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mand22015babalobi
1. Lessons for Sanitation Improvements in Small Towns
and Urban- Experience from AfricaSan4 Regional
Workshop, Senegal"
By
Babatope Babalobi
Senior Sanitation Reform Expert
EU-Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reform Programme Phase III
(WSSSRP III)
Babalobi@yahoo.com +2348035897435
Identification of tools and instruments for M&E for use in
small towns and urban components (water, sanitation and
hygiene) Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria Date: June 24, 2015
2. Outline
1. Defining Sanitation and Hygiene
2. Scale of the Sanitation challenge
3. MDG related Sanitation targets, commitments, and monitoring Indicators
Regional Commitments- Africa Sanitation and Hygiene Conference (AfricaSan)
Regional Commitments- African Union (AU)
International commitments- United Nations Assembly (UN)
High Level Meetings Commitments (HLMC)- Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)
Water and Sanitation Program’s Country Status Overview (CSO) –Measures enabling
environment
UN-water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water (GLAAS)-
Measures Inputs
UN WHO/UNICEF/Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) reports- Measures Access
4. Proposed Indicators for monitoring Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for
Sanitation
5. Lessons from AfricaSan4 Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
Babatope Babalobi 2
3. Defining Sanitation and Hygiene
Sanitation is management of human excreta or better said- management of shit.
Improved sanitation is a ‘sanitation facility that hygienically separates human excreta from human
contact’. (WHO//UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP)
Hygiene is appropriate behaviours including but beyond the management of human shit, which are
used to break the chain of infection transmission in the home and community.
Hygiene includes:
Hand hygiene and personal hygiene-appropriate hand washing with soap and/or ash, sanitizer.
Food hygiene (cooking, storing, preventing cross contamination)
Menstrual Hygiene Management
Ensuring safe water at point of use
Respiratory Hygiene
Safe disposal of faeces (both human and animal)
General hygiene (laundry, surfaces, toilets, baths, and sinks)
Disposal of solid wastes, control of waste water and rain water
(Hygiene and Sanitation software: An overview of approaches, WSSCC 2010)Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
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4. Scale of the Sanitation challenge
2.5 billion people remained without access to improved sanitation facilities
Sanitation coverage in Nigeria in 2010 stood at 31%
103m Nigerians remained without access to improved sanitation facilities
39m Nigerians still defecating in the open
70 million Nigerians use unsanitary or shared latrines
In 2010, Nigeria’s water and sanitation expenditure represented 0.18% of their GDP
Millennium Development Goals (MGD) signed by 189 countries including Nigeria in 2000-
Goal 7, target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable
access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
At current rates of progress Nigeria may not meet the sanitation MDG target for 124 years.
( Source: WHO//UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP)2014
Poor sanitation costs Nigeria US$3 billion, equivalent to 1.3% of Nigeria’s national GDP
(Source: https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-ESI-Nigeria-
brochure.pdf)
Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
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5. MDG related Sanitation targets, commitments, and monitoring Indicators
Regional Sanitation Conference commitments
Africa Sanitation and Hygiene Conference organised by Africa Minister’s Council on Water
(AMCOW) brings together Africa’s Water and Sanitation Ministers.
AfricaSan1 held in Johannesburg 2000 without specific commitments
AfricaSan2 (AfricaSan + 5), Durban 2008, 32 Head of Govts. signed the eThekwini Declaration –
Commitment 3: Establish national sanitation and hygiene policies within 12 month
and establish one national plan
Commitment 5: Establish one national sanitation coordinating body with specific
responsibility for sanitation and hygiene.
Commitment 6: Establish specific public sector budget allocations for sanitation
and hygiene programs funded with a minimum of 0.5% or GDP for sanitation and
hygiene;
Commitment 8: Implement sanitation information, monitoring systems and tools
to track progress at local and national levels
AfricaSan3, held Kigali July 2011, in Kigali, Rwanda. It produced the Kigali Ministerial Statement
on Sanitation and Hygiene. Reaffirming the 2008 eThekwini commitments
AfricaSan4 held in Dakar, May 2015 produced the “Ngor declaration”, reaffirming the 2008-
eThekwini Declaration and aligning with the proposed SDGs target for Sanitation.
Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
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6. Regional Sanitation Conference commitments
9no key indicators have been selected to track the eThekwini commitment- the indicators have three
standard answers (good progress, sufficient/some progress, insufficient progress)
Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
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MDG related Sanitation targets, commitments, and monitoring Indicators
7. MDG related Sanitation targets, commitments, and monitoring Indicators
Regional Commitments- African Union (AU)
The Assembly Decision (Assembly/AU/ Decl.1 (XI)) of the African Union
(AU) in Sharm el-Sheik in July 2008 affirmed the eThekwini Declaration
and requested AMCOW to track progress made.
In 2012, AMCOW developed a Pan-African monitoring process which
collects data in seven themes:
Theme 1: water infrastructure for economic growth.
Theme 2: managing and protecting water resources.
Theme 3: achieving water supply and sanitation MDGs.
Theme 4: global changes and risks management in Africa.
Theme 5: water governance and management.
Theme 6: financing the water and sanitation sector.
Theme 7: education, knowledge, capacity development and water
information. Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
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8. MDG related Sanitation targets, commitments, and monitoring Indicators
International Commitments- United Nations
Human Right to Water and Sanitation Indicators
In 2011 the Nigerian government voted in the United
Nations in favour of a resolution making water and
sanitation a human right.
The HRWS requires access to water and sanitation to
be sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically
accessible and affordable (see UN General Assembly
Resolution A/HRC/RES/27/7).
The United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for
Human Rights(UN OHCHR) is presently working on
developing HRWS indicators, which will guide states in
monitoring.
Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
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9. MDG related Sanitation targets, commitments, and monitoring Indicators
International Commitments- United Nations-Human Right to Water and
Sanitation Indicators
Structural indicators are meant to identify whether or not states have the
policies and regulations required to provide an enabling environment for the
realisation of the HRWS.
Process indicators, which seek to monitor states’ methods of delivering water
and sanitation services with consideration to human rights principles (i.e., non-
discrimination, participation, etc.), are vital to understanding the extent of
the application of rights-based approaches to water and sanitation delivery.
Lastly, outcome indicators measurements of actual access to water and
sanitation within defined standards (i.e., safe, affordable, sufficient, etc.),
are necessary to monitor true experiences of the HRWS within states.
The full set of indicators proposed by UN OHCHR for monitoring the HRWS can
be found @
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Indicators/Pages/documents.aspx
Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
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10. MDG related Sanitation targets, commitments, and monitoring Indicators
High Level Meetings Commitments (HLMC)- Sanitation and Water for All
(SWA)
Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) is a global partnership of 95
partners http://sanitationandwaterforall.org/about
Meets every two years (2010, 2012, 2014) to discuss state of water and
sanitation and engages with Finance Ministers. Comes up with
ministerial commitments (from countries and donors)
SWA monitor commitments based on a five-point colour-coded scale as
follows: ‘complete’, ‘almost complete’, ‘good progress’, ‘slow progress’
and ‘no progress/major barriers’.
Commitments are also coded according to the three SWA Priority Areas
(political prioritization, evidence-based decision making and national
planning processes). Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
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11. MDG related Sanitation targets, commitments, and monitoring
Indicators
High Level Meetings Commitments (HLMC)- Sanitation and Water for All
(SWA)
Nigeria’s commitments in 2012 included:
Increasing national access to improved sanitation from 31% to 65%, by
2015
The Federal Ministry of Finance to promote progressive annual increase
in budget allocation of up 0.5% of the GDP for sanitation within the next
3 years targeting mainly the rural areas, urban slums and States with
low level access
Production of a single national Sanitation policy by 2013
Development of National WASH Sector Investment Plan by 2013.
Establishment of effective Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) WASH
Sector platform in the Federal Ministry of Water Resources by 2013
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June 24, 2015
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12. Wednesday,
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S/N Commitment Event/Year
1. Increase by 50% access to Water and Sanitation by 2015 World summit 2000
2. Establishing specific public sector budget allocations for sanitation and hygiene programmes. eThekwini Declaration 2011
3. Commit at least 0.5 percent of GDP to, sanitation and hygiene. eThekwini Declaration 2011
4. Develop and implement sanitation information, monitoring systems and tools to track progress at local and national
levels.
eThekwini Declaration 2011
5. Increase access to improved water services by at least 5% SWA sector ministers, April
2012
6. Increase in access to improved sanitation services by at least 7%. SWA sector ministers, 2012
7. Increase in access to water and sanitation services in primary schools and rural health facilities by at least 10%. SWA sector ministers, 2012
8. Reduce in the number of non-functioning water services by at least 10%. SWA sector ministers, 2012
9. Increase in water and sanitation budgets annually by at least 15% in real terms SWA sector ministers, 2012
10. Ensure at least 10% of all water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) allocations are directed to hygiene promotion,
behaviour change and demand creation, as well as ensuring funding is provided for WASH infrastructure.
