Administrative Segregation Debate

Importance Of Administrative Segregation
The Inconclusiveness of Administrative Segregation
Throughout the United States administrative segregation is a predominate tool that continues to exist in American Corrections. While, administrative
segregation is common in American Corrections, there is much debate behind its use, the cost, the effects, on both intimates, corrections employees
and, the public, are all involved in these debates. The debates lead to research studies that, in return contradict one another thus, causing more
confusion, debate, and uncertainty, for the future of administrative segregation in the United States. The following paper deliberates the many findings
and results from the articles of Ahalt et al. and Frost, Natasha A. & Monteiro, Carlos E. in comparison to the results found in the documentary video
Inside Solitary Confinement by the National Geographic Explorer.
Let Us Agree to Disagree
Upon reading the above–mentioned articles and watching the documentary, it is highly visible that throughout the United States there are many terms
for administrative segregation. The lack of uniformness in terminology, causes difficulties with concise understanding and in return, the findings of
research efforts often contradict one another. (Riveland, 1999.) Administrative segregation and solitary confinement remain interchangeable amongst
one another. Due to this interchanging, administrative segregation and solitary confinement and other forms of segregation like, disciplinary
segregation show,
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The Defense Of Homeland Security
An incredibly long 13 years has passes since the Department of Homeland Security has stood up and began the ultra important job of protecting the
United States from both state and non–state sponsored threats. There have also been great strides made to protect the U.S. from insider threats as well.
The monumental effort it took to synergize all 22 agencies with inherently different jobs into one living breathing unit took significant patience and
forethought. There has been and will continue to be heated debates on protecting civil liberties while guarding citizens from both terrorists and natural
disasters. Can there be a balance of maintaining civil liberties and securing the airports, borders, and cities from another 9/11? Has there been a
significant improvement in how different agencies break through the bureaucracy and come together to share information? There has indeed been a
substantial improvement to how 22 agencies across the government provide security for all Americans. In response to the attacks on 9/11 the
PATRIOT act was passed. (Congressional Digest 2004, 258) The PATRIOT act provided, in many ways like the creation of Department of Homeland
Security (DHS), sweeping changes across the government. The PATRIOT act allowed law enforcement unprecedented latitude to identify, prosecute,
and ultimately stop terrorists from harming Americans. There were three broad areas where the act gave the agencies tracking terrorists more help.
(Congressional Digest 2004,

American Military Veterans
The men and women who serve our country risk their lives every single day to protect their country and the people in it. Out of all sacrifices one
could make, going to war to protect their country is the largest offering a human will ever be able to make. It is not of monetary value that these
sacrifices are paid, but rather in blood. And if these soldiers are able to come home, treatment is less than mediocre. A census report shows, "There
[is] 21.8 million veterans of the U.S. armed forces as of 2014" (Risen). With that large of a number of people to take care of, it is not always easy to
help everyone. In continuation, only 8.3 million veterans are receiving veterans affairs benefits and care ("By the Numbers: Veterans"). The amount...
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As CBS wrote, "The Government Accountability Office reported on evidence of VA wait time failures as far back as 2000. The Office of the
Inspector General at the VA reported the same problem multiple times over the past decade" (Hagel). Since then, hospitals have received little
funding to help with the treatment of veterans. Hospitals have received funding, but the money has only gone to employees of VA Hospitals, in an
effort to keep them from leaving. USA Today reported that, "The Department of Veterans Affairs [doles] out more than $142 million in bonuses to
executives and employees for performance...even as scandals over veterans' health care and other issues [rack] the agency" (Slack and Theobald).
These bonuses were designed to prevent employees from leaving the VA Hospitals, but it also rewarded them for hiding the fact they were
backlogged by the amount of applications. In the, "Monday Morning Workload Report, the backlog of new and reopened disability claims stands at
711,775" (Reno). These numbers are way too high by any person's standards for efficient health care. They risk their lives and all they get is mediocre
care that is sometimes

Summary: The Government Accountability Office
The Government Accountability Office has pointed out that the important part of effective risk management is a challenge for Congress and the
administration. Risk management is a strategic process in helping policy–makers to make decisions about assessing risk, and having limited allocating
resources in taking action under conditions of uncertainty (GAO, 2008). However, with the policy–makers recognizing risk management, it helps them
to make decisions, while Congress and the administration have charged federal agencies to use a risk–based move to prioritize resource investments. In
addition, the federal agencies often do not have enough comprehensive risk management strategies that merge well with the program, budget, and
investment decisions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
S. Department of Homeland Security Jeh Charles Johnson submitted a strategic plan for the fiscal years 2014–2018 to fulfill the GPRA Modernization
Act of 2010. Moreover, the 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review, the Strategic Plan FY 14–18 provides a method foundation for the
Department's Unity of Effort Initiative (QHSR, 2014–2018). With Unity of Effort in DHS, it is related to building important linkages between the
department's programming, budgeting, and execution processes to make sure the department invests and operates in a cohesive manner and make
decisions to drive the strategic guidance to results. In the unity of effort the department has many strengths that include skills, dedication of its people
and professionalism that has a rich history and leads its tradition of components to many successes over relatively the short life of the department.
(QHSR,

Transformational Leadership
As the newly appointed interim City Treasurer for the City of Norfolk, the rebuilding of the department would be a daunting but necessary task, which
would entail: reclaiming of employee morale and the reestablishment of the public's trust. The following outline provides proposals for the
reorganization of the Office of the Treasurer; it also specifies intentions to further develop leadership, communication, accountability, transparency, and
motivation. Altogether the organizational concepts will additionally demonstrate respect for the department's organizational culture. Furthermore, as
the interim City Treasurer, it would be necessary first to understand the outlined roles and duties of a City Treasurer. Furthermore, both formal and
informal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, one consequence of this organization is that it also incorporates the concept of self–interests, especially when running for election every four
years is a motive of the Treasurer. This issue of separation between elected politicians and administrators leads to inefficient performance. Furthermore,
this is a result of the inevitable political culture of governmental agencies that dilutes the ultimate objectives of these agencies. It would be more
appropriate to have a removal of political connections from the Office of the Treasurer and shift the organizational culture and mentality towards public
administration, where there is greater strive for public duty and accountability. The leader has the potential to help establish organizational culture, and
politically–motivated individuals may not be suitable for the role of

