a couple of
examples that inspired me for this project. Considering the fact
that water is a major resource, I feel like some people need to
cherish it more. My project has developed over the course of the
term because I’ve been taking more accountability for my own
actions and trying to be more responsible with water resources.

I’ve also been trying to educate and help my family limit their
water intake. Some solutions to preserving water that I’ve been
incorporating into my daily life are taking shorter showers,
turning off the water while brushing your teeth, using a broom
to clean driveways, sidewalks, and steps instead of water, and
more.
The research that I did for the environmental issue that I
selected was mainly all online. Professor Cram helped me
narrow down my topic to Water Pollution in Lake Washington
and linked me to a website that was very useful for this project.
I started my research process off by researching more facts
about Lake Washington itself. The King County website had
great factual information about the lake and more about the
water quality, species composition, and changes to the
organisms in the lake. I also found a Youtube video that
demonstrates and shows the audience what is found at the
bottom of Lake Washington which is great to show the
audience. I’m surprised that there are a lot of random items
such as old cars, trains, and more at the bottom of Lake
Washington. The Youtube video will be great for people to see
because it definitely caught me by surprise. I found several
websites that show how much pollutants have affected the lake,
which I talked about in the video. I think all of the sources that
I used for this project were useful, and it helped a lot too since
this topic was city-based which made me more familiar with the
websites. The only absence and uncertainty that I came across
while researching was why the divers who look for these items
at the bottom of the lake don’t pull them out and use them for
historical reasons. This information might be difficult to find
because the researches and divers might just want to keep them
there and see if there’s more items like those.
The causes of this environmental issue are industrial waste
dumping, accidental oil leakage, burning fossil fuels, leakage
from sewer lines, sewage and wastewater, chemical fertilizers
and pesticides, animal waste, and urban development. All of
these causes are understandable because somehow, they always

can and do end up in water streams, causing more water to be
polluted. There are complexities in solving this issue because
not everyone will be willing to help fix it. Some ways humans
can reduce water pollution would be to minimize the use of
pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers (not disposing of these
chemicals into sanitary sewers or storm sewer systems – both of
them end at the river), not pouring fat, oil, or grease from
cooking down the sink (keeping a “fat jar” to collect fat under
the sink is a better option), don’t use the toilet as a wastebasket
(tissues, wrappers, and other paper goods should be thrown
away in the trash), try to avoid using a garbage disposal
(compost solid waste items), run the dishwasher or clothes
washer when you have a full load (will conserve water and
electricity), and lastly, use the minimum amount of detergent
when washing clothes or dishes (phosphate free soaps and
detergents are better). Not only do these solutions benefit our
water systems, but it also helps out humans as well. A lot of
people are probably unaware of the ramifications that water
pollution leaves for societies. Water pollution harms
biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems. The toxic chemicals that
are released into bodies of water can affect the color of the
water and increase the amount of minerals (also known as
eutrophication), which will negatively impact life in water.
Thermal pollution is also something that people should keep in
mind, which is the rise in temperature of bodies of water and
will contribute to global warming and cause harm to water
organisms. Not only does water pollution affect the
environment, but also human health. People have gotten
diseases from drinking or coming in contact with contaminated
and dirty water, such as cholera, dysentery, diarrhea, typhoid,
and skin infections. Stories about this environmental issue are
usually told through the city news, whether it’s a news show or
newspaper. My project tells and explains the story differently
because I took a humanities-based approach to describe and
engage with the issue.
2. A description of your process. What inspired your project?

Why did you select this environmental issue and these
environmental humanities approaches? How did your project
develop over the course of the term? What challenges did you
encounter in communicating this issue using qualitative
methodologies?
First of all, I made a poster of the plastic pollution as my
topic insofar as this incident has tremendous reverberations on
our quotidian life, especially what we made to give rise to
deleterious ramifications. We, human beings, attempt to make
our environments grow natural instead of unnatural beauty.
Nonetheless, this event is utterly preposterous on the spot with
regard to an apothegm “Footprints in the sand show where one
has been.”, and the standpoint is to help us and our only one
World/Earth.
Secondly, when I ruminated about my project, I took a
little time to process how I was going to showcase my approach
and thinking to my audience. In particular, I perused
Reflections of an Unrepentant Plastiphobe: Plasticity and the
STS Life, “Plastic might be poisoning us while it is also
littering our landscapes, filling our landfills, and polluting our
oceans. It is not only the plastic entering us that causes me
concern; it is also the plastic that we readily discard to the
‘other’ world.” (Robert 2010, p105). It seems to me that this
event made our life become nothing but pristine insomuch as
plastic is omnipresent all over the corner, and it is inevitable
and far from innocuous to our life, notably heterogeneous
people are suffering from Plastiphobe as their enemies. From
this standpoint, it rather vexes our quotidian life, and it may
last forever or even exacerbated in the future. By dint of these
plastics that we, human beings, created, converting this world
into the other plastic world. In addition, determined by the
development of my project, I believe that I am eager to make a
graphic way with an eye to depicting and sharing with my
audience.
Last but not least, contingent on the qualitative
methodologies, which are comprised of four significant

