Writer’s Surname 1[Name of the Writer][Name of Ins.docx

Writer’s Surname 1
[Name of the Writer]
[Name of Instructor]
[Subject]
[Date]
Professional Coder Practicum Documentation
Medical coding is the conversion of medical diagnosis,
equipment, procedures, and medical services into universal
medical alphanumeric codes. The procedure and diagnoses
codes are taken from medical record documentation such as
laboratory, radiologic results, and transcription of doctor’s
notes. Professional coder practicum make sure the codes are
applied correctly during the medical billing process. In this
paper four cases has been reviewed to see if there is any
missing data in documentation that can be needed by coder. The
first case is of a patient suffering from invasive ductal
carcinoma (Nie, Liqiang, et al. 2015).
410057
The patient is suffering from invasive ductal carcinoma of the
right breast. the patient is 57 years old female with an extensive
surgical history involving her bilateral breasts including prior
mastopexies as well as breast augmentation. The patient was
brought to the preoperative area and was marked for an inferior
pedicle wise pattern reduction. According to the coding
summary provided by supervisor all the information such as
reason for visit, primary diagnosis, secondary diagnosis,
procedural details, cancer follow up information, pertinent
laboratory tests, medical history, current medication list, and
symptoms of disease is present for this case. All the information
is present for coder and there is no missing data for this patient.

The second case is of a patient suffering from benign neoplasm
of ascending colon.
410092
The patient had colonoscopy at 4/11/2014. Multiple resected
polyps diagnosed as tubulovillous adenomas and tubular
adenomas. Patient states that not all areas were resected and he
is presenting for colonoscopy with endoscopy mucosal
resection. The medical notes contain information about his
evaluation and detailed medical history which include allergies,
anesthetic complications, and cardiovascular history. The case
also provide information about patient’s vitals, physical exam
details, lab tests details, anesthesia assessment plan, home
medications, current hospital medications, pathology
consultation report, and procedural details. There is no missing
information in this case. The doctor clearly diagnosed the
disease and coding is always done on definitive diagnosis.
There is information related to gene analysis which has not been
assigned any code as per clinic policies.
The third case is of a patient suffering from epidermal cyst.
410198
The patient had the cyst at the site many years ago and recently
she has noticed the scar has enlarged, become itchy and at times
drains foul smelling material. The female patient is 49 years old
and has no other medical condition. The medical notes contain
the diagnosis, past medical history, past surgical history,
medication details, family history, social history, anesthesia
complication, physical exam details, assessment, plan, and
detail of the procedure performed on patient. There was no
occupational history available in the file. There were no lab
tests mentioned in the file which can be used by coder while
documentation.
The fourth and last case is of a patient suffering from dental
abnormalities.

410296
The patient is 45 years old man who presents with profound
development delay and autistic behavior. He is unable to
tolerate necessary dental treatment while conscious. The
decision was made to utilize general anesthesia for completion
of all necessary dental treatment in one appointment. The
medical report contained information regarding patient’s
medical history, diet details, medication details, wound care
instructions, follow up details, operation performed details,
anesthesia complication, procedural details, and record of
completed medication. Preoperative diagnosis, and
postoperative diagnosis were missing in the case file.
Work Cited
Nie, Liqiang, et al. "Bridging the vocabulary gap between
health seekers and healthcare knowledge." IEEE Transactions
on Knowledge and Data Engineering 27.2 (2015): 396-409.
ducation for the Negro. Krill Press via PublishDrive, 2015.
EDST 108 PartB/.DS_Store
__MACOSX/EDST 108 PartB/._.DS_Store
EDST 108 PartB/2019_Assess 1A brief.png
__MACOSX/EDST 108 PartB/._2019_Assess 1A brief.png
EDST 108 PartB/2019_Assess1B brief.pdf
From page 13 of the Unit Outline
Part B (30%) Action priority reflective journal, evaluation and

verbal presentation (1200 words)
In weeks 5-11 you need to implement your action plan and
collect data to evidence improvement in your
lifestyle for the selected area of priority over this period of
time. You need to collect regular evidence of your
actions throughout the period of time and present a final
evaluation and reflection on your achievements.
This evaluation and reflection will have a written component.
Due date: NSY: Thursday 23rd May
STR: Friday 24th May
Weighting: 30%
Length and/or format: 1200 words
Purpose: To demonstrate scientifically supported action by
applying the principles
of sustainability (in particular ecological footprint, energy,
waste, water)
and to redesign and implement improvements to an aspect of
your
personal lifestyle.
Learning outcomes assessed: Students demonstrate that they can
elaborate socio-scientific concepts
relevant to understanding key environmental issues and
sustainability,
recognise the critical importance of global sustainability and
reflect on
how this impacts locally on their lifestyles and professional
roles.

