Required ResourcesTextEpstein, L. (2014). Financial decision m.docx

Required Resources
Text
Epstein, L. (2014). Financial decision making: An introduction
to financial reports [Electronic version]. Retrieved from
https://content.ashford.edu/
· Chapter 3: The Income Statement
Article
Ford Motor Company. (2014). Ford Motor Company 2012
annual report (Links to an external site.). Retrieved from
http://corporate.ford.com/content/dam/corporate/en/investors/re
ports-and-filings/Annual%20Reports/2012-annual-report.pdf
Recommended Resources
Articles
Harper, D. (n.d.). Financial statements: Cash flow (Links to an
external
site.)https://corporate.ford.com/content/dam/corporate/en/invest
ors/reports-and-filings/Annual%20Reports/2012-annual-
report.pdf
. Investopedia. Retrieved from
http://www.investopedia.com/university/financialstatements/fin
ancialstatements3.asp
Harper, D. (n.d). Financial statements: Earnings (Links to an
external
site.)https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cashflowstatement.a
sp
http://www.investopedia.com/university/financialstatements/fin
ancialstatements4.asp
Loth, R. (2011, October). Understanding the income
statement (Links to an external
site.)https://www.investopedia.com/articles/04/022504.asp
http://www.investopedia.com/articles/04/022504.asp

Question 1 – 250 words
Referencing this week’s readings and lecture, address the
following:
· What are the two causes of an increasing or decreasing sales
number?
· Discuss all the reasons that might explain an increase or
decrease in gross profit.
Question 2- 250 words
Analyzing an Income Statement
Income statements are presented in the table below for the Elf
Corporation for the years ending December 31, 2010, 2009, and
2008. Write a one-paragraph analysis of Elf Corporation’s profit
performance for the period. Create a common-sized income
statement for the three years. What conclusions can you draw
from the different parts of the statement? What are the causes
and effects of Elf's performance for those three years?
Elf Corporation Income Statements for the Years Ending
December 31
(in millions)
2010
2009
2008
Sales
$700
$650
$550
Cost of goods sold
350
325
275
Gross profit
350
325
275

Operating Expenses:
Administrative
100
100
100
Advertising and marketing
50
75
75
Operating profit
$200
$150
$100
Interest expense
70
50
30
Earnings before tax
$130
$100
$ 70
Tax expense (50%)
65
50
35
Net income
$ 65
$ 50
$ 35
PAPER 2
Income Statement – Ford Motor Company

In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference
pages), explain the purpose of an income statement and how it
reflects the firm’s financial status. Include important points that
an analyst would use in assessing the financial condition of the
company. Also, analyze Ford Motor Company’s income
statement from its 2012 Annual Report (Links to an external
site.)https://corporate.ford.com/content/dam/corporate/en/invest
ors/reports-and-filings/Annual%20Reports/2012-annual-
report.pdf
Expository Writing
Week 4
Punctuation:
Commas
Punctuation: Commas Continued
Textbook (pp. 283-290)
Use Commas to Separate Independent (main) clauses when they
are joined by and, or, nor, but, for, yet, or so.
I find studying the English language interesting, but I do not
understand the confusing spelling rules.
Items in a Series or Coordinate Adjectives

In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use
a comma after each term except the last.
red, white, and blue (also acceptable: red, white and blue)
gold, silver, and copper (gold, silver and copper)
Commas separate more than one descriptive word describing the
same word.
The dog has short, coarse hair.
5
Introductory Elements/Transitional Words and Phrases
An Introductory dependent clause, verbal phrase, or
prepositional phrase is generally set off from the rest of the
sentence with a comma.
Examples
Transitional expressions
Often used to begin sentences, transitional expressions help the
reader follow a writer’s movement from point to point, showing
how one sentence is related to the next. (These are not always
used at the beginning of a sentence.)
Besides, it is summer.
Students, therefore, frequently complain about the amount of
homework assigned.
Setting off Nonessential Material
Restrictive clauses and words do not require commas.