A Report On Lockheed Martin Corporation 's Protest Over...
As a result of conflicting requirements from the Services and unforeseen excess of the Average Unit Manufacturing Cost, the JLTV program was
threatened to its termination during its development. The protection, configurations, payload, weight and reliability requirements were changed during
the process that were considered to be uncommon compared to the other programs. For example, "DOD had planned to award two contracts for the
EMD phase, which was scheduled to last 24 months, but instead opted for a 48–month–long EMD phase before awarding Production and Deployment
contracts in the second quarter of FY2016." It is notable that as a result of Lockheed Martin Corporation's protest over the TD contract awards, JLTV
program was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Government Accountability Office's (GAO's) March 2016 Assessments of Major Weapons Programs, "for a JLTV procurement
quantity of 54,408 vehicles, GAO estimates that a total of $23 billion would be required to complete the program, including $210 million for RDT&E
and $22.8 billion for Procurement."
On the other hand, during the early TD phase, the Army estimated that each JLTV would cost $418,000–almost 70% higher than the target cost of
$250,000 per vehicle. By 2011, it was estimated to JLTV will cost around $320,000 per vehicle. Simply, if additional requirements are added, for
example, number of vehicles are increased or decreased, costs would be obviously changed. Furthermore, another factor to JLTV affordability would
be DoD budget for the unpredictable future, particularly in VUCA environment. Based on GAO budget estimation in the early phase of program, and
current status of JLTV cost, it can be said that JLTV program affordability appears to be questionable. Nevertheless, JLTV program's affordability can
be evaluated or determined in diverse contexts depending on the circumstances.
It is noteworthy that, though, there are numerous changes and challenges as previously stated that considered to be program risks to JLTV program,
well timed, the systematic adjustment through sound decision and mutual understanding eventually enabled mitigation of program risk and drive down

Essay On Data Breach
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (FISMA) were established to
provide a set of standards, guidelines to assist all federal agencies in executing the FISMA and to assist in managing cost–effective programs to protect
organization's information and information systems. NIST founded on March 03, 1901 and now headquartered Gaithersburg, Maryland. Founded by
U.S. Congress, NIST was established to impose general measurement standards laboratory; it is a non–regulatory agency of the United States
Department of Commerce. The fledgling agency quickly assembled standards for electricity, length and mass, temperature, light, and time, and created
a system to transfer those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was noted that the OPM has all but ignored warnings from government auditors from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) and other internal
auditors regarding vulnerabilities (Hirschfeld–Davis, 2015).
Compliance The inspector general's office submitted a report on OPM in November 2014, in the report it states that OPM was not in compliance with
Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) 2002. This report suggests that OPM only met 75% of FISMA 2002 regulations. It was also
noted that "several information security agreements between OPM and contractor–operated information systems have expired" (Gallagher, 2015). The
federal government is required to comply with the E–Government Act of 2002 which state that government agencies must protect privacy, and
administer Privacy Impact Assessments (PIA's). E–Government Act of 2002 is an act to enhance the management and promotion of electronic
Government services and processes by establishing a Federal Chief Information Officer within the Office of Management and Budget, and by
establishing a broad framework of measures that require using Internet–based information technology to enhance citizen access to Government
information and services, and for other purposes (Public Law 107–347– E–Government Act of 2002, 2016). The Clinger–Cohen Act of 1996 also
known as The Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996, is designed to

The Government Accountability Office : A Challenge For The...
The Government Accountability Office has pointed out that the important practice of effective risk management is a challenge for the Congress and
the administration. Risk management is a strategic process of helping policymakers to make decisions about assessing risk, and having limited
allocating resources in taking actions under conditions of uncertainty (GAO, 2008). However, with the policymakers recognizing the risk management,
it helps them to make informed decisions, while Congress and the administration have charged federal agencies to use a risk–based move to prioritize
resource investments. In addition, the federal agencies often do not have enough comprehensive risk management strategies that merge well with the
program, budget, and investment decisions (GAO, 2008). Between combing the approach of risk management, the process of decision–making is very
difficult for any organization. In addition, it has been reported that the GAO says it is particularly difficult for the Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) to be given its diverse set of responsibilities. Homeland Security is responsible though for all hazards in the homeland security risk from
natural disasters, industrial, and terrorist attacks. Experts have provided the history of natural disasters with the extensive historical data used to assess
risks (GAO, 2008). However, to compare the data about terrorist attacks those are comparatively limited with both sides and are adaptive nature of our
enemies

The Long Period Of Unemployment Rates Among Older Workers
The title of the report is "Unemployed Older Workers: Many Face Long–Term Joblessness and Reduced Retirement Security" and was published on
May 15, 2012. The main focus of this report is to address the long period of unemployment rates among older workers. The unemployment rates of all
American workers have dramatically increased during the recent recession between 2007–2009, especially in older workers. Researchers associated
these unemployment rates of older workers to the longer job tenure that older workers tend to have and the low possibility of younger workers being
laid off. The GAO discovered that both the focus group participants and many experts believe that employers tend to be reluctant when hiring older
worker which proposes... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The GAO helps to improve the performance of the Congress and ensure the accountability of the federal government establishes benefits for the
American people by providing "objective, fact–based, nonpartisan, nonideological, fair, and balanced" timely information to Congress.
Exercise 2 On the Stateline website, one of the top news reports is "U.S. Supreme Court Sides with Small Businesses on Credit Card Fees" which was
published on March 29, 2017.This article discusses the small business victory of ordering a lower court to review the start laws that bans merchants
for telling customers that the "credit card surcharge" is the higher price they charge credit customers. Small businesses claimed that laws like these
(regulating credit charge surcharge) violated their freedom of speech in which the Justices agreed. Therefore, this case was sent back to the "New
York–based 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals" to analysis the issue on the basis of speech, not price regulation. Currently, retailers need to pay fees to
credit card companies when customers using their credit cards. Chief Justice John Roberts stated that the law "did not regulate pricing" but focuses on
the businesses to post the higher credit card price. Currently, in California, some agendas items include how the legal concept of

The Government Accountability Office Is A Challenge For...
The Government Accountability Office has pointed out that the important practice of effective risk management is a challenge for the Congress and
the administration. Risk management is a strategic process in helping policymakers to make decisions about assessing risk, and having limited
allocating resources in taking action under conditions of uncertainty (GAO, 2008). However, with the policymakers recognizing the risk management, it
helps them to make informed decisions, while Congress and the administration have charged federal agencies to use a risk–based move to prioritize
resource investments. In addition, the federal agencies often do not have enough comprehensive risk management strategies that merge well with the
program, budget, and investment decisions (GAO, 2008). Between combing the approach of risk management, the process of decision–making is very
difficult for any organization. In addition, it has been reported that the GAO says it is particularly difficult for the Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) to be given its diverse set of responsibilities. Homeland Security is responsible though for all hazards in the homeland security risk from
natural disasters, industrial, and terrorist attacks. Experts have provided the history of natural disasters with the extensive historical data used to assess
risks (GAO, 2008). However, to compare the data about those terrorist attacks are comparatively limited with both sides and are adaptive nature of our
enemies

