CM Data Case Study

CM Data Case Study
The CM data (code C43, the International Classification of Diseases10th revision) registered from
1983 to 2013 were derived from Hong Kong Cancer Registry, Hospital Authority
(http://www3.ha.org.hk/cancereg/c_a1b.asp, accessed 18th, June, 2016). Briefly, the Hospital
Authority manages the Hong Kong's public hospital services, and the Hong Kong Cancer Registry is
a population–based cancer registry and a member of the International Association of Cancer
Registries. The full dataset used in this study was attached as the Supplemental Table S1 and
Supplemental Table S2. It contains the following categories: sex, five–year age groups, diagnosed
cases, deaths, and age standardized rates (ASRs, per 100,000 person–years) of incidence and ...
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Five sub–models were arranged in the sequence with all relevant test: Age, Age–drift, Age–Cohort,
Age–Period–Cohort, and Age–Period. The likelihood–ratio test derived from the deviance statistic
was used to choose the best fitting model [31, 32] by assessing likelihood–based deviance statistics
and penalizing additional degrees of freedom starting from an age parameter only. Finally, the five
sub–models above estimated the effects of drift, cohort, period and cohort, and period in sequence.
The effects of age, period and cohort were calculated as the rates for reference period, rate ratio
relative to the reference period (2000), and rate ratio relative to the reference cohort with (1960),
respectively. All above was implemented with the "apc.fit" function in the "Epi" package [33] in the
R software [34].
2.4 Case fatality ratio
The case fatality ration was defined as the proportion of deaths over the new cases in a period. It is
expressed as a percentage and represents the risk of the CM.
3. Results
3.1 Annual percentage change in incidence and mortality of cutaneous melanoma in Hong Kong
(1983–2013)
A total of 767 deaths and 1688 cases of incidence were registered between 1983 and 2013 in Hong
Kong (Table 1). Both incidences and deaths in males were greater than female. The deaths were
with a male:female
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Orientation and Motives of Health Clubs Members in Terms...
Executive Summary
Brief objective
This marketing research report mainly attempts to achieve the following objectives such as to find
out the orientation and motives of health clubs members in terms of psychographic segmentation
such as lifestyles which are broken down into Activities, Interest and Opinion statement as well as
the behavioral segmentation such as usage rates and finally to gain a better understanding about the
Indonesian's health club industry.
Methodology
In this particular study, 300 respondents were given a questionnaire to find out the orientation and
motivation of health clubs members in terms of psychographic segmentation such as lifestyles
which are broken down into Activities, Interest and Opinion statement ... Show more content on
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Furthermore, this topic is particularly interesting because the health industry has grown into a highly
competitive industry in Asia Pacific. According to International Health, Racquet & Sportsclub
Association, there were approximately 420 fitness clubs with 350,000 members in Indonesia in
2006.
In fact, the estimated market size that includes secondary spending was $105 millions. In terms of
members, Indonesia had 0.14 percent that represented the whole population.
The vast emerging trend in health industry is perceived differently in the eyes of consumers, the
organizations and the government.
From the consumers' point of view, there are several different motives to why they involve in the
trend such as to lose weights, to socialise, for recreational and relaxation purposes, to improve
figure, to increase and maintain fitness level as well as to relieve stress.
From the organizations' point of view, it creates a new lifestyle trend and a new job opportunity for
both the consumers and the government. Moreover, it promotes a healthy lifestyle and build
awareness regarding diseases that are caused by lack of exercise, obesity and other terminating
illnesses.
From the government's point of view, the industry and its

The Journal Articles On Special Education Assessment
Journal Articles Review Analyzed below are the two journal articles about special education
assessments entitled, Predictors of Assessment Accommodations Use for Students Who are Deaf or
Hard of Hearing from the Journal of Educational Research & Policy Studies (Cawthon &
WurtzBest, 2010) and A Methodology for Assessing the Functions of Emerging Speech in Children
with Developmental Disabilities from the Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis (Parten, et al,
2005). The analysis revolves around the following areas: nature of research, summary, critique,
personnel, future practice, and future research. A. Nature of Research The first article, Predictors of
Assessment Accommodations Use for Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing by Cawthon &
WurtzBest (2010), is a regression study aimed to explore whether student characteristics, teacher
perspectives, and contextual factors predict accommodations use with students who are deaf or hard
of hearing (Cawthon & WurtzBest, 2010). The article is very relevant to special education
assessment because it discussed implications for assessment policies and practices with students
who are deaf or hard of hearing, particularly during an era of accountability reform (NCLB
accountability). The second article, A Methodology for Assessing the Functions of Emerging Speech
in Children with Developmental Disabilities by Lerman, Parten, Addison, Vorndran, Volkert, &
Kodak, 2005 (2005), is about an experimental study aimed to develop and evaluate

Nhl Profit Maximization Case Study
Do NHL teams profit maximize? Explain how the authors come to this conclusion.
Overview:
Before we dive into the details on whether the NHL team or any sports team for that matter
maximize profit, it would be worthwhile to answer 2 basic questions as put forth by the author:
 Would a sports fan not go to a game which he is die–hard fan of because he/she thinks the team
profit maximizes?
 Would a sports team forego additional revenue?
As with any commodity, price of an arena seat is set by supply and demand. This is why it always
rings false when NHL execs try to link ticket prices to player salaries.
Any sports game ticket demand in North America is influenced by a number of factors:
 Changes in per capita consumer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The factors affecting demand for ticket is outlined in Section above.
(iii) A single price depicts a team's choice alternative though this does not hold in real circumstance
where the pricing varies based on the seat allocation.
The author has begun his analysis with a (Inverse) Demand function.
What is an Inverse Demand Function?
In economics, an 'inverse demand function', P = f−1(Q),is a function that maps the quantity of
output demanded to the market price (dependent variable) for that output. Quantity demanded, Q, is
a function of price; the inverse demand function treats price as a function of quantity demanded, and
is also called the price function.
Contrary to what we think, an inverse demand function is NOT the reciprocal of the demand
function–the word "inverse" refers to the mathematical concept of an inverse function.
In mathematical terms, if the demand function is f(P),in which P is price, so the value of the
function is the quantity demanded (Q), then the inverse demand function is f –1(Q), whose value is
the highest price that could be charged and still generate the quantity demanded Q. This is to say
that the inverse demand function is the demand function with the axes switched. This is useful
because economists typically place price (P) on the vertical axis and quantity (Q) on the horizontal

axis.
The inverse demand function is the same as the average revenue function, since

