d) Total revenue - total expense – dividend = retained earnings130.pdf

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d) Total revenue - total expense – dividend = retained earnings 130500 – 71775 – retained earnings = 32625 additional investment = 26100 52200 -31320 = add invest Additional invest = 20880 Total stockholders equity = total assets – total liability = 126585 – 110925 =15660 Solution d) Total revenue - total expense – dividend = retained earnings 130500 – 71775 – retained earnings = 32625 additional investment = 26100 52200 -31320 = add invest Additional invest = 20880 Total stockholders equity = total assets – total liability = 126585 – 110925 =15660.

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1) The first abstract suggest that predator / prey relationship outcome of P.fiesteria and rhodomonas is determined by presence and absence of specific bacterium that is a alpha- proteobacterium which have sequence similarity with roseobactor species present in toxic dianoflagellete species. In the presence of this bacterial isolate consumption of rhodomonas is increase that ultimately leads to the growth of Pfiesteria. Molecular analysis of ameboied stages of toxic culture of clonal P. fiesteria species by verious research group suggested that P. fiesteria species differe in response to fresh fish mucus, algal prey and inorganic nutrient enrichment depending on funtional type or toxicity status. There are three functional type of P. fiesteria ToxA, ToxB, NonIND depending upon their toxicity in the presence of fish, zoospore production and attraction to fish excreta and mucus. So, this study suggest that Non IND strain should not used for research about environment control on toxic strain of P fiesteria species. Right environment condition (overencrichment of nutrient (N&P) - P. fiesteria exposed to large number of finfish- increase toxin production- distroy fish epidermis- once fish dead- reduce its toxin production- feeds on the fish either as zoospores or other forms Whenenvironment condition change- finfish few or low in number - P.fiesteria become nontoxic or dormant P. fiesteria also effect people learning and reading capacity and couse other symptoms who are very close to the contaminated water such as fishermen. P. fiesteria growth is controlled by temperature and water quality. 3) Production of toxin, toxic activity and attraction to fresh fish tissue and excreta are the responsed that activated by signal in variably toxic strains of P.fiesteria. 4) inorganic nutrient enrichment, presence of fresh fish and algal prey cause the development of three strains 5) development of toxicity in Pfiesteria is caused by presence of fresh fish tissue and excreta and its couse death of live fish. ToxA cause maximum killing have strong attraction to live fish whereas Tox B has intermediate effect, and Non IND has negligible effect becouse have low attraction to fresh fish and maximum zoospore production capacity. 2) THE symbiotic relationship of bacteria with Pfiesteria control its growth and consumption of rhodomonas so to increase consumption of itself P.fiesteria adopt a colonization with bacteria. Solution 1) The first abstract suggest that predator / prey relationship outcome of P.fiesteria and rhodomonas is determined by presence and absence of specific bacterium that is a alpha- proteobacterium which have sequence similarity with roseobactor species present in toxic dianoflagellete species. In the presence of this bacterial isolate consumption of rhodomonas is increase that ultimately leads to the growth of Pfiesteria. Molecular analysis of ameboied stages of toxic culture of clonal P. fiesteria species by verious research group suggested th.

1) The first abstract suggest that predator prey relationship outc.pdf

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Sodium bicarbonate (Na+HCO3- ) is mildly alkaline and it reacts withacids: H+ + HCO3- =H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which is unstable inwater and breaks down into water & Carbon Dioxide : H2CO3(aq) --> H2O(l) + CO2 (g) . Inan open container at atmospheric pressure, the CO2 escapes, so thereaction is irreversible. Alka Seltzer must contain some mildacid in solid form, maybe acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). When placed in water, the acid and bicarbonate react and fizz(CO2). Bicarbonate is useful in antacids for the same reason- stomach acid (HCl) reacts with the bicarbonate producing waterand carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide leaves (burp!) andonly water remains where there once was a strong acid. Solution Sodium bicarbonate (Na+HCO3- ) is mildly alkaline and it reacts withacids: H+ + HCO3- =H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which is unstable inwater and breaks down into water & Carbon Dioxide : H2CO3(aq) --> H2O(l) + CO2 (g) . Inan open container at atmospheric pressure, the CO2 escapes, so thereaction is irreversible. Alka Seltzer must contain some mildacid in solid form, maybe acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). When placed in water, the acid and bicarbonate react and fizz(CO2). Bicarbonate is useful in antacids for the same reason- stomach acid (HCl) reacts with the bicarbonate producing waterand carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide leaves (burp!) andonly water remains where there once was a strong acid..