Nonrestrictive words and clauses do.
NonrestrictiveRestrictiveSome dances, like the limbo, require
broomsticks or poles. A dance like the limbo requires a
broomstick or pole.One of my friends, Pat, goes to law
school.My friend Pat goes to law school.Snakes, which don’t
have fur, aren’t much fun to pet. Animals that have fur are fun
to pet.Do not use my hairbrush, unless you want to get lice.Do
not use a comma unless a pause is needed for clarity.
Restrictive elements define and limit a sentence. They must be
present for a sentence to retain its intended meaning.
Nonrestrictive elements, which are parenthetical, do not.
Notice that in each of the sentences with nonrestrictive
elements, the material contained in commas could be removed
without changing the sentence’s meaning.
7
Commas: Restrictive vs. Non-Restrictive
(Essential vs. Non-essential) Contd.
That is used to introduce restrictive clauses only – restrictive
clauses beginning with that will never be set off with commas
Daisy Miller bought a novel that was written by Henry James.
Use Commas to set off nonessential appositives. (An appositive
phrase restates, and thus clarifies or defines, the term next to
it.)
The owner, a self-made man, would not pay any player more
than $250,000 a year.

Commas Contd.
Parenthetical comments: Parenthetical comments interrupt the
flow of a sentence with a brief aside.
These are all indications, I think, of Jan’s drive for power.
The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time,
is to travel on foot.
Contrasting expressions: Contrasting expressions generally
come at the end of a sentence and are introduced by not, no, or
nothing.
Nick is the perfect example of a young, hungry manager trying
to climb to the top, not bothered by the feeling of others.
My uncle talked to me as if I were a person, not a child.
9
Necessary Commas vs. Unnecessary Commas
p. 289-290
Colons
Use a colon to indicate that an initial clause will be further
explained by the material that follows the colon.
The local government was famous for its inefficiency: the city
councilmen were always duplicating the work of the county
commissioners.
Use the colon to introduce a series of examples or a list of
items.
Many schools are organized in the following way: Grades 1-6,
Grades 7-9, and Grades 10-12.

Colons contd.
Do not use a colon between a preposition and its object.
Inappropriate: She has always thought highly of: Henry James,
Fyodor Dostoyevski, and Gustave Flaubert.
Do not use a colon after a verb, after the word that, or after the
expression such as.
Inappropriate: Emmett has always enjoyed: tennis, golf,
basketball, and handball.
Inappropriate: Jasmine enjoys some of America’s classics, such
as: The Dear Slayer, The Scarlet Letter, The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn, and Moby Dick.
Dashes
Use a pair of dashes to set off a parenthetical expression that
you want to emphasize.
New York, Los Angeles, and Denver – but not Phoenix – are all
acceptable convention sites.
Use a pair of dashes to set off a parenthetical element that
contains commas.
Four tragedies – Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, and Othello – are
generally considered Shakespeare’s best plays.
Use a dash between an introductory series and the main part of
the sentence that explains it.
Homer, Virgil, Dante, Shakespeare, Goethe – these were the
men who made up his list of the world’s greatest poets.
Use a dash to introduce a word or group of words that you want
to emphasize.
There is one thing Angelo enjoys more than eating – golf.

Faulty Predication
Faulty Predication
Faulty Predication occurs when the subject and the verb do not
make sense together.
To check for faulty predication, ask yourself if it's possible for
each subject to “do” or “be” the verb. If it's not possible, then
change your wording.
Logical Wording: Faulty Predication
Furthermore, the jobs offered to the town will seek to employ
only 240 residents in a town of roughly 1,300.
Anti- immigrant rhetoric continues to blame immigrants for the
continued economic slump.
The legalization of marijuana would release offenders that were
detained for selling/distributing marijuana and cutting expenses
in state prisons.
Almost everyone of these types of shows are engaging in sexual
intercourse in some way as if it is a daily exercise.
"Whether" Vs. "If"
The word "if" is often mistakenly used as a substitute for the
word "whether". Use the following rules to guide your word
choice:
Use "if" to express a condition.

You may borrow my car if you are careful with it.
Use "whether" to express alternatives.
She did not know whether to say yes or no.
SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
Subject – Verb Agreement
Use subjects and verbs that agree in person and number
The number of the subject determines the number of the verb: A
singular subject takes a singular verb, and a plural subject takes
a plural verb.
Agreement problems often occur when a sentence has a
complicated subject or verb, especially when the subject and
verb are separated by other words
The large amounts of money that are associated with sports
is/are not the problem.
(The plural subject amounts, requires a plural verb, are.)