How to submit: Students will submit Part B as a Microsoft
Word document to LEO by
11:59pm on the due date specified above, with Part A and it’s
completed
marking rubric in an appendix.
Return of assignment: Within or up to three weeks of
submission
Part B of your Journal Submission should include:
a) A summary of data collection that demonstrates the regularity
with which it was collected (e.g. a table
of weekly data; photographs to visually present actions)
b) A summary comparison of your “before” and “after” data to
demonstrate the overall improvement you
achieved in your lifestyle (use summary tables and graphs as
well as a written statement of
achievement).
c) An elaboration of the literature around the selected priority
area including why it is a sustainability
issue, what the implications are for the local and global
community, and what individuals, local,
national and global communities need to be doing to assist
transition to a more sustainable lifestyle.
d) A reflection on the progress you made over the action period

that includes any issues or challenges
encountered, sources of support, how you feel about the results
you have achieved, and the impact
of your actions on your thinking about sustainability in regard
to the priority area. This summary
reflection should be based on weekly reflective journal entries,
which must be attached as an
appendix.
e) A verbal report of your experience will also be conducted as
a 2 - 3 minute oral presentation in your
tutorial.
__MACOSX/EDST 108 PartB/._2019_Assess1B brief.pdf
EDST 108 PartB/All files of Assess 1A/.DS_Store
__MACOSX/EDST 108 PartB/All files of Assess
1A/._.DS_Store
EDST 108 PartB/All files of Assess 1A/Annual Projection.xlsx
工作表1Energy Consumption of Gasoline Passenger Vehicles
（L/KM)Energy Consumption of Pure Electric Passenger
Vehicle(L/KM)
1680072002400014400
Energy Consumption of Gasoline Passenger Vehicles （L/KM)
16800.024000.0Energy Consumption of Pure Electric Passenger
Vehicle(L/KM) _x000d_

7200.014400.0
__MACOSX/EDST 108 PartB/All files of Assess 1A/._Annual
Projection.xlsx
EDST 108 PartB/All files of Assess 1A/Data of a Week .xlsx
工作表1Cycle of Gasoline Passenger Vehicles and Pure Electric
Passenger VehiclesEnergy Consumption of Gasoline Passenger
Vehicles （L/KM)Energy Consumption of Pure Electric
Passenger Vehicle(L/KM)
350150500300
150.0300.0
__MACOSX/EDST 108 PartB/All files of Assess 1A/._Data of a
Week .xlsx
EDST 108 PartB/All files of Assess 1A/EDST108---Part A.docx

PART A: Action priority identification, research and plan
a.) Summary of Research Data:
GHGs
(gCO2e/L)
VOCs
(g/L)
NOx
(g/L)
One-time PM2.5
(g/L)
SO2
(g/L)
912
1.02
2.15
0.14
0.98
Figure 1.1 Greenhouse Gas and Atmospheric Pollutant Emission
Factor in Upstream Stage of Gasoline Passenger Vehicle Fuel
Cycle
GHGs
(gCO2e/kWh)
VOCs
(g/kW)
NOx
(g/kWh)
One-time PM2.5
(g/kWh)
SO2

(g/kWh)
855
0.075
0.671
0.082
0.433
Figure 1.2 Greenhouse Gas and Atmospheric Pollutant Emission
Factor in Upstream Stage of Para-electric Passenger Vehicle
Fuel Cycle
VOCs
(g/km)
NOx
(g/km)
One-time PM2.5
(g/km)
SO2
(g/km)
0.53
0.02
0.003
0.00133
Figure 1.3 Atmospheric Pollutant Emission Factor of Gasoline
Passenger Vehicle in Fuel Cycle Operation Stage
Figure 1.4 Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
in Combustion
Cycle of Gasoline Passenger Vehicles and Pure Electric
Passenger Vehicles