SWA sector ministers, 2012
11. Decrease in open defecation by at least 15%. SWA sector ministers, 2012
12. Recognition of a right to water and sanitation ensures that access to minimum essential supplies of safe water and
basic sanitation is a legal entitlement
United Nations Assembly 2010
13. Increase national access to improved sanitation from the current level of 31% to 65% by 2015. This means that an
additional 70 million people will have access to adequate sanitation by 2014.
Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
14. Increase national access to a potable water supply from 58% to 75% by 2015. This means that an additional 45
million people will have access to drinking water.
Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
Nigeria’s High level financial and non financial Sanitation commitments
13. Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
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15. Ensure that the Federal Ministry of Finance make progressive annual increases in budget
allocation of up to 5% of the national budget for water supply and 0.5% of the GDP for
sanitation within the next three years. This will target mainly rural areas, urban slums and
states with low level access.
Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
16. Ensure that the Federal Ministry of Finance (in collaboration with other relevant ministries)
organise an annual performance review forum for WASH sector investment.
Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
17. Ensure that Nigeria will continue prioritization of the sector in the Vision 20:2020 document. Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
18. Ensure that Nigeria will continue to prioritize water and sanitation, as well as health and
education, in dialogues with donors and development partners.
Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
19. Streamline all existing sanitation and hygiene policies within the next year to produce a single
and acceptable national policy.
Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
20. Develop the National WASH Sector Investment Plan within the next year Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
21. Establish an effective monitoring and evaluation WASH sector platform in the Federal
Ministry of Water Resources within the next year.
Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
22. Participate in the biennial SWA HLM and issuing statements on the progress and prioritization
of sanitation and water in Nigeria.
Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
23. Strengthen the existing Public Private Partnership on hand washing mechanisms to mobilize
more resources from the private sector and collaborate effectively with the media and Civil
Society Organizations (CSOs) to create a sustained hand washing promotion programme in
Nigeria.
Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
24. Strengthen the health sector budgetary allocation processes to improve public health
interventions.
Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
25. Intensify efforts to scale up the Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach in all 36
states of Nigeria and Federal Capital Territory.
Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
26. Foster collaboration between the Federal Ministry of Finance, the Federal Ministry of
Education and other relevant Government ministries and agencies to mobilize additional
resources from the private sector and other partners in order to increase provision of facilities
in schools.
Nigeria’s statement, SWA, 2012
Nigeria’s High level financial and non financial Sanitation commitments
14. MDG related Sanitation targets, commitments, and monitoring Indicators
Country Status Overviews (CSOs)
CSO1 developed by Water and Sanitation Programme (WSP) in 2006, measures enabling
environment including funding flows
It scores progress in three areas (or pillars) of service delivery: enabling service delivery,
developing services and sustaining services.
CSO2 more rigorous, has three distinct tools -scorecard, costing tool and questionnaires.
Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
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14
CSO’s Urban sanitation and hygiene scorecard
Enabling
Policy
2.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1.5 1 0 1.5
Planning Budget Expenditure Equity Output Markets Uptake Use
Developing Sustaining
16. MDG related Sanitation targets, commitments, and monitoring Indicators
UN-water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking
Water (GLAAS)
GLAAS is a UN-water initiative implemented by the
World Health Organization (WHO)
www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/glaas/en
Its biennial report published since 2008 monitors
inputs such as finance flows, policies, and
legislations; and assesses strengths and challenges
across countries.
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17. Wednesday,
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Source: http://www.wssinfo.org/
MDG related Sanitation targets, commitments, and monitoring
Indicators GLAAS
18. MDG related Sanitation targets,
commitments, and monitoring Indicators
UN- WHO/UNICEF/Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP)
http://www.wssinfo.org
Monitors global progress towards MDG Target 7.C:
JMP reports every two years on progress against the MDG
Indicators on drinking water and sanitation: "
Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
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20. Proposed Indicators for monitoring SDG Sanitation Goal
Post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals,
(6.2) by 2030,
Eliminate open defecation;
Achieve universal access to basic drinking
water, sanitation and hygiene for
households, schools and health facilities;
Progressively eliminate inequalities in access
WASH Indicators for proposed Goal 6 (Source:
http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/post-2015-WASH-targets-factsheet-12pp.pdf)Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
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20
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Language in
proposed targets
Normative interpretation
By 2030, achieve
Access Implies facilities close to home that could be easily reached and used when needed
To adequate Implies a system which hygienically separates excreta from human contact as well safe
reuse/treatment of excreta in situ, or transport to a treatment plant
And equitable Implies progressive reduction and elimination of inequalities between population and sub groups
Sanitation Sanitation is the provision of facilities and services for safe and disposal of human urine and faeces
And Hygiene Hygiene is the conditions and practices that help maintain health and prevent the spread of disease
including hand washing, menstrual hygiene management and food hygiene.