Community Benefit Analysis on Federal Tax-Exemption for...
Federal tax–exemption for charitable organizations has been in existence since the beginning of federal income tax law. This exemption is based on
the principle that the federal government's loss of tax revenue is equivalent to the relief of financial burdens charitable organizations provide that
would otherwise have to be supported by public funds. Nonprofit hospitals are able to qualify for federal tax–exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the
Internal Revenue Code because the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has recognized the promotion of health for the benefit of the community, where
medical assistance is afforded to the poor or where medical research is promoted, as a charitable purpose. (U.S. Government Accountability Office,
2008) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1969, the IRS established broader standards for nonprofit hospital tax–exemption status based on the extent to which these hospitals provide
community benefit to the communities they serve. (Somerville, 2012) From 1969 to the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care
Act (ACA) in 2010, there were some attempts to change this policy, however these attempts largely failed. Prior to the implementation of the ACA,
community benefit activities included providing free and discounted care to uninsured and low–income patients, reimbursement shortfalls associated
with participation in Medicaid programs, activities to promote population health improvement, programs to increase access to care, medical research,
training for health professionals, and other contributions that benefit the hospital's community. Under the ACA, additional requirements were
established for hospitals to be qualified as tax–exempt including conducting a community health needs assessment at least every 3 years and develop
an implementation strategy to address the needs identified by the assessment, adopting and publicizing a written financial assistance policy, and
limiting charges, billing, and debt collection practices directed to individuals who qualify for financial assistance. (The Hilltop Institute, 2013b) While
the IRS

Guarino Interview
To gain more insight on who and what an Alliance Manager (AM) is I was able to get in contact with Guarino Gentil Junior, a Regional Alliance
Management Head in Brazil for Mereck. Fortunately, I was able to contact him through email for a phone interview. He was very kind and
informative for my interview and allowed me to sharpen my awareness as to what his role is. Guarino has earned two master degrees in business and
is Certification of Achievement–Alliance Management (CA–AM) certified. Guarino has worked for Merck for nine years, the majority of his
professional career, progressing up to his current role. He started in business intelligence, where he was evaluating the market and scoping out
possible suitors for a partnership. Then he moved over to business development creating new agreements for growth. After some time he was
promoted to be the Latin America Regional AM and was for the last three months. During my interview I discovered Guarino was actually going to be
relocating to Germany, where Merck KGaA headquarters is located, to take a more global AM position.
As for the company Guarino works for, Merck KGaA of Darmstadt, Germany, is the world's oldest pharmaceutical and chemical company. The... Show
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To develop external relationships, the business development team looks for connections in other companies for what resources the company desires.
Then once a new relationship is established he must look at all the issues, and negotiate on terms for both parties. The negotiations are made clear in
written terms and agreements. Through a contract satisfaction on both parties, Guarino believes he is able to achieve significant milestones. His
number one strategy used is effective, open, and abundant communication. Guarino credits communication for his successful

Essay on Project Critique
Analysis and Critique
The Navy Marine Corps Intranet (NMCI) project, undertaken by Electronic Data Communications (EDC) is the biggest government undertaking of its
kind. It aims to provide a single seamless network which would provide a centralized communication to the Navy and Marine. It also aims to integrate
the legacy systems with the new secured environment. The NMCI project aimed to connect about 400,000 desktops into a common network, which
would provide a unified communication to all Navy and Marine bases (Calbreath, 2004).
Due to the magnitude of the project, it has been subject to much speculation. Despite of initial claims by the EDS, there have been serious issues. EDS
aimed to have 160,000 seats by 2002 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Navy also developed a performance plan in order to measure and report the success of the NMCI project. GAO's analysis further showed that the
Navy had met only 15% of the performance targets. A careful study of these results shows that if the Navy doesn't implement its performance plan, then
effective result and management cannot be achieved. The GAO analysis also reveals that the service level agreements of the NMCI is of a mixed
nature, with some agreements met, others not consistently met, while still others not met at all.
GAO's analysis also gives suggestions for the Department of Defense, in order to adopt effective practice. By adhering to the suggestions given by
GAO, the Department of Defense is more like to get a detailed understanding of significant issues, which will prove beneficial while making
outsourcing decisions, along with suggestions to be kept in mind while making such decisions (Information Technology: DOD Needs to Leverage
Lessons Learned from Its Outsourcing Projects, 2003).
In order to achieve

Zooming Into Us Nuclear Weapons Program Case Study
Governance: Case Study Analysis Zooming into US Nuclear Weapons Program: Transparency and Accountability Poor budgetary planning, misplaced
priorities, huge cost overrun, misguided spending, little or zero accountability, management failure – these are the words we can use for a sixth grade
annual sports day, not with the US nuclear weapons program. According to National Nuclear Security Agency (NNSA), US Government is going to
spend over $1 Trillion for 'modernizing 'the nuclear arsenal. No one in the federal Government has no clear idea where is the taxpayers' hard earned
money are going. Who is to be held accountable for this spending and how. This situation exists because there is no comprehensive budget that tracks
all these programs... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, 'Accountability' is the pillar of good governance, but it is absolutely clear that DOD Nuclear projects are far from being accountable. Then
comes 'Transparency'. These projects are run by the tax payers' dollars, yet no one knows where and how the funds are being allocated. There is no
regulatory body that is asking questions and thus leaving it vague and questionable. When it comes to 'Responsiveness' we find these programs
quasi–responsive. Given the fact the number of funds are put on here, this is certainly a weak point of these projects. From all the statistics we
found out so far, we can see that these programs need very deep pockets to operate and they are not 'inclusive' in nature; plus, in order to run these
projects with highest level of secrecy DOD and the other departments has to take drastic measures. Whether these Programs are 'equitable'; very
hard to say it is. There is a BIG question mark of the 'effectiveness' and the 'efficiency' of these programs. Many people support nuclear weapons
because of their effective function as deterrents and their capability to preserve the balance and order in the world. The main defence for nuclear
weapons comes from the idea that they are acting as deterrents. When we analyse these projects as a portrait of 'good governance' model, we

The Commonwealth Approach For Developing National...
Introduction This paper compares the Commonwealth Approach for Developing National Cybersecurity Strategies (CTO) with the European Union
Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA) in order to identify the commonalities and differences between these cybersecurity
strategies. The purpose of having a national cybersecurity strategy is to safeguard the nation/peoples interests from being compromised or
destroyed. For example, every nation's government stores a great deal of information on its citizens, if there is not a standard set of rules to govern
how this information is protected its likely to be exploited via avoidable risks. If used correctly it will eliminate many simple ways that has caused
information to be exposed in the past. While some nations are vastly richer than other, the need for a cybersecurity strategy does not change. The scale
of these protections may vary depending on the wealth of the nation, but, if information is not protected it is very likely to be compromised.
Common Principles The CTO and ENISA share several commonalities that are likely to be found any most other cybersecurity strategy documents. The
main ideal that is these documents share is the need for partnerships between both the private sector and the public sector. Without these partnerships it
will be extremely difficult to have enough information to prevent future cyber–attacks. These documents also recognize the need for international
partnerships to increases security