Figure 1.5 Energy Consumption of Different Vehicles in a Week
Figure 1.6 Annual Projection
b.) i: Findings Summarized
It can be seen from the pictures that compared with gasoline
passenger cars, the greenhouse gas emissions of pure electric
passenger cars at all levels are lower than those of gasoline
passenger cars at corresponding levels, which has obvious
greenhouse gas emission reduction benefits. This is of great
significance to the promotion of electric passenger cars.
ii: Referenced Explanation
The rapid development of heavy industry in the world has
resulted in a large amount of greenhouse gases emissions. The
danger of human survival comes from the consequences of
greenhouse gases. This is Gerharda’s point of view (2011). In
fact, greenhouse gases are the main cause of global warming.
Raising global temperatures are bound to lead to rising sea
levels. As a result, the territory of human existence is shrinking.
When the sea completely submerges the land, mankind will
eventually usher in the moment of extinction. For example, the
Global Climate Conference held in Copenhagen at the end of
2009 was a world conference to reach global limits on
greenhouse gas emissions.
Transportation is the second largest source of greenhouse gases

in the world. Taking the EU as an example, 27 EU countries
emitted 4.721 billion tons of greenhouse gases in 2010, of
which 931 million tons were emitted by the transport sector,
accounting for 19.72%. Therefore, all countries in the world
attach great importance to promoting low-carbon transportation.
Energy-saving and new energy vehicles are the trend of future
development, which can not only reduce the dependence on
fossil energy, but also reduce the emission of automobile
exhaust. Many countries have attached great importance to the
development of energy-saving technologies for vehicles, and the
government has also promoted the application of energy-saving
and low-carbon vehicles through standards, fiscal and taxation
policies.
William II (2015) pointed out that VOCs and NOx are important
precursors of PM2.5 and ozone in cities in terms of their impact
on air quality. These two are the emissions that pure electric
passenger cars can effectively reduce compared with gasoline
passenger cars. In addition, with the application of cleaner
electric power and efficient industrial dust removal and
desulfurization technology in the future, the primary PM2.5 and
SO2 emissions in the whole life cycle of electric vehicles will
be greatly reduced.
Chris Mack (2012), project director of the Technical Standards
Department of the Australian Automobile Engineering Society,
said that the reduction of PM2.5 and SO2 emissions could be
further achieved by strengthening energy consumption control
of pure electric passenger vehicles. Research has shown that
when the energy consumption of pure electric passenger cars is
lower than a certain level, the emission of PM2.5 and SO2 will
be lower than that of gasoline passenger cars of the same level.
In addition, Jones Smith (2017) has specifically proposed that
compared with the sporadic emission of gasoline passenger cars,
the emission of air pollutants from pure electric passenger cars

is mainly concentrated in the power generation sector, which is
easier to control and improve. It is of great significance to
improve urban air quality.
c.) i: Action Plan
1. A poster will be posted on the door to encourage people
around me to use energy-efficient or new energy vehicles.
2. When my destination is not very far away, I try to choose
bicycle as a means of transportation. When the destination is far
enough, I try to choose train or bus as a means of
transportation.
3. Learn how to save fuel with experienced bus drivers or train
staff.
ii: Timeline
· The whole operation lasted for a week. The survey was not
scheduled at the same time of the day.
· The investigation paths of gasoline passenger cars and pure
electric passenger cars are as consistent as possible.
· Three plans can be carried out simultaneously.
iii: Evidence
In a one-week survey, the energy consumption of gasoline
passenger cars and pure electric passenger cars in different units
will be recorded in detail. Different types of icons are designed
to make the whole survey more scientific.
Reference List

Gerharda. (2010). Research on Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
Sydney Press.
William II. (2015). Energy Revolution. Science Daily.
Chris Mack. (2012). Sustainable Development Research
Program. Sydney Press.
Jones Smith. (2017). Green Life. Sydney Press.
Energy Consumption of Gasoline Passenger Vehicles
Vehicle 100.0200.0
150.0300.0

7200.014400.0
EDST108 (Assessment 1- Part A) Name: Dian Yang Student
Number: S00270785
1A/._EDST108---Part A.docx
EDST 108 PartB/All files of Assess
1A/EDST108_Assessment1A_Exemplar.pdf
PART A: Action priority identification, research and plan
a.) Summary of Research Data:
Electricity Usage Water Usage Gas
Usage
28 Feb 2999 kWh 0754 KL plus
613 L
3
2609 m