Sodium bicarbonate (Na+HCO3- ) is mildly alkaline.pdf

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Multiplicity refers to the number of signals in the NMR spectrum that correspond to a single proton. A proton can be \"split\" by neighboring protons. This means that the nuclear spin of one proton causes the spin of another to resonate at different frequencies. In the simplest case, a proton with one neighbor shows up as a doublet (two peaks) instead of one single line. The multiplicity of a signal is simply the number of such lines that correspond to a single proton (or a single set of equivalent protons). Solution Multiplicity refers to the number of signals in the NMR spectrum that correspond to a single proton. A proton can be \"split\" by neighboring protons. This means that the nuclear spin of one proton causes the spin of another to resonate at different frequencies. In the simplest case, a proton with one neighbor shows up as a doublet (two peaks) instead of one single line. The multiplicity of a signal is simply the number of such lines that correspond to a single proton (or a single set of equivalent protons)..

Multiplicity refers to the number of signals in t.pdf

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Three major parts of brainstem are midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Pons is present between midbrain and medulla oblongata. Medulla controls breathing, blood pressure and heart rate. Pons has tracks for signals to transfer fron cerebellum to the cerebrum. Mid brain controls vision and hearing. The three major parts of diencephalon are thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus. Thalamus is the egg shaped structure. Hypothalamus is called the master gland. Pineal gland is part of epithalamus. Solution Three major parts of brainstem are midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Pons is present between midbrain and medulla oblongata. Medulla controls breathing, blood pressure and heart rate. Pons has tracks for signals to transfer fron cerebellum to the cerebrum. Mid brain controls vision and hearing. The three major parts of diencephalon are thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus. Thalamus is the egg shaped structure. Hypothalamus is called the master gland. Pineal gland is part of epithalamus..

Three major parts of brainstem are midbrain, pons and medulla oblong.pdf

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The question is a little unclear. Im going to guess that there are.pdf

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The future value of investment is calculated as follows Future value = Present value ( 1+ interest rate) n $ 18,205 = $ 4500 ( 1+r)10 ( 1+r)10 = 4.0456 r = 15% The annual rate of return to earn on this investment = 15% Solution The future value of investment is calculated as follows Future value = Present value ( 1+ interest rate) n $ 18,205 = $ 4500 ( 1+r)10 ( 1+r)10 = 4.0456 r = 15% The annual rate of return to earn on this investment = 15%.

The future value of investment is calculated as followsFuture valu.pdf

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The patient is susceptive to pneumococcal bacteremia while she was taking amoxicillin from starting. It is showing that patient has acquired an immunity against any bacteria; if the acquire immunity is coming from mother. May be her mother was treated against bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae for Diphtheria for that an immunity against the antibiotic penicillin or erythromycin may be developed in the bacterium. That can be happened by high dose or break of dose or long term dose. That resistivity for bacteria is retained in mother immune system; through suggesting penicillin or erythromycin as an antigen for body. Such immunity then carried through mother to her and now after some time even in normal doses the susceptibility has developed for pneumococcus bacterium in Wanda. Solution The patient is susceptive to pneumococcal bacteremia while she was taking amoxicillin from starting. It is showing that patient has acquired an immunity against any bacteria; if the acquire immunity is coming from mother. May be her mother was treated against bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae for Diphtheria for that an immunity against the antibiotic penicillin or erythromycin may be developed in the bacterium. That can be happened by high dose or break of dose or long term dose. That resistivity for bacteria is retained in mother immune system; through suggesting penicillin or erythromycin as an antigen for body. Such immunity then carried through mother to her and now after some time even in normal doses the susceptibility has developed for pneumococcus bacterium in Wanda..