JJT2 Social Responsibility Task 1 WGU Essay
Social Responsibility and
Sustainable Business Practices
WGU, JJT2
20 June 2014
***PASSED***
Businesses, specifically larger corporations, play a major role in what occurs in society therefore, they are responsible to their stakeholders not only to
pursue economic goals but the greater social good as well. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) means that a corporation should act in a way that
enhances society and its inhabitants and be held accountable for any of its actions that affect people, their communities, and their environment.
(Lawrence, 2010). Social responsibility is becoming the norm so much so that some businesses have incorporated it into their business model. There
are three components of the bottom line of social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since we already discussed electronics recycling, this consideration is for the waste management of municipal solid waste (MSW) – or everyday items.
MSW is the everyday things we use and throw out in the office. This can include items such as packaging, grass clippings, old furniture, bottles, food
scraps, and batteries. According to the EPAs annual report on MSW, Americans throw away about 4.3 pounds of waste per person, every day.
Preventing waste should be considered as well as recycling and composting.
Recommendations.
Electronics Recycling. Electronic recycling is one consideration the company can do better with. Recycling in general lowers greenhouse gas
emissions that are caused by manufacturing items for the first time. Recycling electronics conserves natural resources making cleaner air and water.
The valuable resources computers and electronic components carry are metals, plastics, and glass. According to the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), recycling a million laptops would give back enough energy for 3500 American homes' electricity. A million cell phones would could
yield 35,000 pounds of copper, 772 pounds of silver, 75 pounds of gold, and 33 pounds of palladium. Instead of throwing out the old computers and
blackberry's, the company could simply upgrade the hardware or software and then recycle the parts necessary.
Energy Conservation. To conserve energy, it is my recommendation that the company have employees shut

The United States
The Department was organized over two hundred years ago. As one of the largest law firms within the borders of the United States, the responsibility
of the Department extends to both criminal and civil matters. It carries a mission that is dedicated to delivering justice and is consistently
re–considering ways to measure performances within individual Districts in order to ensure all respectable aspects of deliverance are utilized.
These considerations involve developing more action plans aimed at delivering higher standards of production while keeping the highest level of
integrity intact. The Firm was created by a Judiciary Act to serve as the nation's primary source of litigated actions. Organization Open System
Description The District is divided into two primary areas and each area is assigned specific foci to center resources and efforts. Both areas are
tasked with supporting the District by sharing resources, energy, and information. An open system, as Harrison and Shirom (1999) explained, is a
product by which a whole entity operates based on individually functioning parts simultaneously in order to achieve the system's goals. Therefore, the
framework or outline of the District as well as the organization as a whole can be analyzed from the perspective of an open system. In as much, the
primary and individually working parts of the Department can be accurately and clearly characterized as open system components based on the
function and purpose; therefore, the

Public Administration: Accountability
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Assignment
SEMESTER 2 2012/2013
PSCI 2523
INSTRUCTOR
"ACCOUNTABILITY" | NAME| MATRIC NO.| SECTION| 1| | 1| | | | |
INTRODUCTION. When the word Public Administration come accross one's mind, people would think of government civil workers and bureaucracy in
government office. However, Public Administration is wider than that. It comprises of many part among them are technical issues,financal issues and
ethical issues.Among many of them is the importance of manegerial technique, a characteristic where an organization such as government office
should have in order to organize, planned, co–ordinate and budgetting. Government office is a big ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Public Administration exist to provide services to the peoples. Therefore people have rights to know how their tax money would be spend, what
happen to the budgett allocate to Public Administration by government and who is taking responsibilities over any action or planned carried out by the
public sectors.
Eventhough there might be distortion in achieving government policy, which is sometime is cause by unavoidable external cause, the citizen are
expecting Public Administration would be handle it in a way that would bring less impact to the society. In order to satisfy citizen's almost idealistic
expectations, Public Administration must have the sense of highest integrity. Government are entrusted with public funds and resources, and must
adhere to the highest ethical standards. Honesty, integrity, propriety, and objectivity, These goals can only be achieved through a combination of
individual proffesionalism, personal standards and rigorous control framework (Deloitte). These years, people are began to question government
officials integrity and government are trying to promotes the importance of integrity to their officials as well as to the citizens. For example in
Malaysia, the government had establish Malaysian Integrity Instituition and Enforcement Agency Integrity Commission, that would receive reports
from citizens regarding the misbehaviour of government officials.
The

Police Accountability vs. Police Independence Essay
Introduction
The debate regarding police independence versus police accountability has been hotly contested since at least the 1960s.1 At the heart of the debate are
questions relating to the degree and manner of oversight to which police forces should be subjected, while maintaining the independence of those
polices forces to carry out their duties free from undue political (or other) interferences. This essay examines the principles underlying the
"independence of the office of constable", the notion of responsible government, and how the interaction between these two ideas has been
characterised in the literature. It will be demonstrated that police independence and responsible government (that is, police accountability) are not ...
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Responsible government
Whereas the principle of the independence of the office of the constable serves to ensure that police do not become the slave of any state or interest
group, the principle of responsible government can be usefully conceived of as ensuring that police remain the servants of the public at large.
Contrary to the idea that "the police office "is not a servant of anyone, save of the law itself""6, responsible government and police accountability
measures aim to ensure that police forces are answerable to the very communities which vest in the police force the right and responsibility for
upholding the law.
In practice, police accountability measures are usually tied into extensive governance frameworks, laws and procedures, including: administrative
mechanisms for handling citizen complaints; civil actions and criminal prosecutions in the courts; the exclusion of improperly obtained evidence in
criminal trials; internal

Performance-Based Budgeting
Performance–Based Budgeting: Lessons learned from implementation Performance–based budgeting measures, reports, and factors the outcome of an
agency or program into future budget allocations. Moreover, this approach to appropriations creates incentives for an agency or program to produce
measurable results in order to justify spending. This type of budgeting is defined as an "allocation of funds to achieve programmatic goals and
objectives as well as some indication or measurement of work, efficiency, and/or effectiveness" (Young 12). Performance
–based budgeting originated in
the 1940's after World War II when Hoover's administration faced debt that surpassed the nation's gross domestic product. The Hoover Commission
attempted to align spending decisions with expected performance by recommending a shift from the traditional emphasis of government inputs to
outputs (GAO 1997). Performance–based budgeting was designed to reform budgeting practices to focus on the measurement and reporting of
outcomes. There are several goals associated with implementation of performance–based budgeting. The ability to inform the decision–making process
is a top priority goal for PBB. Performance–based information ensures that budgeting is based on empirical data and spending decisions are soundly
rationalized. Decision–makers can focus beyond changes to the baseline and consider the broader context of the budget decision (Howard 2012).
Holding an agency accountable for spending is another

