4- (10 points) Solve the following recurrence relation using tree meth.pdf

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4. (10 points) Solve the following recurrence relation using tree method and obtain the big O complexity of T ( n ) . Show all the steps in your answer including a tree diagram. T ( n ) = 2 T ( n /2 ) + n.

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4 Task 2: Understanding the Vulnerable Program The vulnerable program used in this lab is called stack. c, which is in the code folder. This program has a buffer-overflow vulnerability, and your job is to exploit this vulnerability and gain the root privilege. The code listed below has some non-essential information removed, so it is slightly different from what you get from the lab setup file. Listing 2: The vulnerable program (stack. c) The above program has a buffer overflow vulnerability. It first reads an input from a file called badf ile, and then passes this input to another buffer in the function bof () . The original input can have a maximum length of 517 bytes, but the buffer in bof () is only BUF_SIZE bytes long, which is less than 517. Because strcpy () does not check boundaries, buffer overflow will occur. Since this program is a root- owned Set-UID program, if a normal user can exploit this buffer overflow vulnerability, the user might be able to get a root shell. It should be noted that the program gets its input from a file called badfile. This file is under users' control. Now, our objective is to create the contents for badfile, such that when the vulnerable program copies the contents into its buffer, a root shell can be spawned. Compilation. To compile the above vulnerable program, do not forget to turn off the StackGuard and the non-executable stack protections using the -fno-stack-protector and "-z execstack " options. After the compilation, we need to make the program a root-owned Set-UID program. We can achieve this by first change the ownership of the program to root (Line (1), and then change the permission to 4755 to enable the Set-UID bit (Line (2)). It should be noted that changing ownership must be done before turning on the Set-UID bit, because ownership change will cause the Set-UID bit to be turned off. The compilation and setup commands are already included in Makefile, so we just need to type make to execute those commands. The variables L1, ..., L4 are set in Makefile; they will be used during the compilation. We have chosen a different set of values for these variables, you need to change them in Makefile. The values are listed below: - L1: 100 - L2: 150 - L3: 200 - L4: 10 5 Task 3: Launching Attack on 32-bit Program (Level 1) 5.1 Investigation To exploit the buffer-overflow vulnerability in the target program, the most important thing to know is the distance between the buffer's starting position and the place where the return-address is stored. We will use a debugging method to find it out. Since we have the source code of the target program, we can compile it with the debugging flag turned on. That will make it more convenient to debug. We will add the g flag to gcc command, so debugging information is added to the binary. If you run make, the debugging version is already created. We will use gdb to debug stack-L1-dbg. We need to create a file called badfile before running the program. Note 1. When gdb .

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37. D Genetic and genomic research can have D) 1 social and environmental implications. Imagine that you are a journalist writing an article for the magazine Ethics in a Changing World. You have been asked to research and explain the social and environmental implications of current research related to genetics. Suggested topics include stem cell research for regenerative medicine, transgenic crops to reduce hunger, genetic screening for specific diseases, and reproductive cloning..

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36. The project management triangle is a simple communication model. What goes in the middle of the triangle? a. Cost b. Schedule c. Quality d. Objectives 37. Projects may have problems because of team members that are selected to work on the project. In other words, people are needed to make projects work, and sometimes certain people are better suited for individual work than project work. Group of answer choices True False 38. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a random listing of what must be done during a project. True False 39.The lowest level of the Work Breakdown Structure is time, in weekly buckets. True False 40. A __________ Diagram is a model used to visually show project activities and their sequential relationships by use of nodes and arrows. a. Project b. Triangle c. Network d. System .

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3. What is the most dangerous greenhouse gas that has been released in association with shifts in volcanic activity, leading to rapid and severe global warming? a) Oxygen b) Carbon dioxide c) Methane d) Water vapor 4. From the perspective of the causes of extinction, a reduction in the population of a species is... a) A biological factor b) An environmental change c) A discrete event d) None of the above 5. What is one reason that times of climatic warming are often associated with decreased oxygenation of the seafloor? a) Climatic warming is always associated with asteroid impacts, which results in obliteration of the asteroid into fine particles that absorb oxygen in the ocean b) Because warm water can hold less dissolved oxygen than cool water c) All times of rapid climatic warming are associated with a total loss of photosynthetic organisms d) None of the above 6. What is a major hazard associated with development of LIPs? a) Release of large amounts of SO 2 into the atmosphere, leading to widespread sulfuric acid rain b) Release of large amounts of CO 2 into the atmosphere, leading to climatic warming c) Release of large amounts of fine solid material (ash, dust, etc.) which can block out the sun and destabilize the food web d) All of the above are hazards associated with LIP development 7. Is there a universal cause for mass extinction events on our planet? a) Yes-rapid climatic cooling b) Yes - drops in oxygen levels in the ocean c) Yes asteroid impacts d) All of these have been proposed as universal causes of extinctions at some point, but their significance and roles, if any, vary from event to event.

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3.4 Regulation of miRNA availability miRNA genes are transcriptionally regulated just like any other gene, so their levels in the cell can be controlled through these routes. However, there is one additional way in which the availability of miRNAs within a cell can be regulated. This is through the hybridisation to competitive endogenous RNAs. These RNA chains appear to act as 'sponges', competing with target mRNAs within a cell for binding, and therefore acting as regulators for the effects of a miRNA (Figure 3.6). Figure 3.6 Endogenous RNAs, including circular RNAs, can serve as regulators of miRNAs through competitive binding. Competitive regulation of miRNAs in the cellular pool serves to regulate both the translation blocking effects of 3 UTR binding and the targeting of mRNAs for degradation. Schematic diagram to show how endogenous RNAs can regulate miRNAs through competitive binding. The blue background indicates the cytosol, mRNA are orange strands and the miRNAs are magenta. At the centre is a pool of 6 miRNAs shown, which can target mRNA for degradation (bottom) or bind the 3'UTR of mRNA to block translation of the mRNA (top right). However, this miRNA regulatory role is itself subject to regulation through competitive binding with endogenous RNAs such as the circular RNA pictured (top left). The miRNAs bound to circular RNA are not available to regulate the mRNA until they are released. One of the first well-characterised examples of this was provided by Hansen et al. (2013). These researchers identified a circular RNA chain called ciRS-7 in the mouse brain (see Figure 3.7a, left). The ciRS-7 RNA contains over 70 sites with sequence complementarity to miR 7 (Figure 3.7b). (b) View larger image Figure 3.7 The circular RNA ciRS-7 acts as a sponge, regulating the availability of miRNA miR-7. (a) Both are expressed in the same cells in the brain, as shown by similar patterns of brown staining in mouse brain sections. (b) ciRS-7 carries multiple target sites for miR-7, drawn here to represent the base conservation along ciRS-7 for each site complementary to miR 7 . for miR-7) acting as a sponge to regulate the availability of miRNA miR-7. a. Mouse brain sections stained with a probe to detect ciRS-7 (left) and miR-7 (right). Note the similar distribution of brown staining in both images indicating similar distribution patterns of both miRNA and ciRS-7 in the mouse brain sections (eg the ' C '-shaped brown staining in the hippocampus region; you can ignore the staining intensity differences between the two images in the cortex). b. The orange bar represents the gene for ciRS- 7 gene. Above it is a graph showing degree of similarity to the miR-7 RNA sequence. The taller the hight of the black block, the closer the match. Note that there are over 70 such conserved sites showing sequence complementarity to miR 7 . On the right hand site a dotted box shows the region enlarged (below the orange ciRS-7 RNA bar) which shows many black boxes co.

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