The patient is susceptive to pneumococcal bacteremia while she was t.pdf

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The Enthalpy of fusion, or heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy resulting from the addition or removal of heat from 1 mol of substance to change its state from a solid to liquid ( i.e. MELTING process). It is also called the latent heat of fusion, and the temperature at which it occurs is called the Melting point. Solution The Enthalpy of fusion, or heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy resulting from the addition or removal of heat from 1 mol of substance to change its state from a solid to liquid ( i.e. MELTING process). It is also called the latent heat of fusion, and the temperature at which it occurs is called the Melting point..

The Enthalpy of fusion, or heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy .pdf

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//Tested on ubuntu,Linux #include #include #include #include //for getpid() #include //for wait /*Main function start*/ void main(int argc, char *argv[]) { pid_t pid;//storing process id int i; int status = 0; /*Start for loop*/ for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { pid=fork();//forking process if (pid == 0)// child process { /*Printing file name and process Id*/ printf(\"Filename: %s PID: %d\ \",argv[i],getpid()); return; }else{ pid = wait(&status);//waiting for child process to complete } }/*End for loop*/ printf(\"done!\ \"); } /*Main function End*/ /************output**************/ gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ gcc fork.c -o program2 gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ ./program2 *.c Filename: Calculator.c PID: 22742 Filename: char2dArray.c PID: 22743 Filename: client.c PID: 22744 Filename: commandLine.c PID: 22745 Filename: directory.c PID: 22746 Filename: dLinkedList.c PID: 22747 Filename: duplicateArrayRemove.c PID: 22748 Filename: fileReading.c PID: 22749 Filename: fork.c PID: 22750 Filename: hailstone.c PID: 22751 Filename: hello.c PID: 22752 Filename: interest.c PID: 22753 Filename: inventory.c PID: 22754 Filename: largeNumber.c PID: 22755 Filename: lscat.c PID: 22756 Filename: main.c PID: 22757 Filename: nestedLoop.c PID: 22758 Filename: Person.c PID: 22759 Filename: prime.c PID: 22760 Filename: railCiper.c PID: 22761 Filename: random.c PID: 22762 Filename: readFile.c PID: 22763 Filename: rollercoaster.c PID: 22764 Filename: server.c PID: 22765 Filename: simple-cat.c PID: 22766 Filename: simple-ls.c PID: 22767 Filename: sumRecursion.c PID: 22768 Filename: Tree.c PID: 22769 done! gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ ./program2 Person.c server.c Filename: Person.c PID: 22814 Filename: server.c PID: 22815 done! Thanks a lot Solution //Tested on ubuntu,Linux #include #include #include #include //for getpid() #include //for wait /*Main function start*/ void main(int argc, char *argv[]) { pid_t pid;//storing process id int i; int status = 0; /*Start for loop*/ for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { pid=fork();//forking process if (pid == 0)// child process { /*Printing file name and process Id*/ printf(\"Filename: %s PID: %d\ \",argv[i],getpid()); return; }else{ pid = wait(&status);//waiting for child process to complete } }/*End for loop*/ printf(\"done!\ \"); } /*Main function End*/ /************output**************/ gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ gcc fork.c -o program2 gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ ./program2 *.c Filename: Calculator.c PID: 22742 Filename: char2dArray.c PID: 22743 Filename: client.c PID: 22744 Filename: commandLine.c PID: 22745 Filename: directory.c PID: 22746 Filename: dLinkedList.c PID: 22747 Filename: duplicateArrayRemove.c PID: 22748 Filename: fileReading.c PID: 22749 Filename: fork.c PID: 22750 Filename: hailstone.c PID: 22751 Filename: hello.c PID: 22752 Filename: interest.c PID: 22753 Filename: inventory.c PID: 22754 Filename: largeNumber.c PID: 22755 Filename: lscat.c PID: 22756 Filename: main.c PID: 22757 Filename: nestedLoop.c PID: 22758 Filena.

Tested on ubuntu,Linux#include stdio.h #include string.h.pdf

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SRP: Signal recognition particle. The signal recognition particle (SRP) is an abundant, cytosolic, universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes (Walter, 1981). So this is notan example of a gated channel or membrane pore. So the option ( C ) is correct. Solution SRP: Signal recognition particle. The signal recognition particle (SRP) is an abundant, cytosolic, universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes (Walter, 1981). So this is notan example of a gated channel or membrane pore. So the option ( C ) is correct..