elements as Ethnography, Narrative, Phenomenological,
Grounded Theory, and Case Study. As far as I am concerned, I
have more confidence about the narrative and Phenomenological
on the grounds that this event is entangled with our whole life
to the end such as from person to person, community to
community, and country to country. By means of narratives, I
saw a myriad of negative and diabolic impact on individual life,
in comparison with Phenomenological, I watched diverse
documentaries and conducted interviews with my families and
friends so as to obtain more corporeal evidence. Furthermore, I
have a hard time in the communicating part is Grounded Theory
in that I intended to utilize primarily documents and interviews
to build and connect with theory. Abstruse though it was, it
granted me with a variety of beneficial and comprehensible
factors in this diverse society how we consider this event, what
ways we should implement, and where we can start, and
whatnot.
· The background research you did about this topic.Describe the
research you did about the environmental issue you selected.
What surprised you? What sources did you find most useful?
What absences and/or uncertainties did you find in the research
(in other words, what information were you unable to find about
your topic)? Why might this information be difficult to find?
According to the trade association (Links to an external
site.) Plastics Europe, “world plastic production grew from
some 1.5 million tonnes (about 1.7 million tons) per year in
1950 to an estimated 275 million tonnes (303.1 million tons) by
2010 and 359 million tonnes (nearly 396 million tons) by 2018;
between 4.8 million and 12.7 million tonnes (5.3 million and 14
million tons) are discarded into the oceans (Links to an external
site.) annually by countries with ocean coastlines” (Moore
2020). It seems to me that plastic waste does accumulate year
by year, and it becomes a horrendous phenomenon until today.
What is worse, human beings entail being educated by this point
that those plastics are not recyclable, and it will end up rivers to
oceans in the end. From this viewpoint, we all know that we

made, and it will eradicate tons of marine creature and all sorts
of species.
When it comes to an issue, the problem itself is its origin.
Hence, when I did research about plastic pollution, the most
difficult is that how we use other materials to substitute its
highest capacity, to put it differently, we are considerably
dependent on its usage, and we cannot have without it. The way
I see it is that the plastics can save a lot of cost to companies
accompanied by its practical value. Hoping that in future
experts can contrive more environmental friendly materials for
us and our world. In addition, I do not expect that there can be
an instantaneous change on our dependency on it, however, by
dint of this path, we will be successful. Human beings need to
be sentient of its severity and urgency in our world if we do not
even do change slightly from home how we cope with this
permanent issue.
Your analysis of this environmental issue. How do you
understand the cause and/or causes of this environmental issue?
What are some of the complexities in solving it? How are
stories about this environmental issue usually told? How does
your project tell that story differently?
As far as I am concerned, there are a few causes to bring
about this enormous environmental issue. First of all, human
beings are selfish to create plastics on account of its profits as
to inexpensive cost. Hence, we grow dependent on it all the
times, and it will end up calamitous unnatural pulverization to
our wellness and the Earth. Secondly, people have a propensity
to use single-use plastic, which will contribute to a litany of
issues. Lastly, with the increase of population and urban
growth, the demand will ascend for its cheaper and readily
materials.
When it comes to solutions, personally, I have a few
approaches to abate this problem. Firstly, we can make more
materials of glass instead of plastic texture. Not simply does it
help our society, it will also be far from deleterious to our

health in that we will be in the absence of consuming its
probabilities. Take a concrete instance, there are a great number
of restaurants using plastic bags and boxes to hold the food, and
we can think antithetic ways such as customers can bring their
containers to replace the plastic containers, and sellers can have
a promotion of discount to attract his or her clients.
What is more, whilst I was contemplating over my
project, my target was to accentuate “We Eat Plastic We Have
Thrown”, the distinct conventional story I desire to convey to
my audience is that they may be killed by the plastics in the
future. It seems to me that the statement is super bombastic, it,
however, will come true if we still neglect its significance in
our world. We will lose the beautiful oceans, archipelagos, and
more terrestrial and marine places.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IEikXzIUU4-
8TyX2fFD1ElxscKTDc2hx/view?usp=sharing
3. Ozone Layer Depletion
Introduction
The world’s environment has been designed to support the life
of all species that are hosted by this wonderful planet. However,
there are environmental issues that make the world’s
environment a danger to the life that it supports. There are
many environmental issues of concern that include the depletion
of the Ozone layer, global warming, and deforestation among
many others that harm life on earth. Ozone layer depletion is
one of the most drastic issues that call for concerns. Various
activities by human beings are the main causes of the
environmental issues that harm life on the planet. These human

activities harm the Ozone layer.
“The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere which
contains relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3) (Ritchie,
2018). This amazing layer has chemical properties that enable it
to absorb between 93-99% of the sun's UV light. The Ultraviolet
light from the sun has harmful chemical properties that harm
life in the world. This is because of the negative effects it has
on life that can get deadly to the extent of causing its
extinction. The Ozone layer is very significant to life because it
contains over 91% of the earth’s atmosphere. Its location is
about 10-50 Kilometers above the earth’s surface. This is the
lower portion of the earth’s Stratosphere. Charles Fabry and
Henri Buisson well-renowned scientists from France were the
first scientists to discover the Ozone layer. “Its properties were
explored in detail by the British meteorologist G. M. B.
Dobson, who developed a simple spectrophotometer (the
Dobson meter) that could be used to measure stratospheric
ozone from the ground” (Ritchie, 2018). Since then there are
many scientific examinations of the layer that has happened
over the many years that have gone by. The examinations that
have been conducted by the world’s scientists have enabled
humanity to understand the causes of the Ozone layer’s
depletion.
The Relationship between the Ozone layer and the Formation of
Life on Earth
The Ozone layer has played a very important role in the
evolution of life on earth. This is because, without its existence,
life on earth could not have evolved to its present state. Life is
dependent on the presence of the Ozone layer because its first
stage that exists as a single cell has a complete reliance on the
presence of oxygen which is part of the Ozone layer. The
philosophy behind the existence of the Ozone layer suggests
that its presence on the planet has been there for over 3000