For all Suitable for use by men, women, girls and boys of all ages including people living with disabilities
End open
defecation
Excreta of adults or children are deposited (directly or after being covered by a layer of earth) in the
bush, a field, a beach, or other open area, discharged directly into a drainage channel, river, sea, or
other water body; or are wrapped in temporary material and discarded
Paying special
attention to the
needs of women
and girls
Implies reducing the burden of water collection and enabling women and girls to manage sanitation
and hygiene needs with dignity. Special attention should be given to the needs of women and girls in
‘high use’ settings such as schools and work places, and ‘high risks’ areas such as health care facilities
and detention centres
And those in
vulnerable
conditions
Implies attention to specific needs found in ‘special cases’ including refugee camps, detention
centres, mass gatherings and pilgrimages
Proposed Indicators for monitoring SDG Sanitation Goal 6:2
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June 24, 2015
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Post 2015- Proposed Indicators for monitoring Sanitation services
Sanitation
Service ladder
Proposed Indicator Definition Data sources and
measurability
Safely managed
sanitation
Percentage of population using
safely managed sanitation services
Population using a bas sanitation facility which is not shared
with other households and where excreta is safely disposed
in situ or transported to a designated place for safe disposal
or treatment
Household surveys can provide data
on types of sanitation facility and
disposal in site
Basic sanitation Percentage of population using a
basic sanitation
Percentage of population using a sanitation facility not
shared with other households
Household surveys
Shared sanitation Percentage of the population using
a shared sanitation facility
Parentage of population using a basic sanitation facility
share with other households
Household surveys
Unimproved
Sanitation
Percentage of the population using
an unimproved sanitation facility
Percentage of population using unimproved sanitation
facilities with or without sharing with other households
Household surveys
Open defecation Percentage of the population
practicing open defecation
Percentage of the population practicing open defecation
(defeating in buses, fields, open water bodies or other open
spaces)
Household surveys
Basic sanitation in
schools
Percentage of pupils enrolled in
schools that provide basic sanitation
services
Percentage of pupils enrolled in primary and secondary
schools with functional basic separated sanitation facilities
for males and females on or near premises
Institution surveys, administrative
data, education management
information systems
Basic sanitation in
health care
facilities
Percentage of patients using health
care facilities providing basic
sanitation services
Percentage of beneficiaries using health care facilities with
functional basis separated sanitation facilities for males and
females on or near premises
Institution surveys, administrative
data, Health management
information systems
23. Wednesday,
June 24, 2015
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Post 2015 SDGs: Proposed Indicators for monitoring hygiene
Hygiene Indicators Proposed Indicator Definition Data sources and
measurability
Hand washing
at home
Percentage of population
with hand washing facilities
with soap and water at home
Population with a hand washing facility with soap and water in
the household
Household surveys
Hand washing
in Schools
Percentage of pupils enrolled
in schools with basic hand
washing facilities
Percentage of pupils enrolled in primary and secondary schools
with functional hand washing facilities, soap (or ash) and water
available to girls and boys
Institutional surveys,
administrative data,
Educational Mgt.
Information Systems
Menstrual
Hygiene
Management in
Schools
Percentage of pupils enrolled
in schools with basic
menstrual hygiene facilities
Parentage of pupils enrolled in primary and secondary schools
with adequate and appropriate sanitary facilities for washing
and change management and disposal of menstrual waste.
These facilities must offer privacy, safety and dignity to
menstruating students and teachers.
Institutional surveys,
administrative data,
Educational Mgt.
Information Systems
Hand washing
in health care
facilities
Percentage of beneficiaries
using health care facilities
with basic hand washing
facilities
Percentage of beneficiaries using health care facilities with
adequate hand hygiene supplies (running water, liquid soap,
single use towels/alcohol – based hand rinse) available at key
locations
Institutional surveys,
administrative data,
Educational Mgt.
