2. Embryology
Major parts arise from mesoderm of embryo
Osteoprogenitor cells become differentiated into
osteoblasts
Surrounded by the bone matrix, osteoblasts becum
mature bone cells (osteocytes)
Vertebrae & ribs are 1st to form( 4th & 6th wk)
Buds of upper & lower limbs (5th wk)
Cartilagenous skeleton gets replaced by bone(8th
wk)
Primitive joint cavities develop (10th wk)
3. Anatomy
Endosteum (interfares
marrow space with
trabecular bone)
Central haversian
channel(surrounds the
blood vessels)
3rd envelope –
periosteum- blood
vessels from the
periosteum penetrate
the bone & connect
with the blood vessels
5. Physiology
Functions of bone:
Give rigid support to the spinal cord,extremities &
movable joints
They supply the points of attachment for locomotive
muscles
They protect the neural structures blood forming
elementsof the bone marrow
Bone undergoes 2 physiological processes:
Modelling & remodelling
6. Diagnostic criteria:
Sr. tests helps in assessing skeletal problems
CPK,SGOT,SGPT,LDH are elevated in muscular disease
WBC & Hb levels are elevated in traumatic injury
Bone marrow aspiration
Bone scan (scintigraphy)
Computerized axial tomography
Electromyography
Joint aspiration
Radiography
ESR
CRP
Blood culture
9. Common medical treatments
Traction
Explanation: application of a pulling force on an
extremity or body part
Indications: fracture reduction, dislocation,
correction of deformities
Nsg implications:
Ensure wt hang free
Maintain prescribed weights
Elevate head/foot of bed only with physical
order
Monitor for complications
10.
11. Casting – application of plaster or fiber glass
material to form a rigid material to immobilise a
body part
Indication: same
Nsg implications:
Assess frequently
Protect cast from moisture
Teach family how to care for cast at home
3) Splinting- temporary stiff support of injured
area
Indication- fracture reduction, immobilisation &
support of sprains
12. Nsg care in casts
1. Apply plastic wraps to the perineal area
2. Use a bedpan
3. Tuck 2 diapers
Nsg care in traction:
1. Pad bony prominences
2. Gently massage the back
13. 4) Fixation – surgical reduction of a fracure/skeletal
deformitywith an int/ext pin or fixation device
Indication: fracture,skeletal deformities
Nsg implications:
Assess for excess drainage
No additional care
5) Cold therapy- application of ice bags,commercial cold
packsor cold compress
Indication – in ac injuries for vasoconstriction, thereby
decreasing pain & swelling
Nsg implications:
Apply for 20 – 30 mins
Discontinue when numb
Place a towel
15. 6)Crutches- ambulatory devices that transfer body
weight from lower to upper extremities
Indication: whenever weight is contraindicated
Nsg implications:
Teach child appropraite ambulation
Top of crutch should reach 2 – 3 fingers below
the axillae
16.
17. 7) Orthotics, braces:- adaptive positioning devices
specially fitted for each child ( used to maintain
proper body allignment)
Indication- treat developmental dysplasia of the
hip,scoliosis
Nsg implications:
Provide frequent assessments
Cotton undergarments worn under the brace
Encourage family
19. 9)Physical therapy,occupational therapy-focusses
on attainment or improvement of gross motor
skills
Focusses on refinement of fine motor skills,feeding
,ADLs
Indication:
Promote developmental activities
Restore function after injury/surgery
Nsg implications:
Provide follow up
Ensure adequate communication
20. Club foot
Refers to the congenital deformities involving
the bones,muscles,ligaments & tendons of the
foot.