The Effect of Savings Rate in Canada
THE EFFECT OF SAVINGS RATE IN CANADA The impact of savings rate in an economic has
become a very conflicting issue in research and among economist all over the world. This may be
due to the importance of savings generally to the economic growth and development of any nation.
However, the structure of every economy cannot be generalised by a particular economics' variation
because various countries have different social security and pension schemes, and different tax
systems, all of which have an effect on disposable income. In addition, the age of a country's
population, the availability and ease of credit, the overall wealth, and cultural and social factors
within a country all affect savings rates within a particular country. Therefore, ... Show more content
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All variables used in the study have been seasonally adjusted. For the period 1983 to 2010, table 1
below shows that SAV, PCI and DR had average values of .20366, 35.4638 and 5.4539 respectively
and also had corresponding standard deviations of .024869, 6.4639 and 3.8434. SAV, which had the
lowest mean and deviation from mean, also had a coefficient of variation of .094204 while PCI and
DR had coefficient of variation of .14290 and .76027 respectively. The high coefficient of variation
of DR implies that there is greater dispersion in the variable than in SAV which has the least
dispersion. Table 1: Statistical Summary Sample period :1983Q1 to 2010Q4 Variable(s) SAV PCI
DR Mean .20366 35.4638 5.4639 Standard Deviation .024869 6.4639 3.8434 Coefficient of
Variation .094204 .14290 .76027 As shown in table 2 below, the correlations between the variables
show that both PCI and DR were positively correlated with SAV. While PCI had a higher correlation
with a value of .34810, DR had a lower correlation with a value of .12820. This correlation indicates
a predictive positive relationship between the variables. It was also observed that RCPY and DR
were negatively correlated with a value of –.86320. Table 2: Estimated Correlation Matrix of

Food for Fork
Food for Fork Case Study by Tony Mayer 1. Is the average amount that people are willing to pay for
an entrée less than the forecast value of $19? 2.1. Null and alternate hypotheses H0: Average
amount people are willing to pay for entrée = $19 HA: Average amount people are willing to pay for
entrée < $19 2.2. Statistical technique chosen to test the hypothesis One sample t–test 2.3.
Summary of the nature (characteristics) of the test selected 2.4. SPSS Test One–Sample Statistics | |
N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. Error Mean | What would you expect an average evening meal to be
priced? | 400 | $19.2300 | $7.55943 | $0.37797 | One–Sample Test | | Test Value = 19 | | t | df ... Show
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The mean preference for elegant décor (3.64) is higher than the mean preference for simple décor
(2.26). The mean difference (–1.380) was statistically significant (p–value=0.000). Therefore we can
reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative. 4.27. Non–statistical interpretation There is a
difference between décor preferences. There is a higher preference for elegant décor. 4. Is there a
difference in the mean amount spent in restaurants each month across people with different marital
status? If the groups are different, which category (or categories) of material status spend the most?
5.28. Null and alternate hypotheses H0: Single mean spent = Married mean spent = Other mean
spent HA: At least one is different 5.29. Statistical technique chosen to test the hypothesis One–way
ANOVA 5.30. Summary of the nature (characteristics) of the test selected 5.31. SPSS Test
Descriptives | How many total dollars do you spend per month in restaurants (for your meals only)?
| | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean | Minimum | Maximum
| | | | | | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | | | Single | 146 | $180.8904 | $30.42280 | $2.51781 | $175.9141
| $185.8668 | $101.00 | $240.00 | Married | 175 | $232.6114 | $29.87614 | $2.25842 | $228.1540 |
$237.0689 | $174.00 | $301.00 | Other

Evaluation of Stress Management for Higher Secondary...
EVALUATION OF STRESS MANAGEMENT FOR HIGHER SECONDARY
STUDENTS IN SALEM DISTRICT–TAMIL NADU
1 Introduction
Stress is the body's General response to any intense physical, emotional or mental demand placed on
it by on self or others. Anything can be stressor if it last long enough is perceived as stress. Stress is
any situation that evokes negative thoughts and feelings in a person. Being a student can be the most
interesting time of one's life. New friends, new places, new challenges can make a student life stress
full. Most students will feel the effect of stress at some point in their studies and a small number of
students may feel stressed or depressed for most of the time. Financial worries, dept, exam pressure,
burden of course work and relationship problem create lot of pressure on students.
Stress management encompasses techniques to equip a person with effective coping mechanisms for
dealing with physiological stress. Stress management involves techniques include self management,
conflict resolution, positive attitude, self talk, breathing, meditation, exercise, diet and rest. Effective
stress management involves learning to set limits for the issues that create stress. The project make
and attempt to study whether the students perceiving higher secondary education in Salem district
are subject to stress and to what extent they are affected by stress full events occurring during
important part of their life.
Review of literature
A critical issue concerning stress

What Is The Impact Of The Great Recession On Payout Policy
This paper uses panel data analysis to assess the impact of the great recession on payout policy in
the USA. It uses three multivariate linear and nonlinear regression technics to study the relationship
between the payout variable, pre–identified payout determinants and the GR. The following
regression model is considered as used by Denis and Osbov (2008): 〖PV〗_(i,t)=β_(i,0)+β_(i,n)
〖X'〗_(i,t)+ε_(i,t) (1) 〖X'〗_(i,t) is a vector of explanatory variables and includes all the relevant
factors identified in section 3.2. Table 2 in the appendix provides a summary of these variables, their
measures, empirical evidence and expected sign. 〖PV〗_it is the payout variable analysed as only
dividends, only repurchases, both or total payout. The paper ... Show more content on
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Nonlinear Models The second analysis technique uses a probit and logit models with the payout
variable taking a value of 1 if the sample firm uses the respective payout category in year t, and 0
otherwise. This is used by Fama and French (2001) and DeAngelo et al. (2006) and allows to
measure the marginal propensity for the different payout categories while capturing the behaviour of
firms that omit or initiate payout payments. We estimate a fixed effect logit model where the log
likelihood of the probit model and the random effect logit model do not converge. Using fixed effect
logit limits our work because the analysis considers only the explanatory variables within the
subsample of firms that changed their payout policies during the sample period (Renneboog and
Trojanowski, 2005). This excludes 22.1% of the original sample from the estimation procedure. We
also use a multinomial logit estimation procedure to explain the likelihood that a firm decides on a
specific payout category during the GR because we were unable to apply a multinomial probit
estimation as used by Renneboog and Trajanowski (2011). As such, the independence of irrelevant
alternatives (IIA) assumption may be violated by our outcome categories. We test for this violation
using Hausman–McFadden test of IIA assumption. The dependent variable in these models takes
four possible

9.Investors' Perception About Mutual Fund. Financial Markets
9. Investors ' Perception about Mutual Fund Financial markets are constantly becoming more
efficient by providing more promising solutions to the investors. Being a part of financial markets
although mutual funds industry is responding very fast by understanding the dynamics of investor's
perception towards rewards, still they are continuously following this race in their endeavor to
differentiate their products responding to sudden changes in the economy. Thus, it is high time to
understand and analyse investor's perception and expectations, and unveil some extremely valuable
information to support financial decision making of mutual funds. Financial markets are becoming
more exhaustive with financial products seeking new innovations ... Show more content on
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Fallowing table describes the data of whether investor on the basis of two demographic fields 1. Age
of respondent and 2. Occupation of respondent. Coding used in study The data collected through
primary survey is used for statistical analysis after allotment of coding for bringing results lucid and
understandable for readers. The codes so used are hereunder. Table 9.1 Codes applied in study Code
Occupation Responses % Code Age Responses % O1 Salaried 298 (59.6 %) A1 Between 20–30 90
(18 %) O2 Businessman/ Self Employed 95 (19 %) A2 Between 31–40 167 (33.4 %) O3 Retired 72
(14.4 %) A3 Between 41–50 104 (20.8 %) O4 Student 9 (1.8 %) A4 Between 51–60 65 (13 %) O5
House Wife 26 (5.2 %) A5 More Than 60 74 (14.8 %) Total 500 (100 %) 500 (100 %) Table 9.2
Distribution of sample units Age–wise age of investor Total A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Whether investor YES
65 121 66 51 60 363 NO 25 46 38 14 14 137 Total 90 167 104 65 74 500 From the above table 9.2 it
conclude that highest number of investor comes under the age group of 31–40 years, A2 = 121 this
is may be because of recent developments during post recession in share markets and mutual funds
showed some what stagnant performance in negative trend of market . Table 9.3 Distribution of
sample units occupation–wise Occupation of investor Total O1 O2 O3 O4