million years ago. It is understood among scientists that the
multiplication of early forms of plants released oxygen which
supports life through the process of photosynthesis. (Ritchie,
2018).It is at this time that the evolution of life in early forms
began because of oxygen’s presence in the atmosphere.
The oxygen that was being released by the primitive forms of
the plant in the early beginnings of life on the planet piled upon
the earth’s atmosphere. Over the many years, as Oxygen piled
up in the atmosphere resulting in the formation of the Ozone
layer, it has taken its current form being a blanket over the
earth. As mentioned earlier in the introduction part of this
research paper, the Ozone layer absorbs the UV light and
radiations that are in the sun’s high frequency because it filters
out the cell-damaging properties of the sun’s radiation. Because
of this property, it provided an incredible background that
supported the formation of life on earth. (T & Reddy, 2011)
.Today, there are various species of different kinds that live on
the earth. Other species of life live on the water that is over the
earth’s surface. All these species rely upon the Ozone layer for
their survival. This is because the Ozone layer acts as a shield
to the hazardous properties of the sun. Besides the protection of
life from the sun’s radiation, the Ozone layer contains large
amounts of Oxygen that supports the life of all kinds on earth.
Properties of the Ozone Layer
The Ozone layer has a shielding layer that absorbs radiations
from the sun hence guarding earth’s dwellers against the
dangerous UV radiation. Pure ozone is a blue gas with a strong
frustrating scent that causes nausea and headache when breathed
in. In lesser quantities it smells nice. Ozone gas boils at 161.2K
and freezes to violet-black crystals which liquefy at 80.6K.
Ozone is denser than air and has a vapor density of 24
conforming to the formula O3. It is more solvable in water as
likened to oxygen and is liquefied to a blue color when cooled

in melted air. It liquefies freely in acetic acid and turpentine
oil.
Ozone Layer Depletion
Global ozone depletion has been happening and worsening for
long hence endangering the global habitat and climate.
Emissions of chlorofluorocarbons and other destructive gases
bring about ozone holes in the stratospheric ozone layer.
Ultraviolet radiation is rising hence threatening plants humans
and ecosystems (Hossaini & al, 2017).
Causes of Ozone depletion
The world's population has been rapidly increasing hence
calling for urban expansion. Humans want more land to
accommodate the rising population while undertaking industrial,
economic, and agricultural activities concurrently hence
accelerating deforestation and consequently habitat destruction.
Therefore, the release of deadly gases such as CFCs from the
burning of fossil fuels, agriculture, and industrial activities is
rising. The stratospheric ozone layer is depleted as the
components of the earth’s atmosphere are altered (Bais & al,
2018).
Researchers have found out that the level of global ozone
depletion has varied from 3% to 20%. Chemical compounds
manufactured in industries account for higher ozone layer
depletion.
CFCs are broadly used as cooling agents in refrigeration and air
conditioning, dry cleaning reagents, solvents in electronic
industries, and manufacture of foam plastics. Due to this, great
capacities of CFCs are released to the stratosphere. CFCs have a
long life span of between 7 to 15 years in the atmosphere as
they do not easily break down. They thus diffuse to the

atmosphere and break by solar radiation to bring about chlorine
radicals, the molecules produced thus react with ozone hence
depleting the ozone layer. CFCs hardly change hence continue
reacting with the ozone layer destroying it more. The process
takes time. Other gases such as halons, carbon tetrachloride,
and methyl bromide deplete the ozone layer in the same way as
the CFCs.
Sources of Ozone Depleting Substances
Ozone layer depletion is brought about by photochemical
reactions between ozone and ozone-depleting substances. The
main ozone-depleting substances are CFCs, halons, methyl
bromide, and nitrous oxide. Chlorine comes from CFCs released
from industrial activities and biomass burning which accounts
for up to 5% of total stratospheric chlorine. Sea salt spray,
volcanoes, sewage, and water treatment plants and solid rocket
boosters are also a source of chlorine in the atmosphere.
CFCs arrive in the atmosphere through various industrial
activities. Halons are widely used in fire extinguishers in
computer rooms and military vehicles and that's how it reaches
the atmosphere. Methyl chloride reaches the atmosphere
courtesy of industrial happenings. Cycling of nitrogen leads to
the emission of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere.
Mechanism of Ozone Depletion
Reactions between ozone and ozone-depleting substances are
the main causes of ozone depletion. The extensive concentration
of ozone-depleting substances alters the natural balance and
brings about corrosion of the ozone layer. Ozone-depleting
substances in the atmosphere react with ozone to yield
molecular oxygen. (Heath, 2017)The compound formed reacts
with atomic oxygen to produce UV rays. Ozone-depleting
substance reacts with ozone recurrently hence the destruction of