Subject-Verb Agreement
Eating disorders have become a part of our culture and affects
people of all socioeconomic classes and both genders.
Having a baby is a life changing experience and any lessons to
help prepare for this change is beneficial for the parents and the
babies.
Special Rules
Make sure the subject and verb agree even if they are separated
by other words.
Support from a few foundations and federal agencies for
curriculum reform and collaborative research (have/has) added
significant resources to English and other disciplines.
21
Special Rules Contd.
Use a plural verb with a compound subject
Compound subject: Two or more words acting as a subject that
are linked by and
My pad and pencil are on the desk
Compound subjects sometimes cause problems when writers
invert the normal order, putting the verb before the subject.
Enclosed is [are] my application and a check for the fee.
Use a verb that agrees with a subject placed after it.

There seems [seem] to be at least one factual error and several
false assumptions in this report.
22
With subjects joined with or or nor make the verb agree with
the part of the subject nearer to the verb.
A driver’s license or credit card is/are required.
Neither the teacher nor the students was/were in the lab.
* Note: If one part of the subject is singular and the other is
plural, put the plural one last to avoid awkwardness.
23
Use a verb that agrees with the antecedent of the pronoun who,
which, or that.
Antecedent: The word or words that a pronoun replaces and to
which it refers
With the phrase one of the followed by a plural noun, use a verb
that agrees with the noun.
He is one of those actors who has [have] a brilliantly secure

technique and who never gets [get] anything but rave reviews.
24
Moving From a Research Problem/Question to a Tentative
Thesis
25
Introduction to Writing a Research Essay/Editorial
Goal: To learn to make well-reasoned arguments on
controversial issues and to think critically about our own as
well as others’ arguments
What arguing a position involves
It presents a controversial issue
It asserts a clear position on the issue
It argues for the position by presenting plausible reasons and
support
It anticipates readers’ objections and arguments, either by
conceding or refuting them
26

From Problems to Sources
What are you looking for in finding your sources?
You are looking for sources with data, arguments, and views
that either confirm your tentative thesis or give you reason to
reject it.
You are looking for sources that are reliable.
You are looking for sources that are current.
27
Finding Sources in the Library
Caution: using an internet search engine to start research on
your project is a bad way to find reliable sources
Begin your search with your library
Librarians
The library catalogues (www.loc.gov)
In the stacks
Online Databases
28
Finding Sources on the Internet
Printed sources are more reliable than almost any source on the
internet.
There are some situations in which you can use the information
you find on Internet sources reliably:

It is provided by a reliable journal or online publisher
It is in precisely the same form you would find in a library.
(Many government, civic, and business reports are released
simultaneously on the Internet and in print.)
It supplements print sources. Some journals use the internet to
archive data not included in articles, to disseminate illustrations
to expensive to print, or to host discussions between authors and
readers.
It is too recent to be found in libraries.
It is available only on the Internet. Many government and
academic databases are now available only online.
It is your primary source. What is posted on the Internet is
primary data about what people are thinking, the views of
specific groups, and so on.
29
Gathering Data Directly From People
Make sure your source knows what you are focusing on so they
will know what information will be most useful (give them your
three step formula)
Experts as sources of bibliography
People as primary sources
Bibliographical Trails
Example Journal

30
Preserving What You Find
Get a source journal
Record Complete Biographical Data
The author or authors’ name (s)
Book or journal title
Title of chapters, essays, or articles that you consulted within
the book or journal
Name of the publisher
Place of publication
Year of Publication
Volume and Issue Numbers (if applicable)
The page number where the information appeared.
General Principles for Note Taking
Put notes about different topics on different pages
On each sheet of notes record at the top the author, title, pages,
and keywords
Important: Clearly and unambiguously distinguish four kinds of
references
What you quote directly
What you paraphrase
What you summarize
What you write as your own thoughts
31
Writing an Annotated Bibliography
A bibliography is a list of sources relevant to a subject (or of

sources a writer has consulted while conducting research).
To annotate is to analyze, summarize or explain.
An annotated bibliography is a summary and evaluation of each
source used for research.
32
Annotated Bibliography
Guidelines
33
Logical Fallacies
Ad hominem: an attack on the character of a person rather than
her/his opinions or arguments
Straw Man: oversimplifies an opponent’s viewpoints and then
attacks the hollow argument
Research Essay Contd.: Counterargument
Importance of writing the voices of others into your text.