Comparative Review of Likelihood Ratio (LR) and...
Introduction
The first time fingerprint comparison evidence was used in court against a defendant was in 1892 in
Argentina [1]
For purposes of forensic identification in cases of law enforcement and other areas where human
identification is needed, fingerprints have been widely acclaimed to be of an invaluable importance
and has therefore seen a close to unanimous acceptance as the gold standard of forensic evidence
where biometric identity is concerned. Recently however, as was rarely done in times past, the
scientific foundations of fingerprint expert testimonies in court are beginning to be challenged [2].
There are some commentators who now query the scientific validity of forensic fingerprint
identification. Reference has been made to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These methods hopefully can be used to introduce some quantitative statistical measures to the
fingerprint evidence.
Before going into comparing both proposed statistical approaches, it would seem appropriate to take
a brief look at the ACE–V method of fingerprint evidence analysis in the next section, to highlight
areas where these proposed methods have advantages over it.
2. A brief description of the ACE–V Method
In ACE–V, 'A' stands for Analysis, 'C' stands for Comparison, 'E' represents Evaluation and 'V' is for
Verification. These are the various stages involved in the examination of fingerprint evidence by
experts in the field before arriving at a conclusion on a set of prints which can be in any of these
three conclusions viz: Exclusion, Individuation, or Inconclusive.
2.1 The Analysis stage
This stage begins when the fingerprint expert examines a latent print and first makes a decision as to
whether it contains details that are sufficient quantitatively and qualitatively to exceed the 'Value'
threshold standard. If in his estimation the print does exceed the quality and quantity Value standard,
then he continues with the analysis.[1] According to [4], most of the prints recovered from crime
scenes are considered of no value.
2.2 The Comparison stage.
The fingerprint expert for the first time looks at the suspect's 10 fingerprints (the exemplar

Performance and Risk Indicators of Two Mutual Fund Managers
This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis on the performance and risk indicators of two
mutual fund managers. After transforming the returns of the mutual funds into the same data–scale
with the other variables, we employ a statistically rigorous factor analysis procedure to identify the
risk–adjusted performance of each mutual fund. Then, we apply Chow(1960) tests to investigate
possible investment strategy similarities and potential structural breakpoints.
2. Modelling and Analysis The first model used to evaluate risk–adjusted fund performance was
based on the work by Sharpe–Lintner–Treynor– Mossin on the Capital Asset Pricing Model.
Using OLS we estimate: Based on these results we could argue that the mutual funds do not follow
the market closely, but both Managers over–perform the index. Furthermore, in order to test whether
or not we have viable explanatory coefficients, a t–testing procedure was followed(Table 2). Using a
5% significance level, all coefficients except the market beta of Mutual Fund 1 are statistically
significant. The low R2 in both mutual funds implies that their returns are less well explained by the
Benchmark's movements. However, Titman and Tiu(2011) suggest that low R–squares likely
indicate more active management; either departing from a Benchmark or focusing on stocks with
larger fractions of variance attributed to firm–specific information. In order to compare both
Managers' performance, Kothari and Warner(1998)

Ratio Analysis : A Company 's Profit Margin, Investments,...
When building a company or an organization, the shareholders/ management have to account for
their performance, rather it's good or bad. Ratio analysis gives firms the opportunity to evaluate
their operating procedures, compare performance against other companies, and be used as a tool to
further evaluate the management involved. There are different ratios used throughout the corporate
world which include probability ratios, asset–utilization ratios, liquidity ratios, and debt–utilization
ratios.
Most companies spend a lot of their time evaluating their bottom line, because in theory a
company's main objective is to produce and ensure profits. Profits are what make the wheels on the
bus go around and around, so it is understandable that profitability ratios are one of the most used
tools of financial ratio analysis. Profitability ratios are used to evaluate a company's profit margin,
investments, and return on equity (investors). Profitability ratios can be dividing into two different
types, margins and returns (Peavler, 2014). Margin ratio types evaluates gross profit margin,
operating profit margin and cash flow margin. The return ratio types evaluates return on assets,
return on equity, and cash return on assets. When it comes to reaching profits or making money,
companies have to find a way to be more efficient year after year. Asset–utilization ratios are used to
measure the efficiency of a business when it comes to using their assets to make money (Hartman,
n.d.).

Methods. The Acha-National College Health Assessment Ii
Methods
The ACHA–National College Health Assessment II (ACHA–NCHA II) is a national research survey
organized by the American College Health Association (ACHA) to assist college health service
providers, health educators, counselors, and administrators in collecting data about their students '
habits, behaviors, and perceptions on the most prevalent health topics.[1]
Population and Sample Selection
Forty one Canadian postsecondary institutions self–selected to participate in the spring 2016 ACHA
National College Health Assessment. A random sample of students in each institution received email
invitation to the survey.[2–4] All schools collected data via the ACHA–NCHA web survey.
Study Participants
A total of 43,780 surveys were completed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. Other Variables
We assess respondent's history of alcohol and marijuana use within the last 30 days.
Inclusion Criteria
For this analysis, of all the survey results we included respondents who were 18 years of age or
older and self–identiﬁed as being sexually active during the last 12 months.
Procedure
Permission for conducting the research and using the spring 2016 ACHA–NCHA dataset was
granted by the School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan. The project reviewed and
approved by the University of Saskatchewan Research Ethics Review Board (REB). A request to
obtain Canadian data for the selected variables for this analysis was sent to the ACHA–NCHA.
Information regarding the University of Saskatchewan survey was obtained through collaboration
with the Student Health Services office within the university campus.
Statistical Analysis
Of the 43,780 completed surveys, a total of 29,308 (66.9 %) were included in this analysis based on
the above criteria. Descriptive statistics and cross–tabulations were calculated to characterize
demographic information and sexual and other risky behaviors. Those with missing values or "not
applicable" responses were excluded from the relevant analyses.
In order to assess the degree to which STI was associated with multiple demographic, sexual and
behavioural variables, Pearson's correlation coefﬁcients were calculated. Chi–square analyses were
conducted during

Morton's Neuroma Case Study
Hi Disha, Thank you for your good participation to this week's forum. To answer your question: In
your opinion, what is the better for diagnosis of Morton's neuroma– clinical examination including
special tests or imaging techniques? Why? Please provide supportive evidence." History taking,
clinical examination are the primary method for diagnosing a suspected Morton's neuroma.
However to specify a lesion or number of lesion related to Morton's neuroma, advanced imaging,
such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance technique (for the particular lesion) are the significant
method usually prescribed by a medical practitioner. As I mentioned to one of our colleagues
Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, have higher specificity as compared to