Senior Analyst With Process And Program Management
As Senior Analyst with Process and Program Management (PPM–IMF), my primary duties involve coordination of any Government Accountability
Office (GAO) or Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA) audits of Accounts Management (AM). I serve as the liaison for any
audits owned by AM, as well as other audits that require AM support. Through mid–year of 2016, AM has been heavily involved in audits related to the
processing of correspondence and the yearly filing season audits for GAO and TIGTA, in addition to multiple audits related to identity theft.
Program Leadership: I receive weekly inquiries from both GAO and TIGTA connected to the various audits and am responsible for obtaining the
necessary response or data. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I maintain detailed history files for all audits and prepare recurring executive briefings documenting the audit activities.
When issues or delays in fulfilling a request are identified, I communicate with all impacted parties to identify alternative solutions for a satisfactory
response. Recent examples involve the IP PIN audit and multiple data extract requests which are experiencing delays due to competing priorities in
Information Technology (IT). By maintaining ongoing communication, we were able to identify what data was available and identify the specific
request parameters to supply the information needed by TIGTA. With some requests, meetings with TIGTA/GAO are warranted to fully explain a
process or specific data. I host regular status meetings between TIGTA/GAO and the functions and also schedule additional meetings or visits with
functions when needed. Recent examples include multiple meetings between TIGTA and RICS for the IP PIN audit and meetings between TIGTA, IT,
and Identity Protection Strategy and Oversight (IPSO) to discuss technical issues related to the Request for Copies of Fraudulent Returns audit.
Employee Satisfaction: I participate positively in all workgroup activities and am always accommodating when facing any issues or problems.
Feedback is openly shared in a respectful and dignified manner. As the liaison for TIGTA/GAO, clear communications with all functions

The Pros And Cons Of The Federal Government
The United States' federal government has accelerated substantially for the reason that 1960s,with spending having accelerated by using a aspect of six
in over that time. The variety of federal personnel, but, has no longer similarly increased, with gift numbers close to those of the Reagan Administration
and fewer than have been gift in the course of Kennedy's term. John J (Brunjes, 2017).
DiIulio Jr writes that the federal authorities has grow to be a Leviathan by way of Proxy, which offers billions of dollars and heaps of contracts to
nation and nearby governments, contractors, and non–earnings. He argues that current government problems which include the 2005 reaction to
Hurricane Katrina and 2013's Obamacare rollout show that the federal civil provider is overloaded no longer bloated(Brunjes, 2017).
In order to make authorities smaller and higher, he calls for the hiring of 1,000,000 extra federal civil servants via 2035 and the introduction of better
overall performance management practices(Ellis & Nelson, 2017).
Proxy government
The federal government has expanded its mission without expanding its workforce – outsourcing the administration of programs to state and local
governments, to for–profit businesses (i.e., the military–industrial complex) and to large social service nonprofits. It is, says DiIulio, "a uniquely
American, superficially anti–statist form of big government." Not all proxies are bad.
But the weaknesses of this system were on full display in the

Drug Relapse Analysis
In 2005, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) conducted a meta–analysis on 39 adult drug courts around the country, to assess whether drug
courts were effective at reducing recidivism and substance abuse relapse among drug court participants (Franco, 2011). The study found a statistically
significant recidivism reduction among drug dependent participants than comparison groups. GAO's study also found that among the drug court
participants, program graduates had lower post–program recidivism than dropouts did. Furthermore, drug court programs using drug–test results report
that the participants had lower drug relapse rates than comparison groups. In spite of that, the GAO's study noted that self–reported drug use should be
considered as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Drug treatment courts represent the nation's efforts to design an alternative method of endorsing treatment and community supervision. Despite the
inconsistencies of drug court evaluations, support for drug treatment courts for drug dependent offenders has been widespread (Stinchcomb, 2010). In
order to assess whether drug courts are effective, drug court evaluations must explore the political and organizational contexts within drug court
treatment (Stinchcomb, 2010). Many drug court evaluations focus exclusively on outcome measures such as recidivism and fail to account for the
disparities between the courts' organizational rhetoric and practices. Drug court evaluations fail to account for such issues as planned and delivered
treatment, official and operational goals, and intended and unintended effects of mandated drug treatment. Rather than continuing to conduct
program–specific outcome evaluations with methodological weaknesses, researchers should focus on developing widespread and consistent systematic
standards for improving overall drug court effectiveness through evidence–based practices (Franco,

Chief Audit Executive ( Cae )
Director, Chief Audit Executive (CAE)
Commands the Unit/Section; receives instructions in established policy and procedural matters, but the details of proper application are left to
personal discretion. The work is subject to inspection, review, and appraisal by higher officers (senior management). Position is responsible for the
performance of the full range of supervisory activities including: application of discipline, processing and resolution of grievances, evaluation of
performance and approval of time off requests.
The Director provides strategic and visionary leadership who will provide objective assurance and consulting services designed to add value and
improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the Department's operations. The Director has the responsibility for establishing, maintaining and managing
a comprehensive, high performance and customer oriented internal audit program.
Officer–In–Charge, Supervisor
Assigned as the Officer–in–Charge of a Section with responsibility for the oversight of staff and all aspects of performance audits, including reviewing
and approving completed audits; recommending and ensuring compliance with internal policies, standards, and procedures; assessing, developing and
implementing training needs and programs. May conduct or act as a project manager for the most highly sensitive audits.
Assistant Officer–In–Charge, Team Leader
Supervising other employees both sworn and civilian of a lower classification. Responsible for