SRP Signal recognition particle. The signal recognition particle (S.pdf

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Some of the various financial position found in most hotels are: Recording Revenue- In the hospitality industry, revenue recognition is fairly straightforward. For both restaurants and hotels, revenue is earned when the meal or the hotel stay occurs. It is important to note that reservations often include a deposit for the first night\'s stay. As this deposit has not yet been earned, these deposits are not revenue yet. Payments received for deposits are considered deferred revenue until they are earned. Costs of Sales- Major costs in the hospitality industry include costs of food and labor. Food costs, depending on the type of restaurant or resort, can be nearly half of a company\'s expenses. Costs of sales should be recorded in line with revenue recognized. For example, if a company serves 2,500 hamburgers in August that cost the company $4,000 and recognized $10,000 in revenue in August, then the cost of the hamburgers should be recognized in August as well. This entry would be recorded as a debit to cash and a credit to revenue for $10,000, as well as a debit to cost of sales and a credit to inventory for $4,000. Food that was unprepared as of the end of the month remains in inventory on the balance sheet. Operating Expenses- Non-guest and patron costs of the company are reflected in the company\'s operating expense accounts. When operating costs are incurred the company will make a debit to operating expenses and a credit to cash or accounts payable, depending on whether the purchase was made via cash or credit, respectively. Common operating expenses in the hospitality industry are rent, insurance and non-client service salary expenses. Capital Purchases- Serving meals or taking care of hotel guests usually requires a fair amount of equipment. Industrial linen washers, stove tops, mixers and computers are all viewed as capital expenditures. These items, which benefit more than one accounting period, are recorded with a debit to fixed assets and a credit to cash at the time of purchase. Over the useful life of the equipment the item is depreciated. Depreciation entries are made with a debit to depreciation expense and a credit to accumulated depreciation. The accumulated depreciation and the fixed asset account offset each other on the company\'s financial statements, so the equipments\' value is always reported as cost less accumulated depreciation. accounting division -the hotel division responsible for keeping track of the many business transactions that occur in the hotel and managing the hotel\'s finances. assets - resources available for use by a business, i.e, anything owned by the business that has monetary value average daily rate (ADR) - a key rooms department operating ration: rooms revenue divided by number of rooms sold, Also called average room rate balance sheet - a financial statement that provide information on the financial position of a hotel by showing its assets, liabilities and equity on a given date capture rate - T.

Some of the various financial position found in most hotels areRe.pdf

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Retroactive interference: when you learn some new things this memory sometimes makes you to forget you old memories. Same like in the above case, after seeing the criminals directly they forgot the criminals they have seen in mugshots. Solution Retroactive interference: when you learn some new things this memory sometimes makes you to forget you old memories. Same like in the above case, after seeing the criminals directly they forgot the criminals they have seen in mugshots..

Retroactive interference when you learn some new things this memory.pdf

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Ques-7: Viruses contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic material, and they reproduce in the host cells. Bacteriophage is a type of virus that can infect bacteria and inject its genome into the host, the bacteria then produces dozens of viral lineages. Retrovirus such as HIV (human immune deficiency virus) reproduces in a different way, as they contain reverse transcriptase enzyme. In this, a complementary DNA is transcribed from the RNA genome, and it is called as DNA provirus. The rate of evolution in RNA-based viruses (microcosm), like HIV-1 has million times higher mutation rate when compared to that of DNA-based organisms (bacteria humans etc). It can rapidly changes its genome components under biological conditions to acquire adaptations for survival (resistance against drugs, immune components) in the biological host cell medium compared to the DNA based organisms in which lower rate of evolutionary adaptations were observed. This property of high genomic mutation rate in HIV-1 retrovirus is due to the following mechanisms. Viral genome transcribe via reverse transcription finally proved HIV-1 mRNA (after splicing) with Rev 350 nucleotide sequences. These Rev produced once the viral mRNA transferred to the cytoplasm from the nucleus for translation. Virulence is the factor of causing extensive damage to the host cell and infecting new host cell in which pathogen is going to undergo extensive rate of reproduction & phase variation along with genome modification to defend host immune system. This is the main basis of evolution and an example ahs described below. Several mutated viral lineages are produced due to the nucleotide integration into the host cells & change their genome finally code for the enzymatic proteins such as reverse transcriptase, ribonuclease, and integrase in order to promote severe multiplication of integrated host genome with viral protein predominanlty result in several lineages (multiple capies of virions). For example: Viral evolution mechanism with new genome & producetion of several viral lineages 1. After viral particle entry, viral genome integrates into the host cell genome and replicate followed by expression. Later the novel synthesized viral proteins are going to be transported to specific sites for assembly into progeny virus thereby-----> more assembly/progeny 2. Even though viral assembly is going to takes place in the host cell plasma membrane, but a variety of viral genomes initiate assembly in intracellular organelles or nucleus predominantly. Thereby further particle/plaque forming units associate with exocytosis of the viral and host cell integrated genome after lysis. Finally again mature viral lineages are going to target new cells. Reverse transcriptase induced complementary DNA synthesis followed by mRNA synthesis for viral protein -coding repoitre. This enzyme enables to produce more viral genome particle by integrating into the host cell followed by vir.