Case Study Channing
INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
SJGM 6367 SURVIVAL DATAANALYSIS
ASSIGNMENT:
SURVIVAL DATASET "channing"
BETTY LING SING BING (SGD 130005)
INTRODUCTION
Background
Channing House is a retirement centre in Palo Alto, California. The data–set "channing" is taken
from Klein and Moeschberger (2003). It consists of the ages (in months) of 462 elderly individuals
(97 males and 365 females) who were resident at the retirement centre during the period January
1964 to July 1975 when they died or left the centre, as well as the ages (in months) at which the
individuals entered the retirement community. The gender of the individuals (coded: Male=1 and
Female=2) is also included in the dataset. The interest for this study lies in the life times of the
individuals. Over the time of the study 130 women and 46 men died at Channing House. ... Show
The data frame contains the following columns:
Name Description obs Observation number death Death status (1=dead, 0=alive) ageentry Age of
entry into retirement home, months age Age of death or left retirement home, months time
Difference between the above two ages, months gender Gender (1=male, 2=female)
Source: Klein and Moeschberger (1997) Survival Analysis Techniques for Censored and truncated
data, Springer. Hyde Biometrika (1977), 225–230.
1.3 Outline of data analysis Analysis on life time by gender using Kaplan–Meier Survival function
Test the equality of survival function with log–rank Investigate whether there is an effect of gender
on the survival experiences of the individuals in Channing House using Cox proportional hazards
model Residual checking with Deviance and Schoenfeld residual plot.

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Import Data from library
2.2 Data Analysis
(a) Kaplan–Meier

The Effect Of Monetary Policy On Determination Of Coal Prices
To examine the effect of monetary policy on determination of coal prices in the U.S., we rely on a
dynamic framework of cointegrated vector autoregression (CVAR). The prerequisite requirement for
the application of the CVAR approach is that the selected variables must be nonstationary (i.e., I(1)
series). The presence of a unit root in the variables is thus tested using the Dickey Fuller generalized
least squares (DF–GLS) test (Elliott et al., 1996). Panel A of Table 1 reports the results of the DF–
GLS test. Since the null hypothesis of a unit root cannot (can) be rejected for any of the levels (first
differences) of the three variables at the 5% level, all the series are found to be nonstationary I(1)
processes.
It should be emphasized, however, that because of inability of the DF–GLS to capture the possibility
of a structural break, the power of the test is likely to decrease with an undetected structural break in
the series, thereby providing misleading results. For completeness, therefore, we investigate unit
roots in the presence of a structural break using the Perron–Vogelsang (PV) test. The results of the
PV test are summarized in Panel B of Table 1. As seen in the DF–GLS test, the null cannot (can) be
rejected for all the levels (first differences) of the variables, confirming that all the three variables
are I(1) series. Hence, it is certain that the underlying series are apparently all I(1) processes even
after taking into account a structural break in the series,

Neighborhood Crime Rates
What variables affect the difference in crime rates throughout the neighborhoods of a city?
By Anna Burns
Introduction:
This project is a focus on how variables such as population, ethnicity, and income affect crime rates
throughout different neighborhoods throughout a city. I feel that this information finding this
information could be useful to many people. For example if you are looking to buy a new home or
even start a new business, you'll probably want it located in a safe neighborhood. This study will
help identify the signs of a safe neighborhood. Knowing why crime rates are higher in some areas
may also help prevent the crime rate to rise in other neighborhoods. For example, if crime rates are
higher in neighborhoods with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With white being the predominate race, the graph is slightly left skewed. When I test to see if
ethnicity has an effect on crime rates, I will test Hispanic/Latino, Black/African American, and
Asian ethnicities.
Estimation:
The first test I will perform is Chi–Square test of independence to compare my categorical data I
have against above and below median crime rates. I will be testing above and below averages for
population, income, percent white, percent black/African American, percent Hispanic/Latino,
percent Asian. I will also be testing direction.
H0: There is no association between the row variable and the column variable.
H1: There is an association between the row variable and the column variable.
H0: There is no association between the row variable and the column variable.
H1: There is an association between the row variable and the column variable.
To test the null hypothesis, if the P–Value of the test is less than 0.05 I will reject the null
hypothesis.
Tabulated statistics: PopCat, CrimeCat
Rows: PopCat Columns: CrimeCat
Above Below Median Median Crime R Crime R All

Above Median Pop 25 15 40 13.81 26.19 40.00
Below Median Pop 4 40 44 15.19 28.81 44.00
All

Using Data From The British Election Study
This paper is a research project that uses data from the British Election Study. The study has
responses from 2987 participants selected at random for the survey. The survey asks a variety of
questions regarding the elections and the perceptions of the participants. The questions include
responses for voting preferences, issues faced in the elections of 2015, inclination of the voter
towards left or right, taxation and spending views, views of respondents regarding immigration,
economic status and so forth. The response scales used are close ended with multiple choice and
Likert scale questions on a scale of one to ten being used. Due to the large amount of data and the
variety of information asked, this report will restrict itself to testing a few hypotheses, which will be
targeted towards specific areas, and which can be proved or disproved through use of cross
tabulation analysis based on data obtained in the survey. It has been noted that the economic status
of a voter tends to impact the political leanings of the voter. It was noted in a survey carried out in
the USA that wage levels were an indicator of voter preferences where people who earned less than
$70,000 noted to lean towards the liberal, Democratic Party, while those who earned more tended to
be more conservative in leaning towards the Republican Party (Thompson, 2012). Another study
conducted in Malaysia concluded that voters consider the economic conditions of the country before
voting for a government, and

Error Performance Improvement Of A Multiplexed Mimo...
Error Performance improvement in Spatially Multiplexed MIMO Systems over Weibull–Gamma
Fading Channel
Keerti Tiwari and Davinder S. Saini
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Jaypee University of Information Technology
Waknaghat, Solan, (H.P.) – 173234, India
E–mail– keerti.tiwari@mail.juit.ac.in, davinder.saini@juit.ac.in
Abstract– In multiple–input multiple–output (MIMO) systems, spatial demultiplexing at the receiver
is a motivational task. Thus, several detection techniques are investigated in existing literature.
There is a tradeoff between computational complexity and optimal performance in many detection
techniques. The ordered successive interference cancellation (OSIC) with minimum mean square
error (MMSE) is used to improve the error performance. However, maximum likelihood (ML)
detection gives optimal performance at the higher complexity level whereas MMSE–OSIC detection
is less complex. Therefore, MMSE–OSIC2 detection is suggested as a solution. In this paper, spatial
multiplexed (SM) MIMO systems are considered to evaluate error performance with different
detection techniques such as MMSE–OSIC, ML and MMSE–OSIC2 in a composite fading i.e.
Weibull–gamma (WG) fading environment. In WG distribution, Weibull and gamma distribution
represent multipath and shadowing effects respectively. It is shown by simulation results that the
MMSE–OSIC2 detection technique gives the improved symbol error performance (SER) which is
closely likely ML performance