Does a Higher Accredited Investor Threshold Clip Angelsв
Ђ™...
Does a Higher Accredited Investor Threshold Clip Angels' Wings?
Does raising the financial requirements to be an accredited investor reduce start–up financing? The Angel Capital Association (ACA), a trade
association of angel groups, claims that it does. But data on the angel capital market suggests otherwise.
Who's right on this issue matters. Later this year, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) will decide whether to raise the income and net
worth requirements to be an accredited investor, following the requirement in the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of
2010 to periodically reevaluate the current standard.
The ACA argues that raising the threshold would cause "grave disruption" to "the startup... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To figure that out, I looked at data produced by the Center for Venture Research at the University of New Hampshire, which provides annual estimates
of the number of angel investors, the amount of money invested by angels, and the number of companies receiving angel financing.
The 2010 increase in the accredited investor threshold did not adversely affect the angel capital market. Between 2009 (the last year before the new
financial threshold) and 2013, the number of angel investors increased by 15.7 percent and the number of angel–backed companies rose by 23.7 percent.
Because it's not clear exactly when the new net worth standard would have impacted the angel market – The SEC says the change "was effective upon
enactment" of the Dodd–Frank law in 2010, but the agency adopted "amendments to the accredited investor standards in its rules" in 2011, and set
2012 as the effective date for the new rules – I also looked at whether the numbers of angel investors and angel–backed companies declined in 2010,
2011, or 2012. The CVR data show that both the number of investors and the number of angel–backed companies increased between 2009 and 2010,
2011 and 2012.
Comparing with 2009 might be unfair because that was a bad year for economy. Therefore, I compared the 2013 figures with the 2007 (the last
pre–recession–pre–Dodd–Frank–year) numbers. In 2013, there were 15.7 percent more angel investors and 23.9 percent more angel–backed companies
than in 2007.
Raising

Human Capital Plan
This research paper focuses on the importance of developing an effective Strategic Human Capital Plan (SHCP) for government agencies, (Government
Accountability Office, 2009). In order for the agency's to address deficiencies in their workforce, they must incorporate a strategic method of aligning
Human Resource (HR) with organizational goals, (Government Accountability Office, 2009). My research begins with addressing my own agency and
identifying key elements in developing a SHCP that identifies with future organizational goals of the agency. The SHCP will outline required
objectives, align goals and address deficiencies within the workforce for future sustainability, (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2015, p.2).
Human capital planning ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Department of Homeland Security, 2015, p.2). This process is enhanced through a partnership with the National Protection and Programs Directorate
(NPPD) to establish an overall security agency that focuses on law enforcement, cyber security and physical security, (U.S. Department of Homeland
Security, 2015, p.2). This is achieved through strategic initiatives that will enhance the current workforce by implementing technologically advanced
training, and a supportive environment that instills motivation and employee retention, (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2015, p.2). This
requires the development of innovative methods to insure uniformity and sustainability in joint endeavors. FPS will focus on operational effectiveness
through strategic planning with NPPD by incorporating and merging preexisting assets that are readily available, (U.S. Department of Homeland
Security, 2015, p.2). The development of a SHCP will insure FPS can meet the established criteria for sustainability by providing a solid structure that
works as a guideline for establishing an effective strategic plan, (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2015, p.2). To insure successes, FPS will
need to take into account key facilities that are geographically spaced over a wide area, (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2015, p.6). This
impacts response times through extensive travel to

Understanding New York City's Budget
Public Finance is the role of government in the economy. Transparency and accountability in government financial management is crucial. The reading,
"Understanding New York City's Budget" references that due to government spending of taxpayer money to operate various services, several checks
and balances such as Audits, City Council Oversight, Mayor's Management Report (MMR), and Program Evaluation were put in place for
accountability. The adherence to policy, procedures, rules, regulations and laws are important when compliance and integrity is the goal.
For government, the Comptroller's Office is a monitoring component put into place to ensure that tax payer monies was allocated appropriately. I like
to call the Comptroller's Office "Big ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By conducting audits, public interest is protected. Auditing is the cornerstone of accountability. It is the examination of the financial report of an
organization. This form of checks and balances provides an unbiased examination of agency responsibilities. According to the Comptroller's Office,
they perform different types of audits (financial, programmatic, operational, and compliance) of city agencies, public entities, and external contractors
that have business relationships with the City. The Office of the New YorkState Comptroller's Division of Local Government and School Accountability
is tasked with conducting performance audits of local governments and school districts. According to their website, The New York State Governmental
Accountability, Audit and Internal Control Act of 1987 (Internal Control Act) requires State agencies and other organizations to promote and practice
good internal control and to provide accountability for their activities. This office is entrusted with promoting accountability, improving performance,
and building public trust in all levels of New York State government. This office doesn't haphazardly conduct audits but do so in accordance to
Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS). This standard provides a structure or framework for performing professional, quality,
unbiased and objective audits.
Two types of audits are conducted: internal control and performance audits. The internal audit is done to ensure that an agency is keeping proper
records, adhering to policies and procedures. It evaluates and tests rules and regulations to ensure officials use public resources with integrity. On the
other hand, Performance Audits assess how efficiently and effectively a local government runs aspects of its

Government Accountability Office
What does Congress do? The members of Congress are elected by the people to represent the public in the process of making and passing bills and
laws for the government to run properly. It shares power with the executive and judicial branches. Article one of the Constitution states that congress
has the power to make laws, declare war, raise and provide public money, impeach and try federal officers, approve presidential appointments, and
approve treaties. In this paper, the following will be discussed. How Congress uses the Government Accountability Office to conduct audits on the
budgets and appropriations. The executive branch of government role in creating foreign and military policies. And the effectiveness of Congress's role
in strategic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is made up of the president, presidential advisors, and foreign policy bureaucracies. The president is the spokesperson for and to the nation. His
responsibilities include being the commander in chief of the armed forces, negotiating treaties, and appointing ambassadors. The most important of the
presidential advisors in the national security advisor. Led by the national security advisor is that National Security Council. The National Security
Council (NSC) is in place to advise and assist the president on national security and foreign policies, and they serve as the president's principle arm for
coordinating these policies among various government agencies. The NSC was established under the National Security Act of 1947. The State
Department is a cabinet–level department that manages the foreign affairs budget and resources. The State Department is required by Congress to
certify countries and meeting targets on human rights, arms control, and reducing drug trafficking in order to be eligible for foreign aid. The executive
branch makes and carries out foreign and military policies through these

Antitrust Laws
Antitrust laws– laws covered under this regulation are intended to prevent the monopolizing of cer–tain services that could end up negatively affecting
the market by driving up or down the price of a good or service to such an extent that people cannot afford it. It also has the responsibility to ensure
there is adequate competition and to make prices fair and services accessible to as many people as possible. (Economics, 2014). Consumer Product
Safety Commission (CPSC)– this regulation's effect on the market is quite significant because if a product is deemed unsafe for the public, it can
have a huge effect on all levels of production. If the company offers any sort of stock, those who have shared may be greatly impacted as well. It is even
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The public probably has a better understanding of how contracts work, as the concept is the same whether it's be–tween private–private partnerships, or
private–public. Whether the principle is the government or a pri–vate company, their role in the contract must still be clearly defined and is not easy to
change once it's been created. Universities indirect effect on markets makes them more difficult to monitor in house as the curriculum is not decided by
any branch of government and the budget does not have any re–quirements on it. However, as previously mentioned, they turn out professionals who
may have a bi–ased view on how markets should behave and who should have influence. Most people are familiar with antitrust laws but not
specifically how they work. They are not easily monitored but can carry sig–nificant weight in getting corporations to agree to correct behavior that is
deemed to be in violation. The three monitoring agencies have different responsibilities, but the goal of each is the same, to limit the effect of deficits
on the economy (market) to the extent possible. Each report to different levels of government, but are aware of the responsibilities of the others. They
may not work in conjunction with each other well, which can create gridlock in Congress, limiting funds available for critical programs. Most people
are familiar with the seemingly regular stalemates that

