INTRODUCTION Malnutrition is a state of nutrition in which; a deficiency or excess or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients. causes measurable adverse effects on tissue / body form. A malnourished person finds that their body has difficulty in growing and resisting disease. Physical work becomes problematic and even learning abilities can be diminished. For women, pregnancy becomes risky and they cannot be sure of nourishing the baby. When a person is not getting enough food or not getting the right sort of food, they will become malnourished if the food they eat does not provide the proper amounts of micronutrients - vitamins and minerals - to meet daily nutritional requirements.

1. MALNUTRITION
BASHARAT NAUMAN
BS Microbiology 6th STR
ABASYN UNIVERSITY PESHAWAR

2. MALNUTRITION
INTRODUCTION
• Malnutrition is a state of nutrition in which;
a deficiency or excess or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients. causes
measurable adverse effects on tissue / body form.
• A malnourished person finds that their body has difficulty in growing and resisting
disease.
• Physical work becomes problematic and even learning abilities can be diminished.
• For women, pregnancy becomes risky and they cannot be sure of nourishing the
baby.
• When a person is not getting enough food or not getting the right sort of food,
they will become malnourished if the food they eat does not provide the proper
amounts of micronutrients - vitamins and minerals - to meet daily nutritional
requirements.

3. Types of Malnutrition
 Under nutrition
• Lack of food (nutrients)
Calories
Proteins
Micronutrients
 Over nutrition
• Obesity
Too many calories
Unbalanced diet

4. UNDERNUTRITION
Under nutrition may develop;
• People cannot obtain or prepare
food (poor, homeless, psychiatric
patients).
• Have a disorder that makes
eating or absorbing food difficult
(gastrointestinal disorders)
• Have a greatly increased need for
calories.
(infants, children, adolescents)
 Secondary malnutrition
 Micronutrient malnutrition
 Protein energy
malnutrition

5. Secondary Malnutrition
 Diet normal
 Food not digested or
absorbed.
• diarrhea
• measles
• parasitic infections
• medical or surgical
problems affecting
the digestive system.

6. Micronutrient Malnutrition
Rickets vitamin D deficiency
 Deficiency in;
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin B
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin D
• Iodine
• Calcium
• iron
• zinc

7. “Micronutrient malnutrition” continues….
Vitamin A deficiency
 Night blindness
• 500,000 children/year
• xerophthalmia
 Decrease in the production
of rhodopsin.
retinal + opsin rhodopsin
 Treatment
• Vitamin A capsules (every 4
– 6 months)
• Food fortification
• Vitamin A rich food (golden
rice)
xerophthalmia

8. “Micronutrient malnutrition” continues….
Iodine deficiency
• 740 million people / year
• Greatest cause of brain
damage in babies
• Goiter
• Stillbirth
• Miscarriage
• Mental retardation
 Preventable by iodized salt
 Best source of natural
iodine; sea weeds and sea
foods.

9. Micronutrient malnutrition” continues….
Iron deficiency (anemia)
• Affects 2 billion people
• 39% in preschool children
• 52% in pregnant women
• Reduced
– Physical activity
– Mental activity
• Increased
Birth mortality
Malaria
• Prevention;
Supplements of iron
Iron rich foods ( meat, beans,
green vegetables)
Brittle nails

10. Micronutrient malnutrition” continues….
Other deficiencies
 Zinc
• Growth retardation
• Delayed sexual maturation
• Skin and eye lesions
• 48% of the world population
 Calcium
• Osteoporosis
 Vitamin D
• Rickets: bone malformation
• Not enough sunlight exposure
Swaddled babies
 Vitamin C
• Scurvy problem

11. Protein energy malnutrition
 Under consumption
of calories or
protein
 Most important
form of
malnutrition
 Associated with
poverty
• Not enough food
• Poor quality food
 Kwashiorkor
 Marasmus

12. Protein energy malnutrition
Kwashiorkor
 Protein deficiency often
associated with weaning onto
thin cereal gruels.
 Bloating of the stomach due to
edema
• Fluid leaking into body
• Wasted muscles
 Antibodies degraded to
provide protein to the body
• Infection
• Dysentery
• death

13. Protein energy malnutrition
Marasmus
 Calorie deficiency
• Lack of food
• Poorest population
• Neglected
Infants
Children
 Protein used for energy
 Results in wasting
• Deterioration of tissues
 Brain development impaired

14. OVERNUTRITION
 intake of nutrients is
oversupplied.
 The amount of
nutrients exceeds the
amount required.
 Over nutrition can
develop into obesity,
which increases the
risk of serious health
conditions.
• Cardiovascular
disease
• Hypertension
• Cancer
• Type-2 diabetes

15. Global Obesity Problem
 Over nutrition has
surpassed under
nutrition
• Worst in middle and
high income countries
• Rising in low income
countries
 Can co-exist with under
nutrition
• Same country
• Same population
 Projected to get worse
as income rises
 Industrial food
• High in calories

16. That’s it
THANKS