Predictive Model
: Development and validation of a predictive model of acute glucose response to exercise in
individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Summary of the article: The purpose of the article was to develop and test a predictive model of the
acute glucose response to exercise in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The researchers used two
types of data for their study. The target population for the study includes individuals with type 2
Diabetes Mellitus. Data for model development was aggregated from three prior diabetes and
exercise studies that were conducted in Virginia, USA; Sao Paolo, Brazil and Quebec, Canada. The
sample for the development dataset includes 56 individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,
performing 488 exercise sessions and taking oral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mixed effects LASSO procedure used for variable selection in the development data set, does
both parameter shrinkage and variable selection automatically and accounted for the repeated
measures with in the subjects and the unbalanced structure of the data, thereby improving the
prediction accuracy and interpretability of the statistical model. The relative importance of each
predictor was estimated using the LMG algorithm, that helps in calculating the contributed
proportion of variance explained for each predictor. The mixed effects model encompasses the
variation within subjects and variation between subjects, thereby improving the estimation of
population level effects. The structure of the model was tested using the likelihood ratio tests which
gives information about the variables that improve the model fit. The authors clearly explained that
the proportion of variance in glucose changes was largely explained by pre–exercise glucose levels
indicating that this variable significantly contributes to the model. The statistical analysis and the
results were clearly explained in every step of statistical analysis and the authors didn't entirely rely
on p–values for interpreting the results but they also considered the results of other statistical tests
like the likelihood ratios, post–hoc assessment. The authors clearly mentioned the

Variables Not In The Equation : The Omnibus Tests For...
According to the data gathered from the first five tables, the log–likelihood of this baseline model is
96.124 (which is representative of the model's fit in comparison to the data).As a result, it was
determined that there were 39 children who had displayed rule understanding and 31 who did not
display rule understanding. Overall, the model correctly classifies 55.7% of children (39 out of 70).
Furthermore, the value of the constant (b0) is equal to 0.23. "Variables not in the Equation" is the
title for the final table of output. The importance of this table is that it reports that the residual chi–
square statistic as 26.103, which is highly significant at p < .001. The value of this statistic is that is
demonstrates that the addition of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That which is important regarding this table is the significance value of the log–likelihood ratio.
Because p < .001, this is highly is highly significant for this model. Based upon the data, the only
model that was a significant predictor of display rule understanding was false–belief understanding.
The reason false–belief understanding was so dominating was because of the fact it had a value 0
(fail the false–belief task) or of either 1 (pass the false–belief task). According to the data, even
when a child has not yet acquired false–belief understanding (fb = 0, No), there is still a 21 %
chance that he or she will actually pass the display rule task (approximately 1 out of 5 children).
Furthermore, if the child passes the false–belief task (fb = 1, Yes), a probability of 80.49 % exists
that he or she will pass the display rule task (approximately 4 out of 5 children). This finding has to
coincide with the acceptance that a probability of 0 shows that there is no chance of the child
passing the display rule task while a probability of 1 is indicative of the child passing the display
rule task. So therefore, the gathered and analyzed data provides support for the theory that a child's
capability of comprehending false–belief understanding is indicative to his or her ability to display
rule understanding. Based upon the data, the only model that was a significant predictor of display
rule understanding was false–belief

Health Literacy Model
The distribution of participants by health literacy levels, demographic characteristics and oral health
outcomes are summarized in Table 1. They were predominantly composed by women (64.0%) and
white (79.2%) people, with a mean age of 37.52 y (±15.01), ranging from 18 to 80 years–old. An
adequate sample size (KMO = 0.77), with a non–identity correlation matrix (Bartlett's Test of
Sphericity, P0.05). The six items of the NVS fitted the Rasch model for rating scale of difficulty,
with the infit MSQ statistics varying from 0.83 and 1.26 and the maximum value of outfit MSQ
statistics of 1.98 (Table 3). Seventy–two percent of participants answered the easier question (#5)
correctly, whereas only 28.4% were successful in responding the most difficult question (#1). ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was detected three thresholds of likelihood ratios of NVS scores for the identification of different
levels of health literacy. The first threshold encompassed the scores 0, 1, and 2, with SSLR varying
from 2.57 through 4.08. The second threshold encompassed the scores 3 and 4 with SSLR of 0.49
and 0.82. The scores 5 and 6 showed SSLR values of 0.16 and 0.09, respectively. A cutoff point of ≤
2 demonstrated a great capacity to identify people with limited OHL, with sensitivity of 0.81 and
specificity of 0.72. One hundred and twenty–five subjects were considered with high likelihood of
limited literacy (range 0–2), 58 subjects with possible limited literacy (range 3–4), and 67 subjects
with adequate literacy (range

Case Analysis : Shoe Marks And The Simpson 's House After...
5.1 R v T (2010) 5.1. a. Case details In this case, T was tried for the murder. Footwear marks were
found at the scene of murder and were recovered by Mr Ryder (expert witness). He compared these
footwear marks with the trainers found in the appellant's house after his arrest. Below shown are the
results of the comparison made and the explanation given for each result– 1. The type of sole pattern
and configuration (size) of the recovered trainers were same as the marks made at the crime scene. It
was revealed that the pattern was one of the most frequently encountered patterns. 2. Wear marks on
the trainers recovered was greater than that found from the marks. Explanation for this was given
that they can be from additional wear of the trainers in the intervening period and it wasn't known
how often trainers were worn. 3. Marks found on the floor of the crime scene showed particular
features which might have resulted from damage to the trainers. As the trainers recovered from the
appellant didn't show any of the above features, following explanations were provided which would
not exclude the possibility that the marks had been made by the trainers:– a. The marks resulted
from an artefact on the surface of the floor. b. The features could have worn away as the trainers
were worn for a certain period of time. c. The marks might have been result of a small stone stuck in
the trainers, which have dislodged afterwards. (CCRC, 2010) 5.1. b. Result of evidence comparison

Relative Asbestos Effect Essay
In addition to the multiplicativity index, the Relative Asbestos Effect (RAE) was used to evaluate
the multiplicative interaction between smoking and asbestos. The RAE is the effect of smoking on
the asbestos effect expressed as the ratio of the risk ratio due to asbestos exposure in non–smokers
(RR01) to that in smokers (RR11). This measure is used to examine the heterogeneity of asbestos
effect across categories of smoking status, to determine if there is effect–measure modification. If
the asbestos effect is the same for non–smokers as for smokers, then the RAE is equal to one,
whereas a value greater than one indicates that the effect of asbestos is greater in non–smokers than
in smokers (negative multiplicative interaction), and vice versa (27). The equation of RAE is:
RAE=RR01/RR11 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the interaction term, an odds ratio (95% CI) which is significantly greater (or less) than one,
indicates a multiplicative interaction (29). The multiplicative interaction may also be evaluated with
the likelihood ratio test comparing logistic regression models (or cox regression) with or without the
interaction term (7,30). In epidemiologic studies, researchers examine the additive interaction or
multiplicative interaction only for empirical reasons; and usually use the one that shows a better fit
to the observations. In fact, statistical interactions are mostly evaluated as departure from
multiplicativity, due to the statistical models used in the analyses (e.g. logistic regression), and that
the models generate the multiplicative interactions results immediately. Usually, if authors are
interested in the evaluation of the statistical interaction, they should report results as departure from
additivity and