Club foot consists of:
Talipus varus
Talipus equinus
Cavus
Talipus calcanus
Talipus valgus
Talipus varus
24. Medical therapy
Treatment starts
with birth
Wear split casts –
“Denis
Browne splint
Passive exercises
Surgery if required
25. Nsg management
Family members need to know the cast care
Imporatnce of dennis browne splint
Not to change the angle of the shoes
Give daily passive exercises,schedule the specific
time
30. Nsg mgt
Correct application of diapers
& splints
Specific guidelines to be told for removal
Cast care to be explained
Prevent skin breakdown
Use of plastic drapes
Change wet diapers
Elevate 30 40 degrees
Keep a roll under the limb arch to dec stress on
the cast
32. Osteomyelitis
Bacterial infection of
the bone & marrow
caused by pathogens
Etiology:
Staphy aureus
Streptococcus
Incidence: bet 3 – 12
yrs
33. DE:
a) Elevated WBC,ESR,CRP
b) Positive blood cultures
c) Deep soft swelling(tissue) on X-Ray
d) Changes on ultrasound or CT scan
Medical therapy:
a) Antibiotics
b) Drainage of infected site
c) Immobilization – splint,cast,traction
34. Nursing management
Detailed history
Inspect extremity
Palpate
Maintain bed rest
Administer antipyretics
Skin care
Teach parents
Encourage use of unaffected extremities
35. Fracture
Trauma resulting in the break in the continuity
of the bone
Incidence:
40% boys & 25% girls suffer by age 16
Etiology:
Accidental trauma
Non – accidental trauma
Other disease process
36. Repair of a fracture;
a) Inflamatory phase
b) Reparative phase
c) Remodelling phase
DE:
a) X- Rays
b) CT scan
c) MRI
40. Nursing management:
a) Immobilise the limb
b) Use of cold therapy
c) Elevate the injured limb
d) Administer TT
e) Assess for 5 P’s – pain ,pulseness, pallor,
paresthesia, paralysis
f) Administer analgesics
g) Advise parents- preventing fracture, family
education
43. Polydactyly/syndactyly
Polydactyly – is the presence of extra digits on
the hand/foot
Syndactyly – is webbing of fingers /toes
Treatment –
a) Tying off the additional digit
b) Or surgical removal
c) No t/t for syndactyly
Management –
If tied – observe for necrosis of tissue.
44. Nursing diagnosis
1. Impaired physical related to
injury,pain,weaknessas evidenced by inability
to move an extremity or ambulate.
2. Risk for constipation related to immobility
3. Self care deficit related to immobility as
evidenced by inability to perform hygiene
care.
4. Risk for impaired skin integrity related to
immobility,casting,traction,use of braces
5. Risk for delayed devptrelated alteration in
extremities
46. Introduction - Skeletal Fluorosis in India & Its Relevance to the West -
Fluoride Action Network, May 2004
Included below are recent newspaper articles detailing the impact of
skeletal fluorosis in India.
Skeletal fluorosis is a bone disease caused by excessive consumption
of fluoride. In India, the most
common cause of fluorosis is fluoride-laden water derived from
borewells dug deep into the earth While fluorosis is most severe and
widespread in the two largest countries - India and China - UNICEF
estimates that "fluorosis is endemic in at least 25 countries across the
globe. The total number of people affected is not known, but a
conservative estimate would number in the tens of millions."
47. Common causes of fluorosis include: inhalation of fluoride dusts/fumes
by workers in industry, use of coal as an indoor
fuel source (a common practice in China), and consumption of fluoride
from drinking water.
In China, the World Health Organization recently estimated that 2.7
million people have the crippling form of skeletal fluorosis, while in
India, 17 of its 32 states have been identified as "endemic" areas, with
an estimated 66 million people at risk and 6 million people seriously
afflicted.
According to scientific surveys, skeletal fluorosis in India and China
occurs when the fluoride concentration in water exceeds 1 part per
million (ppm), and has been found to occur in communities with only
0.7 part per million (SOURCE: Singh 1961; Singh 1963; Jolly 1970;
Siddiqui 1970; Susheela 1993; Choubisa 1997; Xu 1997; Bo 2003).
The Chinese government now considers any water supply containing
over 1 ppm fluoride a risk for skeletal fluorosis (SOURCE: Bo 2003).