Information Systems
Basic menstrual
hygiene
management in
health care
facilities
Percentage of beneficiaries
using health care facilities
with basic menstrual
management facilities
Percentage of beneficiaries using health care facilities with basic
separated sanitation facilities for females that provide privacy;
soap, water and space for washing hands, private parts and
clothes: and places for changing and disposing of materials used
for managing menstruation
Institutional surveys,
administrative data,
Educational Mgt.
Information Systems
24. Measuring Inequalities
Geographical inequality- Urban/Rural
Wealth inequality – High Income/low income
Regional inequality- Northern/Southern Nigeria or
among the geo political zones in the country or
within states, or LGAs
Urban mainland/Peri urban (slums) inequality
Disadvantaged groups- Prisoners, Internally
Displaced Persons, Physically challenged
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June 24, 2015
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25. Key messages from AfricaSan4-1
Africa is strong on policy making, but weak on implementation.
Public finance is key to expanding sanitation coverage, and
governments must do more to mobilise internal resources to finance
sanitation.
Most efforts to drive sanitation access in Africa is done by external
development parties.
Implementation and adoption of human right to water is key to
universal access to sanitation.
There is a strong link between access to safe water and sanitation, and
maternal and newborn baby health; and further research needs to be
conducted to further investigate how water and hygiene can improve
healthcare.
Most water and sanitation policies do not connect access to safe water
and hygiene with maternal and infant health.
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26. On a typical day, more than half the hospital beds in Sub-Saharan
Africa are occupied by patients suffering from faecal-related disease.
Waterborne diseases: caused by the
ingestion of water contaminated by
human or animal faeces or urine
containing pathogenic bacteria or
viruses; include cholera, typhoid,
amoebic and bacillary dysentery and
other diarrheal diseases.
Water-based diseases: caused by
parasites found in intermediate
organisms living in contaminated
water; include dracunculiasis,
schistosomiasis, and other helminths.
Water-washed diseases: caused
by poor personal hygiene and
skin or eye contact with
contaminated water; include
scabies, trachoma, flea, lice and
tick-borne diseases
Water-related diseases: caused
by insect vectors, especially
mosquitoes, that breed in stagnant
water; include dengue, filariasis,
malaria, onchocerciasis,
trypanosomiasis and yellow fever.
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27. Key messages from AfricaSan4-2
Civil society have a key role to play in monitoring equity and
ensuring implementation of the human right to sanitation.
Youths should be involved in the implementation as well and
management of sanitation programmes, and targeting young
people is key to behavioural change.
Most women and young girls do not have access to safe sanitation
during their menstrual periods, emphasising the need to break
the taboo and secrecy on menstruation and promote Menstrual
Hygiene Management (MHM)
Corruption still remains a sore point in expanding coverage of
sanitation services, as the issue is not just about providing more
funds, but ensuring the available funds are well managed.
The private sector needs to be encouraged to participate in
‘sanitation business’ especially sanitation supply chain.
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June 24, 2015
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28. Key messages from AfricaSan4-3
There are wide inequalities in sanitation access between urban
and rural areas: “inequalities are real and averages don’t tell the
real story”.
Monitoring Indicators should reveal inequalities in access to
sanitation affecting vulnerable and marginalised groups.
Why transparent budgeting is critical, tracking and monitoring
sanitation expenditures is also key to good WASH governance.
In the word of Lovy Rasolofamanana, Country Representative,
WaterAid: ‘What is missing is not the availability of policy
framework but the political will, we must establish systems to
track progress and ask government to account’.
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29. Wednesday,
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URBAN WATER PROGRAMME
National Urban Water Supply
Reform Programme (NUWSRP)
NUWSRP
SMALL TOWNS PROGRAMME
Small Towns Water Supply and
Sanitation Programme
STWSSP
MONITORING
AND
EVALUATION
RURAL WATER PROGRAMME
Fed. Ministry Programme
supported by UNICEF
FMWR/UNICEF
STATES
SWAs
STATE WATER
AGENCY
STATES
SPCU
COMMUNITY
CWA
PSP OPERATOR
INFORMAL SUPPLIERS
STATES
RWSSA
RIVER BASIN DEV. AUTH.
RBDA
UNDP
LGA
NGOs
COMMUNITY
O&M CONTRACTORS
VILLAGES
Proposed M&E data flow in Nigeria’s water sector