Balance Sheet and Current Liabilities
Ch8 Student:
___________________________________________________________________________ 1.
Delta, Northwest, and United Airlines have all, at one time, filed for bankruptcy. True 2. In a
classified balance sheet, we categorize all liabilities as current. True 3. False A line of credit is an
informal agreement that permits a company to borrow up to a prearranged limit without having to
follow formal loan procedures and paperwork. True 9. False We record interest expense in the
period in which we pay it, rather than in the period we incur it. True 8. False Interest is stated in
terms of a percentage rate to be applied to the face value of the loan. True 7. False When a company
borrows cash from a bank promising to repay the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
True False 30. Regarding a contingent liability, when no amount within a range of potential losses
appears more likely than others, we record the maximum amount in the range. True False 31. If the
likelihood of a loss is reasonably possible rather than probable, we record no entry, but make full
disclosure in a footnote to the financial statements to describe the contingency. True False 32. If the
likelihood of loss is remote, disclosure usually is not required. True False 33. A contingent liability
is recorded only if a loss is at least reasonably possible and the amount can be reasonably estimated.
True False 34. The balance in the Warranty Liability account is always equal to Warranty
Expense. True False 35. A gain contingency is an existing uncertain situation that might result in a
gain, which often is the flip side of loss contingencies. True False 36. We record gain contingencies
when the gain is probable and can be reasonably estimated. True False 37. A company is said to be
liquid if it has sufficient cash to pay currently maturing debts. True False 38. The current ratio is
calculated by dividing current liabilities by current assets. True False 39. The acid–test ratio, or
quick ratio, is similar to the current ratio but is based on a more conservative measure of current
assets available to pay current liabilities. True False 40. Quick assets include only cash, short–term
investments, and accounts

Factors That Affect Partial Measurement
Despite the number of studies that have been dedicated to investigating the factors that affect partial
measurement invariance (Kaplan & George, 1995); there continues to be uncertainty in the
proportion of noninvariant items permitted on a scale that will lead to valid statistical conclusions
(Donahue, 2006). The number of items ranges from as little as one invariant item (Byrne,
Shavelson, & Muthen, 1989; Steenkamp & Baumgartner, 1998) to one–half of the items (Reise,
Widaman & Pugh, 1993;) to full scalar invariance (Bollen, 1989; Horn & McArdle, 1992) for
meaningful interpretations of latent mean differences. The effects of partial ME/I on scale use has
been examined in two ways. Either applied studies have investigated partial ME/I in terms of
establishing the partial measurement invariance of an instrument (Byrne et al., 1989) or
methodological researchers have investigated some of the factors thought to affect partial
measurement invariance results (Hutchinson, 2002; 7 Hutchinson & Young, 2003; Kaplan, 1989;
Kaplan & George, 1995). Methodological researchers have conceptualized the detection of partial
measurement invariance in two ways, through the examination of the accuracy of selection of
persons within groups (Millsap & Kwok, 2004), and through the power of the likelihood ratio test
(Hutchinson, 2002; Hutchinson & Young, 2003; Kaplan, 1989; Kaplan & George, 1995). Millsap
and Kwok (2004) examined selection bias based on a partially invariant instrument. They

Comparative Analysis Of Adaptive Threshold Based Spectrum...
Comparative Analysis of Adaptive Threshold Based Spectrum Sensing Techniques in Cognitive
Radio Networks
Abstract:–In the last two decades, the number of wireless communication users and its applications
increasing rapidly. With this rapid growth there exists spectrum scarcity. One of the best solutions to
avoid spectrum scarcity is cognitive radio with its dynamic spectrum sensing. Cognitive radio is a
promising technology, which is used to sense the unused spectrum in an appropriate manner.
Various methods have been proposed in the past, such as energy detection, matched filter and so on
[1 6 7]. Different techniques serve different purpose based on their advantages and disadvantages.
In this paper, the author suggests an approach of dynamic threshold to increase the probability
detection of spectrum sensing. Spectrum sensing using energy detection, matched filter detectors
based on fixed threshold and dynamic threshold are simulated using MATLAB. The performance of
energy detection, matched filter detector is compared by plotting probability detection versus
signal–to–noise ratio graph.
Keywords:–Spectrum Sensing, Cognitive Radio, Wireless Communication, Energy Detection,
Matched Filter, Probability Detection and Threshold.
I. Introduction:–The recent trend in cognitive radio–related research has altered s great of deal of
interest in spectrum sensing and detection of radio users in the environment [5]. In general, the
spectrum user signals are categorized into primary

Essay about Case Study
1. Table 8.1 shows results of an eight–center clinical trial to compare a drug to placebo for curing an
infection. At each center, subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. Table 8.1 Clinical Trial
Data for Problem 1 a. Perform two different tests (Breslow–Day, and likelihood ratio test) for
whether the drug effect on curing an infection is the same over eight centers. i) Breslow–Day test:
The B–D test of homogeneity tests for whether the drug effect on curing an infection is the same
over eight centers gave a chi2 = 8.0 with df=7 and p–value = 0.333. Therefore since the p–value is
> 0.05, we fail to reject the null that the drug effect on curing an infection is the same over the
eight centers. The drug effect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is your conclusion with regard to the effect of the drug on curing the infection? What is the
odds ratio using the CMH method? The OR for curing the infection comparing drug with placebo,
adjusting for the centers is 2.175, with a p–value of 0.011 which is less than 0.05 and therefore
significant. We can conclude that the drug is 2.175 times better at curing the infections after
adjusting for centers compared to the placebo. Using the CHM Method: From the CMH method
above, the combined OR=2.13, with a p–value of 0.0115 which is significant at the 0.05 level.
Therefore the drug is 2.13 times more effective at curing the infection after adjusting for centers
compared to the placebo d. Perform a new logistic regression to find the odds ratio for curing the
infection without adjusting for the centers. Which measure, adjusted, or unadjusted odds ratio, do
you prefer to use when you investigate the drug effect on curing the infection? From the output
above, the OR without adjusting for centers is 1.5 with a p–value of 0.108 which is not significant at
the 0.05 level. Therefore, I will prefer to use the adjusted measure when investigating the drug effect
on curing the infection. e. (Extra Credit) Perform a likelihood ratio test on whether the treatment is
different among the centers, using the deviance measure. data medtreatment; input center drug
treatment count; datalines; 1 1 1 11 1 1 0 25 1 0 1 10 1 0 0 27 2 1 1 16 2 1 0 4

Exercise 31: Questions on T-Ratios
Exercise 31 Questions Questions to be Graded Question 1: What are the two groups whose results
are reflected by the t ratios in Tables 2 and 3? The pretest group and the post–test group. 2. Which t
ratio in Table 2 represents the greatest relative or standardized difference between the pretest and 3
months outcomes? Is this t ratio statistically significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. The t
score that represents the greatest relative difference between pretest and 3 months is t = 4.14. The
results of the analyses indicate that this is a statistically significant result, with p < .05. 3. Which t
ratio listed in Table 3 represents the smallest relative difference between the pretest and 3 months?
Is this t ratio statistically significant? What does this result mean? The t value that is the smallest
represents health responsibility and is t = 1.03. It is not statistically significant, as the analyses did
not indicate it to be so (i.e. no * next to the value). 4. What are the assumptions for conducting a t–
test for dependent groups in a study? Which of these assumptions do you think were met by this
study? There are four main assumptions that must be met when conducting a t–test for dependent
groups. Normal distribution of scores Interval or ratio levels of measurement for Dependent
Variables The groups examined for differences are dependent based on matching or subjects serving
as their own control. The differences between the paired scores are