1 March 2112 kWh 0756 KL plus
199 L
3
2613 m
344 L
3
2616 m
377 L
3
2619 m
886 L
3
2621 m
034 L

3
2623 m
432 L
3
2625 m
Annual
Projection
162, 136 kWh 39, 698 KL plus
464 L
3
136, 500 m
Figure 1.1

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
28-Feb 1-Mar 2-Mar 3-Mar 4-Mar 5-Mar 6-Mar
kW
h
Day of the week
Electricty Usage Over a Week
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
28-Feb
1-Mar
2-Mar
3-Mar

4-Mar
5-Mar
6-Mar
KL
Da
y
of
th
e
W
ee
k
Water Usage Over a Week
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3
Results of Ecological Footprint:

Gas Usage Over a Week in Cubic Metres
28-Feb 1-Mar 2-Mar 3-Mar 4-Mar 5-Mar 6-Mar
Figure 1.4
Figure 1.5
b.) i: Findings Summarised
According to figure 1.1 and subsequent figures, the priority area
that requires the most
attention is electricity, which is the highest due to the amount
of people in the household and
their non-sustainable habits.
ii: Referenced Explanation
The burning of fossil fuels has a detrimental impact both locally
and globally. Electricity has
been chosen as the targeted priority area in the household due to
its many issues and

implications in terms of its environmental, economic and social
sustainability. To make
Australia, and indeed earth more sustainable, individuals must
change the way they practise
sustainable living for a greener future.
The household electricity is supplied by the Australian Gas
Light company (AGL). AGL
states that a high percentage of their electricity is sourced from
thermal energy, which is
generated from coal and gas resources (AGL, n.d.). The use of
these resources is a paramount
issue in Australia due to both being unsustainable and non-
renewable. As both gas and coal
are finite, the consequence of continuing to use these resources
at the present rate is that they
will deplete (St John, n.d.; University of New South Wales
[UNSW], 2017). St John (n.d.)
estimates that at the current rate in which coal is being
produced, it will only last for 125
years. However, this estimate does not consider the growing
Australian population
(Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2017). Additionally, all
87% of mined coal is

exported to an ever-increasing world population. Similarly,
natural gas production is only
estimated to last for another 60 years, and that is only in respect
to current production rates
(St John, n.d). The rapid acceleration of gas usage also has
major implications.
The consequence of thermal energy production in today’s
society is that of air pollution,
which is directly linked to the burning of these fossil fuels. This
results in greenhouse gases
being released into the earth’s atmosphere, which further
advances the rate of climate change.
Furthermore, the earth will become increasingly warmer, the sea
levels in the oceans will rise
and glaciers will melt (Hoel, Kverndokk, 1996; National
Aeronautics and Space
Administration [NASA], 2018; UNSW, 2017).
Another significant issue regarding the targeted priority area is
the high cost of energy
derived from coal and gas. It is estimated that since 2007 the

price of these resources has
doubled and is expected to double by 2020 (UNSW, 2017). This
electricity price rise has
economic effects that then have a social impact on lower and
middle socio-economic classes,
such as not being able to afford the installation or usage of air
conditioning, resulting in a
compromised level of thermal comfort (Moore, Ridley,
Strengers, Maller, & Horne, 2016).
In summary, when considering the issues and implications of
electricity usage locally and
globally, it can be concluded that finite resources, coal and gas,
are not sustainable forms of
energy. Therefore, each individual has a vital part to play in
making the future more
environmentally, economically and socially sustainable for
future generations.

c.) i: Action Plan
1. A poster will be put on the door asking if everybody in the
household has
remembered to turn off their electronic devices before they
leave the house.
2. On cooler days, the household will be encouraged to put an
extra layer of clothing on
instead of using the reverse cycle setting on the air conditioner.
3. I will make a rule that lights can only be turned on from 6pm
onwards.
ii: Timeline
- Action 1 will be implemented on day 1 of Week 5 and be
carried out until Week 11 to
check on improvement. It will then be decided whether this is a
realistic action and if
it should keep being implemented.
- Action 2 will be implemented daily, except in the case of a
temperature less than 17
degrees.