the ozone layer goes on.
Effects of Ozone Depletion
The ozone layer safeguards the surface of the earth. The
depletion of the ozone layer causes a higher amount of
dangerous UV rays to the earth's surface which in turn affects
climate, human health, and ecosystems. The ozone layer absorbs
UV rays thus preventing it from reaching the earth's surface
hence protecting all life forms from overexposure to the sun's
harmful rays. Destruction of the ozone layer leaves loopholes
for UV rays to reach earth. Exposure to UV rays from the sun
causes sunburn, premature aging of the skin, melanoma and
non-melanoma skin cancer, ocular disorders, and impaired
immune system. Malignant melanoma skin cancer is dangerous
with a fatality rate of 30%. This is a great loss to human life.
The depletion of the ozone layer also brings about the
destruction of a plant's life. Higher UV rays affect growth. UVR
damages DNA and other molecules in crops and also suppresses
photosynthesis. It leads to color change and thickness of leaves.
UV rays also alter the protein content and stunted growth in
plants.
The rise in UV rays also affects marine life. Ozone depletion
enhances global warming. UVR brought about by ozone damage
decreases the population of aquatic ecosystems. The population
of phytoplankton which is responsible for the conversion of
about 104 billion tons of carbon dioxide into organic materials
is reduced. A decrease in population leads to increased carbon
dioxide levels which are greenhouse gas and accountable for
global warming (Riches & al, 2002).
Also, Ozone depletion affects wood and plastics by higher UV
rays concentration. When the materials are used in building
kinds of stuff such as roofs, doors, windows, and walls, UV rays

destroy them through discoloration hence they become less
durable.
Preventive Measure for Ozone Depletion
Stratospheric ozone layer destruction is a threat to humans,
plants, and ecosystems. Emissions of ozone-depleting
substances will harm the entire world. Careful procedures,
therefore, need to be taken to protect the ozone layer. The
measures should target at doing away with the production and
emission of ozone-depleting actors. Banning the usage of these
substances will impact positively as the ozone layer will be
protected. Safe alternatives need to be identified so that usage
of the depleting substances can be eradicated.
Substitutes for CFCs, which are generally used in refrigeration,
air conditioning, and foam plastic productions, include
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and
hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFCs) which have hydrogen atoms.
The hydrogen atoms make them less stable in the atmosphere
hence the time spent in the atmosphere is reduced. HFCs do not
have chlorine hence considered the best alternative for CFCs.
The downside of HFCs is a high-tech manufacturing process.
Costs of producing it are comparatively high as compared to
CFCs hence a burden to poor and developing countries.
Halons, which are used in fire extinguishers, can be substituted
with carbon dioxide, inert gas mixture, and total flood dry
chemical and low or high foam.
Destruction of ozone-depleting substances can also be done to
reduce emissions of these gases to the atmosphere. Destruction
methods such as thermal incineration, catalytic incineration, wet
air oxidation, chemical, and metal scrubbing, and biological and
electrical processes are recommended to curb the emission of
ozone depletion substances. Thermal incineration however has a

drawback of producing environmentally threatening by-
products. The plasma arc process and catalytic incineration are
environmentally friendly.
Ozone-depleting substance release to the atmosphere can also be
prevented by reducing volumes of depleting substances released
from factories. Chlorine bleach can also be avoided to avoid the
release of chlorine to the atmosphere. Chlorine is not the only
way to purify water, it can thus be snubbed for better
alternatives. This reduces the emission of chlorine which is
endangering the whole world if released to the atmosphere.
Conclusion
The entire world is at the danger of UV rays exposure to the
earth's surface due to the depletion of the ozone layer. To curb
this threat, preventive measures such as eliminating the use of
chlorine, CFCs, halons, methyl bromide, and other ozone-
depleting substances should be instant. The continuous release
of these gases to the atmosphere only poses a threat to the
future generation. If dark holes in the ozone layer keep
growing, the ultimate thing is UV rays will reach the surface of
the earth. We must defend our ecosystem by avoiding these
activities that endanger our own lives and of the species
inhabiting it.
Brief Description
Over the years, global ozone depletion has been happening
across the world. Each passing day, the situation worsens as
emissions of harmful gases to the atmosphere threaten the lives
of humans, crops, and ecosystems. Ozone-depleting components
such as Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, nitrous oxide, and
other destructive substances destroy the stratospheric ozone

layer hence causing dark ozone holes which permit ultraviolet
rays (URV) to reach the surface of the earth. This project was
chosen as it attempts to highlight the negatives of emitting these
destructive gases to the atmosphere, briefly discusses the
mechanism of ozone layer depletion, and identifies the
importance of ozone layer and then recommending the
preventive measures to help curb further destruction of the
ozone layer.
The project is inspired by the fact that it will focus on the
importance of the ozone layer and how to reduce its depletion
brought about by the release of CFCs, halons, and nitrous oxide
among others. Protective measures on reducing more damage to
the ozone layer are identified.
Challenges
The challenges that are likely to be faced while addressing
ozone layer depletion includes funding of the probable measures
to curb the emission of these gases to the atmosphere, dealing
with illegal trade and ensuring that substances that destroy the
ozone layer are not diverted to illegal goods, ascertaining
control of new chemicals used as alternatives for the dangerous
chlorine gases, facilitating a friendly climate for the transition
of ozone-depleting substances and the challenge of monitoring
the Ozone layer to ensure it is healed as expected.
Background of study
The ozone layer plays an important role in protecting the
surface of the earth. Excess ultraviolet rays do not reach the
ground level because of this stratospheric ozone layer. This
does safeguard the lives of humans, plants, and ecosystems.
Overexposure to excessive ultraviolet rays can cause skin
cancer and sunburns in humans, stunted growth, and change of
color of leaves in plants and alters the food web of aquatic life.