Diagnostic Accuracy Of A New Clinical Test For The...
Research Methods
Karachalios, Hantes, Zibis, et al (2005). Diagnostic Accuracy of a New Clinical Test (the Thessaly
Test) for Early Detection of Meniscal Tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 87, 955–962.
Part 1A– Critique –Quantitative
Research Question
What is the diagnostic accuracy of a new dynamic clinical test for the detection of meniscal tears?
a) This might be of relevance because the current diagnostic gold standard (MRI) is expensive and
not always available.
b) Are current testing methods inaccurate? Are clinical tests inadequate compared to MRI?
Introduction seemed contradictory; as seventy five per cent accuracy of diagnosis can be made on
history alone (Daniel, 1982; DeHaven, 1975) followed by specific clinical tests with above average
accuracy. Very brief essentially, non–existent literature review. Besides mention of the population
susceptible to meniscal injury, other relevant information pertaining to the injury wasn't briefed.
Such as, the mechanism of injury as well as the classic signs and symptoms experienced by an
individual after meniscal pathology. Neither the introduction nor the brief literature review goes
over what exactly sensitivity and specificity imply in the results. Sensitivity being how good the test
is at detecting meniscal tears and specificity being how good the test is at identifying normal knee
(Mohan, 2007). Also, there is no mention of what constitutes a false–positive and a false–negative
result encountered during

A Strategy For Modeling Salton Sea Basin Future Climate...
Results: A Strategy For Modeling Salton Sea Basin Future Climate Scenarios Based On
Relationships Between Evapotranspiration And Precipitation
A comparison of the averaged weather station datasets versus the historic individual weather station
datasets was made for both precipitation and Eto. The averaged monthly dataset preserved
seasonality for both precipitation and Eto as illustrated in the figures. Notably, for the months of
February, March, and April, the average monthly precipitation volume was lower than the actual
weather station historic data. This occurred for two reasons: 1) the disparity in the number of
observations between the two weather station datasets and the average resulting in the largest
number of observations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results of the two test statistics differed at times, i.e., listing two different curves as providing
the "best" fit. In the fore–mentioned situation, a final decision pertaining to the "best" fit was made
based on a visual assessment of the figures.
Precipitation Events and Eto Levels
The importance of using monthly data instead of annual data for the Salton Sea Basin. Further, the
two models: (1) (Logit Y1,..........12) Month = Constant + X1 Prcp, and (2) (Logit Y1,..........12)
Month = Constant + X1 Eto, established that some months were significantly different than others
concerning the amounts of precipitation and Eto, respectively. The relationships between the
duration of precipitation events ('CatEvent') on the volume of precipitation ('PrcpAmt' and 'CatVol'),
and also on Eto volumes. A plot of the precipitation and Eto observations, percentage or percentage
of observations of a given magnitude, respectively, by month was also made.
The negative relationship between precipitation and Eto was tested statistically using two
multinomial logistic regression models and one binomial logistic regression model, respectively: (3)
(Logit Y0,...4) PrcpAmt = Constant + X1 Eto, (4) (Logit Y0,....5) CatEvent = Constant + X1 Eto,
and (5) (Logit Y0,1) RainEvent = Constant + X1 Eto. The

Cervical Radiculopathy Case Study
Cervical radiculopathy typically produces pain or numbness, sensory deficits, or motor dysfunction
in the neck and upper extremities. Cervical radiculopathy occurs with compression, traction, and a
lesion on the nerve root caused by either a herniated disc, foramina narrowing or degenerative
changes leading to stenosis of the intervertebral foramen. The most common level of root
compression is C7 (46.3–69%), followed by C6 (19–17.6%) (1).
The criteria's for neck pain with radiating pain are upper extremity symptoms, radicular or referred
pain reproduced with:
– Spurling test, ULLTT (median nerve), Reduced with neck distraction, and Cervical rotation < 60
degrees to involved side (2).
When considering this Wainner's cluster (2) of examination items, if all 4 tests are positive, then the
sensitivity of the cluster is 24%, the specificity is 99%, and the positive likelihood ratio is 30.3.
With any 3 tests positive, the sensitivity is 39%, the specificity is 94%, and the positive likelihood
ratio is 6.1. This clus¬ter is an appropriate tool for the clinician to help with the clinical diagnosis of
cervical radiculopathy and the associated ICF impairment–based classification of neck pain with
radiating pain.

The Shot Boundary And Classification Of Digital Video Essay
Shot boundary and classification of digital video is most important step for effective management
and retrieval of video data. Shot transitions include abrupt changes and gradual changes. Recent
automated techniques for detecting transitions between shots are highly effective on abrupt
transitions. But finding gradual transition is major challenge in the presence of camera and object
motion. In this paper, different shot boundary detection technique has studied. The main focused on
to differentiated motion from various video effects noise, illumination changes, gradual transition,
and abrupt transition. Specially, the paper focuses on dissolve detection in the presence of camera
and object motion Keywords: Shot boundary, Gradual transition, Abrupt Transition, Video Retrieval
I.INTRODUCTION: The advances in the data capturing, storage, and communication technologies
have made vast amounts of video data available to consumer and enterprise applications [1].
However, interacting with multimedia data, and video in particular, requires more than connecting
with data banks and delivering data via networks to customers, homes or offices. We still have
limited tools and applications to describe, organize, and manage video data. The fundamental
approach is to index video data and make it a structured media. Manually generating video content
description is time consuming and thus more costly to the point that it's almost impossible. This is
because of the structure of video data,

Evaluation Of A Likert Patient Preference Questionnaire Essay
As a result of the activities performed above, the following products were produced. Staff
established a Likert patient preference questionnaire (See Fig. 3 in Appendix). Also, each Likert
item was scaled. Barriers to testing were identified to include on the Likert questionnaire.
Dependent variables identified are patient preference before and after the procedure (de
Wijkerslooth et al., 2010; Lin et al., 2012); pain level, recovery monitoring, burden, differences in
procedural time and recovery time (Boellard, van der Paardt, Eberl, Hollmann, & Stoker, 2011).
Independent variables included age, sex, ethnicity, region/center (Boellard et al., 2011). The study
would involve four groups: Group 1: Preference OC list with the willingness to undergo CTC (1875
subjects); Group 2: Preference OC list not willing to undergo CTC (1875 subjects); Group 3:
Preference CTC list with the willingness to undergo OC (1875 subjects); Group 4: Preference CTC
list not willing to undergo OC (1875 subjects). Finally, a comprehensive report and images of the
intestines and surround organs were devised for CT colonography and colonoscopy. By assessing
pre–Likert questionnaires, the staff could provide the necessary environment to make patients feel
comfortable. By evaluating the post–Likert questionnaires, staff will be able to cater to the patient's
needs better because they can truly see which screening procedure the patient is most comfortable
with. To evaluate specific Likert items, the