- Action 3 will also be carried out on day 1 of Week 5 and it
will continue to be
implemented throughout the whole plan.
iii: Evidence
A weekly reading of the electricity metre will be implemented
and photos will be taken.
Additionally, a weekly survey beginning in Week 5 will be
carried out to check on
improvement. A chart will also be made with everybody’s name
and what they must do on it,
which will be checked every day and documented.
Reference List
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Australian Demographic
Statistics, Jun 2017.
Retrieved from

http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/mf/3101.0
Aynsley, R., Moghtaderi, B., Page, A., & Shiel, J. (2017). The
importance of air movement in
warmer temperatures: a novel SET* house case study.
Architectural Science Review,
60(3), 225-238.
doi:10.1080/00038628.2017.1300763
Global Footprint Network. (2018). Ecological Footprint
Calculator. Retrieved from
http://www.footprintcalculator.org/
Hoel, M., & Kverndokk, S. (1996). Depletion of fossil fuels and
impacts of global warming.
Resource and Energy Economics, 18(2), 115-136.
doi:10.1016/0928-7655(96)00005-X
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2018). A
blanket around the earth.
Retrieved from https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/
St John, A. (n.d.). Australian non-renewable energy resources.
Retrieved from
https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Depar
tments/Parliamentary
_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/EnergyResources

The Australian Gas Light Company. (n.d.). Thermal energy.
Retrieved from
https://www.agl.com.au/about-agl/how-we-source-
energy/thermal-energy
University of New South Wales. (2017). Sustainability Report.
Retrieved from
http://sustainabilityreport.unsw.edu.au/environment/energy
1A/._EDST108_Assessment1A_Exemplar.pdf
EDST 108 PartB/All files of Assess
1A/EDST108_Assessment1A_Exemplar2.pdf
How sustainable is my life?
To be sustainable, ecosystems must produce everything it needs
to stay balanced. However,
human intervention has led to using resources that in turn can
negatively affect
sustainability. From the results below, it is believed to be that
the author’s current lifestyle
was not sustainable. Water is constantly used in households
every day to keep hydrated as
well as using it to bathe and clean the household e.g. washing
the floor. Electricity is also
another major resource used in the author’s lifestyle where
family members use electricity
to charge phones, turn on lights and use the TV. With all of

these non-sustainable practices,
it is the author’s job to use strategies that make it easier for
them to be more sustainable.
Table of Results:
DAY: WATER USAGE: ELECTRICITY USAGE:
7th March 595L 22.5Kw
13th March 610L 20.8kw
Water Usage Graph:
0
200
400
600

800
1000
1200
7Tth March 8th March 9th March 10th March 11th March 12th
March 13th March
WATER USAGE (kL):
Electricity graph:
Use data collected to identify ONE action area as a priority for
improvement in your
current lifestyle.
Over the course of the week, It is evident that current lifestyle
habits are not sustainable. As
shown in the results above, it is evident that water is the main
resource consumed in the
household. As a result of the findings, several courses of action
will be carried out:
displaying signs around the household, taking shorter showers,
using the dishwasher
instead of wasting water by washing dishes by hand and taking
pictures of the water meter
on a weekly basis.

By simply reducing our household use of water, this will in turn
contribute to creating a
positive impact on the environment. In an average household,
the shower is the biggest
water user (34% of indoor water use in the average household),
toilet (26%) and laundry
(23%)” (Mcgee, 2013). Currently, the most significant
consumption in the household is
water usage in the shower. Therefore, strategies need to be put
in place where water
consumption is minimised. “Millions of people around the
world could get access to safe
water in their homes with the help of small, affordable loans”
(water.org, 2018). The
seemingly small contribution made by an individual or
household to reduce their water
consumption will significantly help save the global resource. If
everyone makes a conscious
effort to make simple reductions in their water consumption,
then this will have a positive
impact on the global supply of this essential resource.
Our job as humans, is to make sure everyone throughout the
world is entitled to having
access to a sufficient and hygienic amount of water. “Women
and girls from remote
mountain villages in North Vietnam walk up to three hours a
day to haul water back to their
houses for cooking” (Oxfam , 2017). Having no access to fresh,
clean accessible water for
drinking and cooking, can affect not only their families and
communities in a negative way.
For example, many types of pathogenic bacteria, viruses,
protozoa may be transmitted by
18.5