Ques-7Viruses contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonuc.pdf

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public static ArrayList removeDuplicates(ArrayList list){ ArrayList newList = new ArrayList(); for(E x : list){ // iterating over list if(!newList.contains(x)) // if current element of list is not in newList, then add it to newList newList.add(x); } return newList; } Solution public static ArrayList removeDuplicates(ArrayList list){ ArrayList newList = new ArrayList(); for(E x : list){ // iterating over list if(!newList.contains(x)) // if current element of list is not in newList, then add it to newList newList.add(x); } return newList; }.

public static E ArrayListE removeDuplicates(ArrayListE list){.pdf

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Molality = m = 0.115m Freezing point depression constant of water = Kf = 1.86 oC/m Freezing point depression = Tf = Kf x m = 1.86 x 0.115 = 0.214 oC Freezing point of solution = freezing point of water - Tf = 0.000 - 0.214 = -0.214oC Solution Molality = m = 0.115m Freezing point depression constant of water = Kf = 1.86 oC/m Freezing point depression = Tf = Kf x m = 1.86 x 0.115 = 0.214 oC Freezing point of solution = freezing point of water - Tf = 0.000 - 0.214 = -0.214oC.

Molality = m = 0.115mFreezing point depression constant of water =.pdf

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Income statement: This is the financial statement of a company which shows all the revenues earned and expenses incurred by the company over a period of time. Statement of Cash Flows: This is one of the basic financial statements which shows the changes in cash flow from operating, investing, and financing activities of a business. Differences: Cash flow statement records only cash items but income statement records both cash and non- cash items like depreciation and amortization. Cash flow statement shows the exact cash generated from the activities of the business and so it is regarded as the statement which shows the sharp image of the company. Cash from Operating Activities : Thes activites show the amount of cash generated from day-to- day business operations. Cash from Investing Activities: These activities show the amount of cash used for investing purposes like assets, or cash received or paid from the sale of other businesses, equipment, or other long-term assets. Cash from Financing Activities: These activities show the amount of cash paid or received from financing sactivites from issuing and borrowing of financial instruments and dividends paid. Solution Income statement: This is the financial statement of a company which shows all the revenues earned and expenses incurred by the company over a period of time. Statement of Cash Flows: This is one of the basic financial statements which shows the changes in cash flow from operating, investing, and financing activities of a business. Differences: Cash flow statement records only cash items but income statement records both cash and non- cash items like depreciation and amortization. Cash flow statement shows the exact cash generated from the activities of the business and so it is regarded as the statement which shows the sharp image of the company. Cash from Operating Activities : Thes activites show the amount of cash generated from day-to- day business operations. Cash from Investing Activities: These activities show the amount of cash used for investing purposes like assets, or cash received or paid from the sale of other businesses, equipment, or other long-term assets. Cash from Financing Activities: These activities show the amount of cash paid or received from financing sactivites from issuing and borrowing of financial instruments and dividends paid..