U.s. Government Accountability Office
The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) is an independent, nonpartisan agency that works for Congress (GAO 2014). The GAO falls
under the legislative branch of the federal government and works extensively with the executive branch, or more specifically, the Department of the
Treasury and the Office of Management and Budget. How & When it Began The GAO was founded in 1921 when the Budget and Accounting Act
transferred accounting, auditing responsibilities, and claims functions away from the treasury Department to the new agency (GAO 2014). Federal
financial management was a disaster after World War I due to wartime spending that had driven up the national debt. As a result, Congress felt it
needed more information and better control over expenditures. The Budget and Accounting Act made the GAO independent from the executive
branch and gave it the task of investigating how federal dollars are truly spent. Legislation made after the creation of the GAO added new nuances to
its role in the federal government role, but the Budget and Accounting Act continues to serve as its foundation for all work it partakes in. Purpose or
Mission The GAO researches, investigates, and checks how each division of the federal government spends taxpayer dollars by conducting audits and
other types of investigations (GAO 2014). The purpose of GAO is to advise Congress, along with executive agency heads, about ways to make
government more efficient, effective, ethical, equitable and

Faith-Based Funding
Funding Faith–Based Organizations
A trademark of the United States citizen is the desire to help their fellow man. By the government funding social programs, taxpayer money is granted
regardless of race, faith, or sexual preference. If a group wants to receive government funding, then complying with all laws, rules and regulations is
perfunctory and their core philosophy may not be used as a basis for discrimination. By extending special assistance to faith–based organizations
(FBO), the federal government is shirking their constitutional responsibility to not favor a particular religion. Therefore, government funding for FBO is
improper, unnecessary, and ultimately divisive.
Impropriety
In 2001, President George W. Bushsigned his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The larger FBO which has a history of successful social programs such as Habitat for Humanity and various Catholic organizations already have a firm
grip on how to receive government grants. It is the smaller, local religious organizations that stand to benefit from the Faith–Based Community
Initiatives. The $500 million dollars which have been provided for training FBOs are in effect arming the local churches with the knowledge to receive
government grants. The question that was never significantly addressed was: "Why is this necessary?" The only evidence that supports the
Faith–Based Community Initiative is hotly contested and wholly inconclusive. There is no verifiable evidence which supports FBOs, other than the
large specifically charity based FBOs, as being even similarly as effective as independent social programs (Joshi & Fischer, 2008). To compare the
large, established FBOs with small community churches is like comparing apples and oranges. The three studies which Joshi & Fischer (2008) use to
show that FBO are more successful rely on one contingent factor: the participant requires a particular faith (pg.7). There is a significant issue with the
approach these studies take beyond the divisive issue that will be addressed later. The issue at hand is that the recidivism rate is contingent on the
initial and continual acceptance of a particular faith. The logic in this issue is that it is the

The Truth in Negotiations Act
The Truth in Negotiations Act was passed on December 1, 1962 requiring government contractors to submit cost or pricing data if the procurement met
specific requirements in order to establish that the offer is fair and reasonable. The history of The Truth in Negotiations Act will set the stage for its
significance in the twenty–first century. Prior to World War II, the United States government conducted its bidding process forprocurement in an open
bid environment. What was required for a bid was a complete description of the requirement, two or more suppliers capable and willing to complete the
requirement, a selection based on price competition and sufficient time to prepare a complete statement of the government's needs and terms. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was contended by GAO that the government's negotiator would be in a better position to establish an equitable price if contractor cost data were
made available." (Maddox, 2013)
In 1959, the United States Air Force took the beginning steps of implementing a process that was based on the Government Accountability Office's
recommendation. This process required certification of contractor cost data, as recommended. The Department of Defense followed the example set by
the Air Force by issuing a revision to the Armed Services Procurement Regulations to require certification of cost data.
The Truth in Negotiations Act has the purpose of insuring that the government is receiving a fair and reasonable pricing, essentially helping to prevent
defective pricing and allowing the government to be able to get set retributions for defective pricing. This is something that is solely found in the world
of government contracting, as there is nothing similar to it in a commercial environment. A potential supplier will have to supply the government with
a certificate of current cost or pricing data.

Essay on Socioeconomics of Government Contracting
Assignment 2: Socioeconomics of Government Contracting
Tyasheen Anderson
Dr. Bonita Campbell
LEG440
February 3, 2013
After reading the sample request for proposal, it has been determined that the proposal does not meet the government's standard form for solicitation.
A typical form is much lengthier than the provided sample; however the information provided is very straight to the point. It does specify the
services they would like to have performed and does ask the bidder to provide further information in their response. The official form would list
other information like the deadline for final submission and would specify if there will be a bidders meeting. A typical RFP is about 12 pages long
and would elaborate on the work ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The person conducting the review or decision should not be related in any way to the procurement in question, they should be a neutral party. When a
contractor files a protest it needs to be logical and to the point, it should also contain the protestor's name, address and contact information and
needs to specify that this is a protest. When filing a protest at the agency level there are two different deadlines. You can either file before the
closing of the bid or after. In this case if the larger company file after the bid is closed they have 10 days to do so after the basis for the protest is
known. If the protest is received before the award, no award with be issued until the protest is resolved. If the larger company decides to file their
protest at the GAO level, the same rules apply. They need to have a clear and concise format and it must be in writing. When filing at the GAO
level the protest needs to be detailed, factual and legal grounds for the complaint. There needs to be proof of prejudice as the basis. The contractor
will also need to provide the agency with a full copy of their protest or complaint. At the GAO level there are three different deadlines, but they all
need to be filed no later than 10 days after the protestor learns of the offensive action. The last way to file a protest is through the U.S. Court of
Federal Claims. In this scenario there is a judge that will preside over the matter and act as