The ozone layer has been depleted over time due to the emission
of ozone-depleting substances to the atmosphere. These include
CFCs, halons, nitrous acid among others. Demand for land for
settlement, farming, and industrial activities have led to
deforestation hence the destruction of habitat. Burning of fossil
fuel and release of the aforementioned gases alters the chemical
composition of the earth's atmosphere hence damage to the
ozone layer. This prompted the selection of this project as
preventive measures to eradicate ozone layer depletion are
extensively discussed. An alternative to replace CFCs such as
HFCs which has no chlorine is recommended. The downside of
this is the way high manufacturing costs and discouragement to
poor and developing countries.
Environmental analysis of Ozone Layer Depletion
The Ozone layer has a shielding layer that absorbs radiations
from the sun hence guarding earth’s dwellers against the
dangerous UV radiation. Pure ozone is a blue gas with a strong
frustrating scent that causes …
BUS 499, Week 9, Part 2: Strategic Leadership
Slide #
Topic
Narration
1
Introduction
Welcome to Senior Seminar in Business Administration.
In this lesson we will discuss Strategic Leadership.
Please go to the next slide.
2
Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

Analyze strategic leadership.
3
Supporting Topics
In order to achieve this objective, the following supporting
topics will be covered:
Strategic leadership and style;
The role of top-level managers;
Managerial succession; and
Key strategic leadership actions.
4
Strategic Leadership
Strategic leadership is the ability to anticipate, envision,
maintain flexibility, and empower others to create strategic
change as necessary. Multifunctional in nature, strategic
leadership involves managing through others, managing an
entire enterprise rather than a functional subunit, and coping
with change that continues to increase in the global economy.
Because of the global economy’s complexity, strategic leaders
must learn how to effectively influence human behavior, often
in uncertain environments. By word or by personal example,
and through their ability to envision the future, effective
strategic leaders meaningfully influence the behaviors,
thoughts, and feelings of those with whom they work.
The ability to attract and then manage human capital may be the
most critical of the strategic leader’s skills, especially in light
of the fact that not being able to fill key positions with talented
human capital constrains firm growth.

5
Leadership Styles
The styles used to provide leadership often affect the
productivity of those being led. Transformational leadership is
the most effective strategic leadership style. This style entails
motivating followers to exceed the expectations other have of
them, to continuously enrich their capabilities, and to place the
interests of the organization above their own.
Transformational leaders develop and communicate a vision for
the organization and formulate a strategy to achieve the vision.
They make followers aware of the need to achieve valued
organizational outcomes. And they encourage followers to
continuously strive for higher levels of achievement. These
types of leaders have a high degree of integrity and character.
6
The Role of Top-level Managers;
Top-level managers are charged to make certain that their firm
is able to effectively formulate and implement strategies.
Managers use their discretion when making strategic decisions.
The primary factors that determine the amount of decision-
making discretion held by a managers are:
External environmental sources;
Characteristics of the organization;
Characteristics of the manger;
In addition, top-level managers develop firm’s organizational
structure and reward system. They also have a major effect on a
firm’s culture.
In most firms, the complexity of challenges and the need for
substantial amounts of information and knowledge require

strategic leadership by a team of executives.
7
Managerial Succession
Many organizations use leadership screening systems to identify
individual with managerial and strategic leadership potential.
These individuals are selected from two types of markets:
internal and external. An internal managerial labor market
consists of a firm’s opportunity for managerial positions and the
qualified employees within the firm. An external managerial
labor market is the collection of managerial career opportunity
and the qualified people who are external to the organization in
which the opportunities exist.
There are several benefits when internal labor market is used.
Insiders are familiar with the company and also internal hiring
produce lower turnover among existing personnel. In addition,
hiring from inside keeps the important knowledge necessary to
sustain performance. On the other side, long tenure with a firm
may reduce strategic leaders’ to firm success.
8
Key Strategic Leadership Actions
Certain actions characterize strategic leadership; the most
important ones are shown on the figure on the slide.
Determining the strategic directions involves specifying the
image and character the firm seeks to develop over time. The
strategic direction is framed within the context of the conditions
strategic leaders expect their firm to face in roughly the next
three to five years.
Effectively managing the firm’s portfolio of resources may be

the most important strategic leadership task. The firm’s
resources are categorized as financial capital, human capital,
social capital, and organizational capital.
Organizational culture is a complex set of ideologies, symbols,
and core values that are shared throughout the firm and
influence the way business is conducted. Because the
organizational culture influences how the firm conducts its
business and helps regulate and control employees’ behavior, it
can be a source of competitive advantage and is a critical factor
in promoting innovation.
The effectiveness of processes used to implement the firm’s
strategies increases when they are based on ethical practices.
Ethical companies encourage and enable people at all
organizational levels to act ethically when doing what is
necessary to implement strategies.
The challenge strategic leaders face is to verify their firm is
emphasizing financial and strategic controls so that firm
performance improves. The Balance Scoreboard is a tool that
helps strategic leaders assess the effectiveness of the controls.
The balanced scorecard is a framework firms can use to verify
that they have established both strategic and financial controls
to assess their performance.
9
Check Your Understanding
10
Summary
We have reached the end of this lesson. Let’s take a look at
what we have covered.

First, we discussed strategic leadership. Strategic leadership is
the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, and
empower others to create strategic change as necessary.
Multifunctional in nature, strategic leadership involves
managing through others, managing an entire enterprise rather
than a functional subunit, and coping with change that continues
to increase in the global economy.
Next, we went over leadership styles. The styles used to provide
leadership often affect the productivity of those being led.
Transformational leadership is the most effective strategic
leadership style.
Finally to conclude the lesson we talked about strategic
leadership actions. These include determining strategic
direction, establishing balanced organizational controls,
managing the firm’s resource portfolio, sustaining an effective
organizational culture, and emphasizing ethical practices.
This completes this lesson.
BUS 499, Week 9, Part 1: Organizational Structure and Controls
Slide #
Topic
Narration
1
Introduction
Welcome to Senior Seminar in Business Administration.
In this lesson we will discuss Organizational Structure and
Controls.
2

Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
Describe the relationship between strategy and organizational
structure.
3
Supporting Topics
In order to achieve these objectives, the following supporting
topics will be covered:
Organizational structure and controls;
Relationships between strategy and structure;
Evolutionary patterns of strategy and organizational structure;
Implementing business-level cooperative strategies;
Implementing corporate-level cooperative strategies; and
Implementing international cooperative strategies.
4
Organizational Structure and Controls
Organizational structure specifies the firm’s formal reporting
relationships, procedures, controls, and authority and decision-
making processes. Developing an organizational structure that
effectively supports the firm’s strategy is difficult, especially
because of the uncertainty about cause-effect relationships in
the global economy’s rapidly changing and dynamic competitive
environments. When a structure’s elements are properly aligned
with one another, the structure is a critical component of
effective strategy implementation processes.
A firm’s structure specifies the work to be done and how to do
it, given the firm’s strategy or strategies. Thus, organizational
structure influences how managers work and the decisions
resulting from that work. Supporting the implementation of

strategies, structure is concerned with processes used to
complete organizational tasks.
5
Organizational Structure and Controls, continued
Organizational controls are an important aspect of structure.
Organizational controls guide the use of strategy, indicate how
to compare actual results with expected results, and suggest
corrective actions to take when the difference is unacceptable.
When fewer differences separate actual from expected
outcomes, the organization’s controls are more effective.
It is difficult for the company to successfully exploit its
competitive advantages without effective organizational
controls. Properly designed organizational controls provide
clear insights regarding behaviors that enhance firm
performance. Firms use both strategic controls and financial
controls to support using their strategies.
Strategic controls are largely subjective criteria intended to
verify that the firm is using appropriate strategies for the
conditions in the external environment and the company’s
competitive advantages.
Financial controls are largely objective criteria used to measure
the firm’s performance against previously established
quantitative standards.
6
Relationships Between Strategy and Structure
Strategy and structure have a reciprocal relationship. This
relationship highlights the interconnectedness between strategy
formulation and strategy implementation. Once in place though,
structure can influence current strategic actions and future

strategies. Research that strategy has a much more important
influence on structure than the reverse. Regardless of the
strength of the reciprocal relationships between strategy and
structure, those choosing the firm’s strategy and structure
should be committed to matching each strategy with a structure
that provides the stability needed to use current competitive
advantages. We also want to make sure that there is flexibility
to develop future advantages. As a result of this a firm should
simultaneously consider the structure that will be needed to
support use of the new strategy. By properly matching strategy
and structure can create a competitive advantage.
7
Evolutionary Patterns of Strategy and Organizational Structure
Firms choose from among three major types of organizational
structures:
Simple;
Functional; and
Multidivisional.
Across time, successful firms move from the simple to the
functional to the multidivisional structure to support changes in
their growth strategies.
The simple structure is a structure in which the owner-manager
makes all major decisions and monitors all activities while the
staff serves as an extension of the manager’s supervisory
authority.
The functional structure consists of a chief executive officer
and a limited corporate staff with functional line managers in
dominant organizational areas such as production, accounting,
marketing, resource and development, engineering, and human
resources. This structure allows for functional specialization,
thereby facilitating active sharing of knowledge within each

functional area.
The multidivisional structure consists of operating divisions,
each representing a separate business or profit center in which
the top corporate officer delegates responsibilities for day-to-
day operations and business-unit strategy to division managers.
8
Evolutionary Patterns of Strategy and Organizational Structure,
continued
Firms use different forms of the functional organizational
structure to support implementing the cost leadership,
differentiation, and integrated cost leadership/ differentiation
strategies. The differences in these forms are accounted for
primarily by different uses of three important structural
characteristics which include:
Specialization;
Centralization; and
Formalization.
Firms using the cost leadership strategy sell large quantities of
standardized products to an industry’s typical customer. Firms
using this strategy need a structure and capabilities that allow
them to achieve efficiencies and produce their goods at costs
lower than those of competitors. In terms of centralization,
decision- making authority is centralized in a staff function to
maintain a cost- reducing emphasis within each organizational
function. While encouraging continuous cost reductions, the
centralized staff also verifies that further cuts in costs in one
function won’t adversely affect the productivity levels in other
functions. Jobs are highly specialized in the cost leadership
functional structure; work is divided into homogeneous
subgroups. Organizational functions are the most common
subgroup, although work is sometimes batched on the basis of

products produced or clients served. Specializing in their work
allows employees to increase their efficiency, resulting in
reduced costs. Guiding individuals’ work in this structure are
highly formalized rules and procedures, which often emanate
from the centralized staff.
Firms using the differentiation strategy produce products that
customers hopefully perceive as being different in ways that
create value for them. With this strategy, the firm wants to sell
nonstandardized products to customers with unique needs.
From this structure emerges a development- oriented culture in
which employees try to find ways to further differentiate current
products and to develop new, highly differentiated products.
Continuous product innovation demands that people throughout
the firm interpret and take action based on information that is
often incomplete or uncertain. Following a strong focus on the
external environment to identify new opportunities, employees
often gather this information from people outside the firm.
Commonly, rapid responses to the possibilities indicated by the
collected information are necessary, suggesting the need for
decentralized decision-making responsibility and authority. It
also requires building a strong technological capability and
strategic flexibility, which allow the organization to take
advantage of opportunities created by changes in the market. To
support the creativity needed and the continuous pursuit of new
sources of differentiation and new products, jobs in this
structure are not highly specialized. This lack of specialization
means that workers have a relatively large number of tasks in
their job descriptions. Few formal rules and procedures also
characterize this structure.
9
continued
Firms using the integrated cost leadership/ differentiation