Income statement This is the financial statement of a company which.pdf

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A. Methanol is not soluble in water and therefore.pdf

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Explanation:The files into which we are writing the date area called as output files.If we want to write the result of the program in the user required format we can write in these files. 2.2) When storing and retrieving data, a sequential access file is much like a VCR tapes In floppy disks and hard disks data retrieval and storing will be done in Random wise.But this is not possible in case of VCR tapes.this is the disadvante of this.That why now a days we are using hard disks to store data. 3.3) If you want to add data to an new file, what is the correct operation to perform? Ans) create a file 4.4) To create an output file object, you would use what kind of type? Ans)ofstream Syntax: ofstream myfile; myfile.open (\"D:\\\\bankbal.txt\"); 5.5) What do the following statements accomplish? ofstream theFile; theFile.open( myFile.txt , ios::app); Ans) Opens myFile in append mode ios::app – If we opened a file in this mode,If any content we are writing will be appended to the end of the file.I.e the new content we are wrinting will be appended to the end of the already existing content. 6.6) When a file is opened in output mode, the file pointer is positioned at the beginning of the file. For input file and output file the pointer will we positioned at the beginning of the file only. 7.7) The is_open function returns what kind of data type? Ans)bool If(myfile.is_open) we use this to check whether the file opened successfully or not. 8.8) In general, which of the following contains the least amount of data? Ans)byte We can store only a single character or single number or single symbol in this byte.like ‘a’,7,# 9.9) To use an output file, the program must include fstream Explanation: If we want to use either an input file or an output file we have to include fstream.h header file. Like #include 10.10) Which of the following is not true about files? Ans) istream, ostream, and iostream are derived from ifstream, ofstream, and fstream, respectively. 11.11) Compare and contrast the mode operators ios::in, ios::app, and ios::out. Provide a C++ code segment that illustrates the use of these mode operators. Ans) To open a file we have to use this member function. As a first argument we have to supply the filename. As a second argument we can supply the mode of opening the file.this is an optional parameter. Syntax: open(filename,mode); ios::in – if we want to read the data from the file we have to use this mode.This is used for input operations. Code: ifstream file; file.open(\"D:\\\\bank.txt\"); or file.open(\"D:\\\\bank.txt\",ios::in); here we are trying to read the data from the file named bank.txt which is available in D drive.Here we didn’t specify the mode here.By default the file will be opened in ios::in mode ios::out - if we want to write the data from to a file we have to use this mode.This is used for output operations. Code: ofstream myfile; myfile.open (\"D:\\\\bankbal.txt\"); or myfile.open (\"D:\\\\bankbal.txt\", ios::out); myfile <<”Hell.

ExplanationThe files into which we are writing the date area called.pdf

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E.coli is the most suitable host for developing a pure phage culture. Phages infect the hosts cellular machinery , multiply and lyse the cell to infect other healthy cells. Pure culture is prepared by isolating them from natural sources. Next Steps involved are enrichment , filtaration and bacteriophage titration . It is followed by plaque assy and broth clearing assay. Solution E.coli is the most suitable host for developing a pure phage culture. Phages infect the hosts cellular machinery , multiply and lyse the cell to infect other healthy cells. Pure culture is prepared by isolating them from natural sources. Next Steps involved are enrichment , filtaration and bacteriophage titration . It is followed by plaque assy and broth clearing assay..

E.coli is the most suitable host for developing a pure phage culture.pdf

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Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the synthesis of ATP from ADP take place. Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes . 1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses potential energy to form ATP . 2) ATP/ADP transporter - the transport of ATP/ADP across inner membrane is done by an integral membrane protein . The translocase play important role of the ATP/ADP transport. The Adenine nucleotide translocator transports one molecule of ADP into mitochondria in exchange of one molecule of ATP transferred from mitochondria to cytosol because ATP carries more negative charge than ADP. 3) entry of protein - the energy given to the electrons of the reduced co enzyme NADH and succinate by TCA cycle is transferred in small steps in the inner membrane of the mitochondria through a chain of five complexes. Complex i (NADH- CO enzyme Q Oxidoreductase), complex ii (succinate - Q oxidoreductase), complex iii( Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase ), complex Iv ( cytochrome c oxidase) , ATP synthase. these protein transport the proton and uses the energy to complete the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Solution Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the synthesis of ATP from ADP take place. Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes . 1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses potential energy to form ATP . 2) ATP/ADP transporter - th.

Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive f.pdf

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