A Study on Traffic Violations Essay
A STUDY ON TRAFFIC RULES VIOLATIONS IN CHENNAI
(VANDALUR AND PERANGALUTUR)
Submitted By:
Praveen Kumar A, MBA.
INTRODUCTION Violations in traffic laws are very common in a highly populated country like
India. The conditions are even worse in metro cities like Delhi, Mumbai Bangalore and Chennai.
The accidents associated with these violations cause a huge loss to life and property.
Same is the case in Chennai. Being a metro city and a highly populated one also, has a lot of road
accidents every year. Despite this the violations in traffic laws do not reduce. A lot of people disobey
the rules every day sometimes willingly and sometimes because they are forced to do so because of
others.
The major traffic laws in India ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also it has a vast population which causes a lot of traffic on the roads. Knowing these factors help
us to collect more accurate data because it enables us to compare between different situations and
make a better analysis. These factors can be identified as:
Overcrowded roads because of a large population, Maximum traffic is observed during office hours
i.e. between 8.00–10.00AM and 5.00–8.00PM. Therefore the maximum violations are also done
during these peak hours. Are report includes study during both peak as well as non peak hours. One
another important factor is that since most of the offices are in the areas like Vandalur and
Perangalatur, the maximum traffic is observed in these areas. So these areas experience maximum
breaking of traffic laws.
The violations mentioned in the report are:
Overloading of vehicles– it is very common in the case of two wheelers.
Not wearing helmets or seat belts is also a major rule which is not followed and is the cause of many
deaths and serious injuries.
Drunken driving and speeding beyond a mentioned limit.
Driving in the wrong direction is one of the key violations.
Not obeying the traffic signals is observed mainly during the peak hours of traffic as everyone is in
a rush to reach early.
Thus, these are the basis on which the report is based.

METHODOLOGY
As the traffic violations will give out better results when studied at the places with high density of

The Validity Measures Of Blood Pressure
Aim: This study aims to calculate the validity measures of blood pressure–to–height ratios (BPHR)
in screening for elevated blood pressure (EBP) in a sample of the Egyptian adolescence aged 11–15
years.
Subject and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on a sample of 1707 students aged 11–
15 years. Elevated blood pressure was defined according to the international gold standard
definition. Systolic and diastolic BPHR (SBPHR and DBPHR) were calculated for boys and girls,
and their ability to identify EBP has been determined by the area under the curve of the receiver
operator characteristic curves. Sex–specific optimal cutoff points were determined along the curve,
and their sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
About 10% of the Egyptian children and adolescents have EBP(7), and this rate is expected to
increase with the current increased rate of childhood and adolescence overweight and obesity that
exceeded 45% in our country(8). Therefore, there was an urgent need for the diagnosis and
treatment of pre–hypertension (pre–HTN) and HTN early in life, as this may result in lifelong
reduction in the risk of their occurrence as well as the occurrence of associated conditions(4).
Based on a gold standard guidelines developed for the definition of normal and EBP in children and
adolescents, accurate diagnosis of EBP requires adjusting the values for age, gender, and height(9).
This adjustment requires measuring the child's height, determining the child's height's percentile
based on national or international height tables, measuring and recording the child's blood pressure
(BP), and finally checking if his BP falls within or above the corresponding BP percentiles in the BP
tables. This cumbersome process makes the interpretation of the BP level time consuming and too
complex to be applied in everyday pediatric clinical practice(10,11). Providing simple approaches
for interpreting BP levels in childhood and adolescence would encourage health care providers to
include blood pressure

Performance Analysis : Performing Ratio Analysis
In order to analyse how well a business is performing ratio analysis is used by accountants and
many stakeholders. To do ratio analysis, figures from the profit and loss account and balance sheet
are used to determine a business's profitability, solvency, liquidity and efficiency. Account ratios are
formulas used to decide whether to lend money to companies. All banks are different and all ratios
are a judgement made on the quality and likelihood of a return on investment by the bank or other
creditors. Solvency ratios are used to determine how quickly a company can get hold of money, how
quickly assets can become cash in order to pay for something urgent. Profitability is the ability of
Rolls Royce to earn a profit. A profit is what is left of the revenue which a business generates after it
pays all the expenses directly related to the generation of the revenue as producing a product, and
other expenses related to the conduct of the business' activities. There are many different ways for a
business to analyse profitability. The ratios that help with this include profitability ratio, gross
margin, net operating ratio and return on asset ratio. Liquidity is the measure of the extent to which
Rolls Royce has cash avail bale to meet the immediate and short term commitments, or assets which
can be quickly converted to help with this. There are different types of liquidity ratios which include
current ratio and acid test ratio. A business's efficiency is the measure of what is

Chapter 14 End Of Case Exercises
HADM 5132: MANAGERIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Mitchell Jordon Chapter 14
end of case exercises [Page: 405 –407] Uday Sekhar Reddy Mareddy Thaddeus Wesley Question 1:
a. Benefit of the treatment is Difference in the outcome for diseased patients who receive treatment
compared to those who don't take treatment. Benefit of treatment = 6% b. Harm of treatment is the
difference in the outcome for patients without the disease who receive treatment compared to those
who do not. Harm of treatment = 2% c. Treatment Threshold = Harm/ (harm + Benefit) ... Show
Treatment Threshold = 0.05/ (0.05+ 0.20) = 0.2 or 20 % If prevalence of Acute Myocardial
Infarction is greater than 20% indicates that bypass surgery procedure will outweigh the risks
associated with AMI, so immediate bypass surgery should be provided. d. Positive likelihood ratio
associated with the CT angiogram: LR+ = sensitivity / (1– specificity) = 0.95/ (1– 0.90) = 9.5 e.
Negative likelihood ratio associated with the CT angiogram: LR– = (1 – sensitivity) / specificity =
(1 – 0.95) / 0.9 = 0.0556 f. Pre–test odds = pretest probability / (1– pretest probability) = 0.06/ (1–
0.06) = 1.5 g. Post–test odds of MI with a positive CT angiogram: = pretest odds x LR+ = 1.5 x 9.5
= 14.25 h. Post–test odds of MI with a negative CT angiogram: = Pretest x LR– = 1.5 x 0.0556 =
0.0834 i. Post–test probability of MI with a positive CT angiogram: = post–test odds / (1+ post–test
odds) = 14.25/ (1+ 14.25) = 0.934 j. Post–test probability of MI with a negative CT angiogram: =
0.0834/ (1+ 0.0834) = 0.077 k. No treat–test low threshold= Harm x (1–specificity)/ harm x (1–
specificity) + benefit x sensitivity = 0.05 x (1– 0.9)/ 0.05 x (1–0.9) + 0.2x

Fear of Crime: Seriousness of Crime Demographic as Control
Fear of Crime
Seriousness of Crime Demographic as Control
6321 Quantitative Analysis in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to explore the variables associated with the fear of crime and how
serious can crime would be estimate. There are three factors that will be examined in this research.
The first is that people have fear of crime by age, martial statues and education. This paper will
attempt to explain these variances through literature review. The author of this paper will analyze
the data from all three factors that explain the fear of crime and the seriousness. This paper will
attempt to explain the seriousness of crime and the seriousness across the variables included. The
three control variables that will be used are: Age of fear of crime, marital statues, and education
dichotomy. The data indicates that the hypothesis is that when these three variables are included
difference are among age and education when fear of crime increase.
Literature Review There are several ways that fear of crime has a relationship with violence. In
many communities have experience higher fear of crime levels? Franklin (2009) in his current
research he tested the vulnerability of female and male to indicated if fear of crime was increase by
age. In his finding this facts are significant since there is a higher level among age for males while
females tend to reduce fear. Age also plays a big role when fear of crime is concern in the
communities.

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