rural technology

1. Bangle Industry In India
PRESENTED BY : ARVIND KUMAR GUPTA (2017JID2539)
: NARENDRA KUMAR (2015CE10345)
RDL-701

2. Outline
 Overview of the Industry
 Tools & Raw material
 Process
 NBMS Model for Bangle Industry
 Challenges before the Industry
 Suggestions

3. Overview of the Industry
 Known in India since ages i.e. Statue of a Dancing Girl wearing Bangles found at
Mohenjo-daro i.e. 2500 B.C.
Major Centers of Production
 Moradabad (UP) – Largest producer of bangles in the World.
 Firozabad (UP-Glass city) – Largest producer of glass bangles in the World.
(accounts for 70% of the total glass production )
 Hyderabad – Largest Market for Bangles in India.
a) Daily Revenue = 30 lac
b) People Employed = 4000-10000, out of which 60% are women.

4. Continue……..
Bangle Making Process
Bangles can be made from
1. Metal
2. Plastic
3. Wood
4. Lac
5. Glass

5. Tools and Raw material
 Raw Material: Soda ash and silica are the main raw materials used in the
production of glass.
 Tank Furnace: The raw materials are melted in the furnace at a
temperature of about 1300 to 1400 C to obtain molten glass.
 Pakai Bhatti: The bangles are baked in a furnace called pakai bhatti
which smoothens the sharp edges and makes the bangles bright and
attractive.
 Belan/Spindle: Long steel rod that is rotated to draw glass melt into
spirals, which are then cut to make raw bangles.
 Zari: A glittering strip used to make patterns on the bangle.

6. Process
Tank Furnace
 First, a worker (known as the gulli-walla) uses a long iron pole to scoop out a glob of molten
glass from the pot furnace at a temperature of around 1300 °C.
 He gives the glob to a worker who gives it an appropriate shape. If necessary, he coats the
glass with a small quantity of colored block glass that is melted separately in a small
refractory container called tali Figure-1 Figure-2

7. Continue…..
Sekai Bhatti
 The shaped glob is then taken to the Sekai Bhatti which gives it a
roughly cylindrical shape by rotating the rod.
Figure-3

8. Continue……..
Shaping
Figure-4 Figure-5

9. Continue….
Belan Bhatti
 The still-soft cylindrical mass of glass, now cooled down to a temperature of
around 500 °C, is then taken to a furnace, the Belan Bhatti where it is rotated,
covered with thin filament of glass and cut at periodic intervals.
Figure-6
Figure-7

10. Continue…..
Cutting
 The spiral lengths of glass that get cut off at lengths are collected.
 The cut bangles are tied with strings into bunches. Each bunch contains
approximately 320 bangles, and is called a tora.
Figure-8

11. Continue…...
Joining
 The bangle bunches are then sent to household units for further
processing into ‘raw’ bangles.
Figure-9

12. Continue……
Decoration(Zari)
Figure-10

13. Continue…..
Final Product
Figure-11

14. NBMS Model for Bangle Industry
S-Level
 Raw material collection-Silica Sand, Soda ash, Dyes.
 Sieved, weighed and mixed.
M-Level
 Glass Melting in open pot furnaces (in Batch of 10-12)
 Shaping the glass ball using Mason’s patter
 Coloration
 Reheat
 Sekai and Belan Bhatti (rotating shaft arrangement).

15. Continue…..
B-Level
 Cutting-Diamond tip cutter.
 Pattern printing and finishing
 Bundling- in batches of 320, called TODA.
N-Level
 Marketing & Advertising
 Shipping & Exporting

16. Challenges before the Industry
 Largest employer of child labor in India.
 30-35% input cost is fuel, severely affected by price variability.
 Competition from China.
 Technology related to glass melting, forming and shaping has remained primitive.
 Only a handful of Indian companies manufacture soda ash- a key input for the
industry.
 The labourers work in hazardous conditions amid toxic fumes and unbearable
heat. Many of them develop serious ailments.
 lack of the availability of most modern technology, promotion and a lack of
product innovation/ variation.

17. Suggestions
 Some occupational and health hazard measures should be implemented in the
factory to avoid any kind of accident.
 Workers in the factory should wear face masks, gloves etc. for their own safety
and health benefits.
 If possible, more energy efficient techniques should be tried to bring in practice as
it will reduce the energy consumption of the industry and will maintain better
ambient and outside air temperature.
 Awareness about the basics of energy saving, safety and health concerns should be
made among the local masses.