strategy sell products that create value because of their
relatively low cost and reasonable sources of differentiation.
The cost of these products is low relative to the cost leader’s
prices while their differentiation is reasonable when compared
with the clearly unique features of the differentiator’s products.
Although challenging to implement, the integrated cost
leadership/ differentiation strategy is used frequently in the
global economy. The challenge of using this strategy is due
largely to the fact that different primary and support activities
are emphasized when using the cost leadership and
differentiation strategies. To achieve the cost leadership
position, production and process engineering need to be
emphasized, with infrequent product changes.
The firm’s level of diversification is a function of decisions
about the number and type of businesses in which it will
compete as well as how it will manage the businesses. Using a
diversification strategy requires the firm to change from the
functional structure to the multidivisional structure to develop
an appropriate strategy/ structure match. Corporate- level
strategies have different degrees of product and market
diversification. The demands created by different levels of
diversification highlight the need for a unique organizational
structure to effectively implement each strategy.
10
continued
The cooperative form is an M- form structure in which
horizontal integration is used to bring about interdivisional
cooperation. Divisions in a firm using the related constrained
diversification strategy commonly are formed around products,
markets, or both. Research suggests that informal ties may be
even more important than formal coordination devices in

achieving cooperation. Sharing divisional competencies
facilitates the corporation’s efforts to develop economies of
scope. Economies of scope are linked with successful use of the
related constrained strategy. Interdivisional sharing of
competencies depends on cooperation, suggesting the use of the
cooperative form of the multidivisional structure.
Sometimes, liaison roles are established in each division to
reduce the time division managers spend integrating and
coordinating their unit’s work with the work occurring in other
divisions. Temporary teams or task forces may be formed
around projects whose success depends on sharing competencies
that are embedded within several divisions. Ultimately, a matrix
organization may evolve in firms implementing the related con-
strained strategy. A matrix organization is an organizational
structure in which there is a dual structure combining both
functional specialization and business product or project
specialization. Although complicated, an effective matrix
structure can lead to improved coordination among a firm’s
divisions. The success of the cooperative multidivisional
structure is significantly affected by how well divisions process
information. However, because cooperation among divisions
implies a loss of managerial autonomy, division managers may
not readily commit themselves to the type of integrative
information- processing activities that this structure demands.
Strategic controls are important because divisional managers’
performance can be evaluated at least partly on the basis of how
well they have facilitated interdivisional cooperative efforts. In
addition, using reward systems that emphasize overall company
performance helps overcome problems associated with the
cooperative form. Still, the costs of coordination and inertia in
organizations limit the amount of related diversification
attempted.

11
continued
Firms with fewer links or less constrained links among their
divisions use the related linked diversification strategy. The
strategic business unit form of the multidivisional structure
supports implementation of this strategy. The strategic business
unit or SBU form is an M- form structure consisting of three
levels which include:
Corporate headquarters;
Strategic business units; and
SBU divisions.
The SBU structure is used by large firms and can be complex,
given associated organization size and product and market
diversity. The divisions within each SBU are related in terms of
shared products or markets or both, but the divisions of one
SBU have little in common with the divisions of the other
SBUs. Divisions within each SBU share product or market
competencies to develop economies of scope and possibly
economies of scale. In this structure, each SBU is a profit center
that is controlled and evaluated by the headquarters office.
Although both financial and strategic controls are important,
financial controls are vital to headquarters’ evaluation of each
SBU. Strategic controls on the other hand are critical when the
heads of SBUs evaluate their divisions’ performances. Strategic
controls are also critical to the headquarters’ efforts to
determine whether the company has formed an effective.
The SBU structure is difficult to implement. Sharing
competencies among units within an SBU is an important
characteristic of the SBU form of the multidivisional structure.
A drawback to the SBU structure is that multifaceted businesses
often have difficulties in communicating this complex business
model to stockholders. Furthermore, if coordination between

SBUs is needed, problems can arise because the SBU structure
does not readily foster cooperation across SBUs.
12
continued
Firms using the unrelated diversification strategy want to create
value through efficient internal capital allocations or by
restructuring, buying, and selling businesses. The competitive
form of the multidivisional structure supports implementation of
this strategy. The competitive form is an M- form structure
characterized by complete independence among the firm’s
divisions which compete for corporate resources. Unlike the
divisions included in the cooperative structure, divisions that
are part of the competitive structure do not share common
corporate strengths. Because strengths are not shared,
integrating devices are not developed for use by the divisions
included in the competitive structure. The efficient internal
capital market that is the foundation for using the unrelated
diversification strategy requires organizational arrangements
emphasizing divisional competition rather than cooperation.
Three benefits are expected from the internal competition and
they include:
Internal competition creates flexibility;
Internal competition challenges the status quo and inertia; and
Internal competition motivates effort in that the challenge of
competing against internal peers.
13