Clobazam Shortage Research Paper
Important NEW developments regarding the clobazam (Frisium) shortage: Suzanne Nurse, Chair, Canadian Epilepsy Alliance Drug Shortages
Committee Clobazam is in short supply, but is still available at some pharmacies. If inventories have become low or depleted at your pharmacy, ask
your pharmacist to recheck the status of clobazam and Frisium with their suppliers. The next few days will continue to be challenging for people, due
to the depletion of the clobazam inventory at many pharmacies. However, some replenishment of generic clobazam (Apo–clobazam, Apotex Inc.) is
expected at the end of this week or early next week. The new stock will be spread across the country with limited amounts to individual pharmacies. A
second replenishment of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Health Canada will be working with pharmaceutical manufacturers and other stakeholders to monitor status over the summer. I take clobazam, what
should I do? В· Continue to take clobazam as indicated by your healthcare provider o do not skip doses o do not take less than the prescribed amount
o do not make any changes in your treatment without medical advice В· Develop a management plan with your pharmacist and your healthcare
provider in case clobazam is not available. You can share the following clinical management suggestions with your healthcare team: В· If your
pharmacy is unable to refill your prescription – ask your pharmacist o have they exhausted all avenues to try and find clobazam for you? o have they
searched for generic clobazam and brand name clobazam (Frisium)? В· If it is necessary to make changes to your treatment plan due to the shortage o
ask for a copy of the new treatment instructions in writing o go over the information with your pharmacist o ask your pharmacist to explain the
information again if the instructions are not

Appointment Strategies And Hiring Freezes Influenced The...
Introduction
Presidential appointments can encourage loyalty to an incoming administration, however actions that exemplify loyalty can come at the expenses of
organizational effectiveness and efficient. O 'Leary showed how appointment strategies and hiring freezes influenced the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.Donald Trump and his new appointee "Betsy DeVos" who most politician agree that she has consistently demonstrate that she was
against access to public education. Her beliefs and goals seem to be completely different from department in which she was appointed, this can have a
negative effect on the effectiveness and efficiency within the education department. This strategy of appointing public servants or a hiring freeze can
have a negative effect, because the government tends to ignore the organizations ' mission and goals, as well as disrupting the agency operations and
even increasing the expenses to the government. Also, the hiring freeze will soon decimate recruiting. If an organization reclassifies the action as a
"Headcount Freeze" and clearly articulates the rules around the action, the outcome can be quite different. A headcount freeze means that the
organization must maintain the current number of full time equivalent (FTE) workers (Hiring Freeze: Two words that can cause irreparable damage,
2016).
Literature Synthesis
Public servants must confront a significant internal conflict at some point in their career. Public servants question if they should

U.s. Federal Acquisition Regulation
A contract has been awarded under competitive negotiated procedures and an unsuccessful offeror wanted to know why they were not the winner. The
Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) provides an approach to this issue by offering an organized correspondence with the unsuccessful offeror and
the government. An unsuccessful offeror may submit a request to the contracting officer for clarification on why they did not win the award. This
request is called a debriefing. The debriefing provides feedback from the government on the unsuccessful offeror's proposal explaining the process in
depth as to why they were not selected. Only certain information is shared and will vary depending on whether the debriefing is conducted prior to or
after ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(FAR 15.505)
Submitting a timely request for a Preaward Debriefing is essential if the offeror wants to make certain that the debriefing will take place. If an
offeror submits a request for a debriefing within the three day window, the Government should conduct the debriefing within five days after an
offeror's request. When the offeror delivers a timely request for a debriefing, the Government must propose a scheduled debriefing date in writing
and have the offeror acknowledge the requested debriefing date immediately. If the debriefing date is unavailable for the offeror and they request a
later time, the original debriefing date must be acknowledged by the offeror in writing and the request for a later date, such as after the award is
announced. In the delayed Pre–award Debriefing (after award), it must include all of the information normally provided in the second type of
debriefing, a Postaward Debriefing. (Marine Corps Specific).
Postaward Debriefings are conducted after notification of award and the offeror's request for the Postaward Debriefing must be received by the
Government within three days after the date on which the offeror received notification of the contract award. It is ideal for the debriefing to occur
within five days after receipt of the written request, including offerors who requested the delayed Preaward Debriefing. A Postaward Debriefing may
also be conducted orally, in writing,

Gao Protest vs. Agency-Level Protest
GAO Protest vs. Agency–Level Protest
Introduction
The United States government is the largest single purchaser of goods and services in the world. Even during times of economic hardship, the US
continues to dump billions into the private sector. The federal procurement spending rate of growth has surpassed the rate of U.S. inflation every year,
since 2000. With annual federal procurement budgets of more than $400 billion, it is no surprise that the competition for government contracts has
increased tremendously. Consequently, more and more companies are trying to get a piece of the action. When these companies adhere to all of the
required regulations and statutes, they expect their proposals to be evaluated and the contract awarded in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the exception of those instances outlined in FAR 16.505(b) (4), these kinds of protests should be delivered to the agency's task and delivery
order ombudsman (Nacke & Ralston 2011).
The agency–level protest process is started when the contractor delivers the written protest to the contracting officer or other delegated representative.
The protest should include the name and contact information of the contractor, the solicitation or contract number, a statement which requests a ruling
and provides a detailed description of the reasons for the protest, back–up documentation, and the contractor's requested relief. Within the statement, the
contractor must also provide documentation to show that they qualify as an interested person and that the protest was submitted within the timeframe
requested (Nacke & Ralston 2011).
The remaining procedure will vary from one agency to another. These will also determine who is assigned to review the dispute; the contracting
officer, ombudsman or by an independent decision authority who ranks higher than the contracting officer. If the dispute is reviewed by the
contracting officer, they are required to prepare a report to be reviewed by the agency appellate. The FAR does not require the agency to draft a report
addressing the dispute however, some agencies require this through their internal protest

The Convergex Group 2013 Deferred Prosecution Agreement
Case Study of the ConvergEx Group 2013 Deferred Prosecution Agreement (DPA)
In December 2011, ConvergEx Group publicly disclosed parallel investigations by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and the
United States Department of Justice. Between 2006 and 2011, two former employees of ConvergEx Group had concealed the "routing of certain global
trading and transition management customer orders to the former Bermuda trading desk of ConvergEx Global Markets ("GCM") where they were net
traded" ("ConvergEx Resolves," 2013). According to the court documents, Acting Assistant Attorney General Mythili Raman stated
"...ConvergEx...along with several of its employees, engaged in a concerted and coordinated effort to fleece its clients by charging them millions of
dollars in unwarranted fees...and then concealing those charges from its clients through a pattern of deception" ("Convergex Group," 2013). In
layman's terms, ConvergEx employees were moving funds through ConvergEx Global Markets in Bermuda, while marking up or down the
investments in order to keep a sum of the money for themselves from the clients. The employees also falsified the documents that were sent to the
clients regarding these transactions. The subsidiaries and the individuals involved with this scheme were charged with wire fraud and conspiracy to
commit securities fraud and wire fraud.
On December 12, 2013 ConvergEx Group LLC signed a deferred prosecution agreement or DPA, which included fines totaling

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