“Broadly speaking, Academic writing is argumentative writing,
and we believe that to argue well you need to do more than
assert your own position. You need to enter a conversation,
using what others say (or might say) as a launching pad or
sounding board for your own views.”
Example
“The characters in the Sopranos are very complex.”
“Some say that the Sopranos presents caricatures of Italian
Americans. However, the characters in the series are very
complex.”
Templates for Introducing a Counterargument
A number of sociologists have recently suggested that X’s work
has several fundamental problems.
In their recent work, Y and Z have offered harsh critiques of
______ .
Many Americans believe that ____________.
Many people assume that ________.
Of course some might object that _________. Although I
concede that ______, I still maintain that __________.
Formulating an Opinion
Identify and research an important issue
Formulate a reasoned opinion

Brainstorming
Topic
Relevance
Thesis
Supporting Arguments
Counterarguments
38
Research Essay Contd.
Suggested Structure
Introduction - The lead/relevance and committal statement
Background
Arguments for your thesis
Strongest argument against your thesis
Conclusion
39
Avoiding Plagiarism
Rules for avoiding plagiarism
Plagiarism and Common Knowledge
Self-plagiarism
Document and Citation Formats
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/

Academic Voice
Academic Voice
Most academic papers should be written in academic voice.
Academic voice tends to suppress the natural voice of the
author in an effort to focus the reader on the material instead of
the author's persona. Therefore, you write academic papers in
third person.
If you write in first person (I, we, etc.), the reader tends to
focus on the author.
If you write in second person (you), the reader tends to focus on
her/himself. I wrote this handout in second person because I am
addressing you – telling you to do something.
You want your reader to focus on the material about which you
are writing; therefore, your paper must be written in third
person (him, her, they, etc.).
Other general rules for academic writing include:
1. Avoid weak language (maybe, possibly, might); act like
you know what you are talking about (even if you do not).
2. Avoid contractions (can't, won't, etc.).
3. Avoid slang.
4. When writing about literature (literary analysis) use
present tense.
5. State your opinion as fact.
6. Avoid rhetorical questions.
7. Never start a paper with, "This paper is going to be
about…" or anything similar to that.
Inappropriate Shifts in Pronouns

Be consistent in your use of a pronoun.
Do not switch from singular forms to plural forms.
After one has written a paper they should take a break.
44
Shifts in Person/Number
One of the most common problems in writing comes with a shift
in person/number.
“I continue to teach these teenagers that despite the odds
against them, what they have been through, and their nationality
you can still overcome diversity in all areas and become
successful.”
“Like a serpent without its head, a gang will theoretically
become unstable when the people holding them together are
removed from power.”
“Everyone should try to read more because it can help with your
communication skills.”

45
Ambiguous Pronoun References
Common pronouns include I, you, he, she, it, we, they, her, him,
them, this, and that.
We use them instead of repeating nouns or ideas mentioned
earlier.
One of the most common writing problems occurs in sentences
that have unclear antecedents (the nouns that the pronoun refers
to).
46
Clear Pronoun References
Shirley called to say she would be glad to help decorate for the
party on Friday.
The movie’s humor was rather sophomoric, and it didn’t go over
well with most of the audience.
47
Unclear Pronoun References
We will now have a chance to find out if charter schools can
outperform public schools when efforts are made to improve
them.
During the 1960s, many American college students joined in
demonstrations against the Vietnam War; during the same
period many students also joined in civil rights demonstrations.

This fact surprised the media.
Before we can improve the access problems for students with
disabilities, we must learn where they are.
48
Indefinite Pronoun References
Indefinite pronoun references occurs in the following situations:
1. when a pronoun is used to refer to the object of a
prepositional phrase.
In the average television drama, it presents a false picture of
life.
In the directions, they said that the small box should be opened
last.
2. When a pronoun does not refer to a specific antecedent at all.
Public transportation makes it easy to get around the city.
An ambiguous pronoun reference occurs when it is not clear
what noun a pronoun refers to.
(Here, this refers to an implied concept that could be phrased
something like “the fact that she gave the Red Cross all her
money” rather to a specific noun.)
49
Practice

In the preface, it says why the author wrote the book.
It says in the book that Elizabeth was a great queen.
They say that The Impending Crisis is a good book.
Person Number:
Singular
Number:
Plural
First
I We
Second
You You (Pl)
Y’all
Third
He, she, it They
Person
Number: Singular
Number:
Plural
First
I

We
Second
You
You (Pl)
Y’all
Third
He, she, it
They
Research Paper Proposal Guidelines

Required ResourcesTextEpstein, L. (2014). Financial decision m.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Required ResourcesTextEpstein, L. (2014). Financial decision m.docx

Similar to Required ResourcesTextEpstein, L. (2014). Financial decision m.docx (20)

More from audeleypearl

More from audeleypearl (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Required ResourcesTextEpstein, L. (2014). Financial decision m.docx