continued
As explained previously, international strategies are becoming
increasingly important for long- term competitive success in
what continues to become an increasingly border-less global
economy. Among other benefits, international strategies allow
the firm to search for new markets, resources, core
competencies, and technologies as part of its efforts to
outperform competitors. As with business- level and corporate-
level strategies, unique organizational structures are necessary
to successfully implement the different international strategies.
Forming proper matches between international strategies and
organizational structures facilitates the firm’s efforts to
effectively coordinate and control its global operations.
The multidomestic strategy decentralizes the firm’s strategic
and operating decisions to business units in each country so that
product characteristics can be tailored to local preferences.
Firms using this strategy try to isolate themselves from global
competitive forces by establishing protected market positions or
by competing in industry segments that are most affected by
differences among local countries. The worldwide geographic
area structure is used to implement this strategy. The worldwide
geographic area structure emphasizes national interests and
facilitates the firm’s efforts to satisfy local differences.
Using the multidomestic strategy requires little coordination
between different country markets, meaning that integrating
mechanisms among divisions around the world are not needed.
Coordination among units in a firm’s worldwide geographic
area structure is often informal. A key disadvantage of the
multidomestic strategy/ worldwide geographic area structure
match is the inability to create strong global efficiency.
With the corporation’s home office dictating competitive
strategy, the global strategy is one through which the firm
offers standardized products across country markets. The firm’s

success depends on its ability to develop economies of scope
and economies of scale on a global level. The worldwide
product divisional structure supports use of the global strategy.
In the worldwide product divisional structure, decision- making
authority is centralized in the worldwide division headquarters
to coordinate and integrate decisions and actions among
divisional business units. This structure is often used in rapidly
growing firms seeking to manage their diversified product lines
effectively.
14
continued
The transnational strategy calls for the firm to combine the
multidomestic strategy’s local responsiveness with the global
strategy’s efficiency. Firms using this strategy are trying to gain
the advantages of both local responsiveness and global
efficiency. The combination structure is used to implement the
transnational strategy. The combination structure is a structure
drawing characteristics and mechanisms from both the world-
wide geographic area structure and the worldwide product
divisional structure. The transnational strategy is often
implemented through two possible combination structures which
include a global matrix structure and a hybrid global design.
The global matrix design brings together both local market and
product expertise into teams that develop and respond to the
global marketplace. The global matrix design also promotes
flexibility in designing products and responding to customer
needs. However, it has severe limitations in that it places
employees in a position of being accountable to more than one
manager. At any given time, an employee may be a member of
several functional or product group teams. Relationships that
evolve from multiple memberships can make it difficult for
employees to be simultaneously loyal to all of them. Although

the matrix places authority in the hands of managers who are
most able to use it, it creates problems in regard to corporate
reporting relationships.
The fit between the multidomestic strategy, worldwide
geographic area structure, global strategy, and the worldwide
product divisional structure is apparent. However, when a firm
wants to implement the multidomestic and global strategies
simultaneously through a combination structure, the appropriate
integrating mechanisms are less obvious. The structure used to
implement the transnational strategy must do the following:
Simultaneously be centralized and decentralized;
Integrated and nonintegrated; and
Formalized and nonformalized.
15
continued
A network strategy exists when partners form several alliances
in order to improve the performance of the alliance network
itself through cooperative endeavors. The greater levels of
environmental complexity and uncertainty facing companies in
today’s competitive environment are causing more firms to use
cooperative strategies such as strategic alliances and joint
ventures. The breadth and scope of firms’ operations in the
global economy create many opportunities for firms to
cooperate. A firm can develop cooperative relation-ships with
many of its stakeholders, including customers, suppliers, and
competitors. When a firm becomes involved with combinations
of cooperative relationships, it is part of a strategic network, or
an alliance constellation or portfolio.
A strategic network is a group of firms that has been formed to

create value by participating in multiple cooperative
arrangements. An effective strategic network facilitates
discovering opportunities beyond those identified by individual
network participants. A strategic network can be a source of
competitive advantage for its members when its operations
create value that is difficult for competitors to duplicate.
Strategic networks are used to implement business- level,
corporate- level, and international cooperative strategies.
At the core or center of the strategic network, the strategic
center firm is the one around which the network’s cooperative
relationships revolve. Due to its central position, the strategic
center firm is the foundation for the strategic network’s
structure. Concerned with various aspects of organizational
structure, the strategic center firm manages what are often
complex, cooperative interactions among network partners.
The strategic center firm is engaged in four primary tasks as it
manages the strategic network and controls its operations. These
tasks include the following:
Strategic outsourcing;
Competencies;
Technology; and
Race to learn.
16
Check Your Understanding
17
Cooperative Strategies
The two types of business-level complementary alliances are
vertical and horizontal. Firms with competencies in different
stages of the value chain form a vertical alliance to
cooperatively integrate their different, but complementary,
skills. Firms combining their competencies to create value in

the same stage of the value in the same stage of the value chain
are using a horizontal alliance. Vertical complementary
strategic alliances are formed more frequently than horizontal
alliances.
Corporate-level cooperative strategies are used to facilitate
product and market diversification. As a cooperative strategy,
franchising allows the firms to use its competencies to extend or
diversify its product or market reach, but without completing a
merger or an acquisition.
Strategic networks formed to implement international
cooperative strategies result in firms competing in several
countries. Differences among countries’ regulatory
environments increase the challenge of managing international
networks and verifying that at a minimum, the network’s
operations comply with all legal requirements.
18
Summary
We have reached the end of this lesson. Let’s take a look at
what we have covered.
First, we went over organizational structure. Organizational
structure specifies the firm’s formal reporting relationships,
procedures, controls, and authority and decision-making
processes.
We then talked about organizational controls. Organizational
controls guide the use of strategy, indicate how to compare
actual results with expected results, and suggest corrective
actions to take when the difference is unacceptable.
Next, we went over types of structure. Types of structure
include simple, functional, and multidivisional. We also went

over several different types of strategies and structures.
We concluded the lesson with a discussion on cooperative
strategies. These include business-level cooperatives, corporate-
level cooperatives, and international cooperatives.
This completes this lesson.

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