19
19.5
20
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
7th March 8th March 9th March 10th March 11th March 12th
March 13th March
ELECTRICITY USAGE RESULTS (kW):
contaminated water supplies. The faeces from human sources is
known to be the greatest
risk to water supplies causing diseases in humans (Algaefreee,
2004). When improving an
individual’s lifestyle, it’s important to take action and help
those who are disadvantaged
than ourselves.
Looking at the positive and negative aspects of water usage, it’s

important that when taking
action into improving my lifestyle the factors above are taken
into consideration.
Action Plan:
Through this assignment, students have been allocated a job to
look at their current lifestyle
and gathering from that they will chose one current area in their
lifestyle which is not
sustainable. It is the students job to conduct research on all
aspects in their lifestyle to
understand what they have been using most. They have also
been asked to conduct an
action plan which will ensure that all of the practices they have
learnt about being
sustainable, will be implemented for those four weeks as well as
the future.
Week one is going to be one of the most challenging week as
changes need to be
implemented. Given a family of five, monitoring the family
member’s compliance to
minimising each members water usage will be difficult. To
overcome this, signs will be
placed throughout the home as constant reminders. For example,
displaying a sign on the
shower door will be used as a reminder to limit the time span of
the shower.
Week 2 will hopefully be easier as family members would
become accustomed to the
strategies employed to reduce water in the previous week.

In week 3, the primary focus would be to ensure that family
members do not slip back to
their old water usage habits. At this stage of the experiment,
observations and recordings
will be noted. This will be done by taking photos of the water
meter and recording results in
a table.
Week 4, the final week. The data will be reviewed and stored.
Conclusions will also be
established.
Bibliography
Algaefree. (2004). Drinking Water. Retrieved March 21st, 2018,
from
http://www.algaefreeaustralia.com.au/water_treatment.php
Mcgee, C. (2013). Water. Retrieved March 15th, 2018, from
http://yourhome.gov.au/water
Oxfam . (2017). Water and Sanitation. Retrieved March 18th,
2018, from
https://www.oxfam.org.au/what-we-do/water-sanitation-and-
hygiene/
water.org. (2018). Opportunity starts with safe water. Retrieved
March 11th, 2018, from
https://water.org/

Bibliography
1A/._EDST108_Assessment1A_Exemplar2.pdf
EDST 108 PartB/All files of Assess 1A/Energy Consumption
and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Combustion.xlsx
工作表1Energy Consumption of Gasoline Passenger Vehicles
Energy Consumption of Pure Electric Passenger Vehicle
200100400200
Energy Consumption of Gasoline Passenger Vehicles
Vehicle 100.0200.0
__MACOSX/EDST 108 PartB/All files of Assess 1A/._Energy
Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in
Combustion.xlsx
__MACOSX/EDST 108 PartB/._All files of Assess 1A
EDST 108 PartB/Assess1B_MarkingRubric.pdf
Appendix 2 - Assessment criteria: Assignment 1B
ASSIGNMENT 1 Part B (30%)
Significantly Above
Standard

Well Above Standard Above Standard At Standard Not at
standard
Criterion 1
Evidence,
Analysis and
Evaluation of
data
10 marks
Regular data
collection is clearly
evidenced, analysed
and evaluated to
demonstrate a high
level of engagement
with the
implementation
process.
Summary data is
presented in
appropriate tables and
graphs and reported
clearly and succinctly
to form a conclusion of
the impact personal
lifestyle changes had
on the sustainability
target area selected.
Regular data collection

is evidenced, analysed
and evaluated to
demonstrate clear
engagement with the
implementation
process.
Summary data is
presented in
appropriate tables and
graphs and reported
clearly to form a
conclusion of the
impact personal
target area selected.
Regular data
collection is
evidenced, analysed
and/or evaluated to
demonstrate sound
engagement with
the implementation
process.
Summary data is
presented in mostly
appropriate tables
and graphs and
reported to form a
conclusion of the
impact personal
lifestyle changes
had on the

sustainability target
area selected.
Regular data
collection is
evidenced, analysed
and/or evaluated to
demonstrate a
reasonable level of
engagement with the
implementation
process.
Summary data is
presented with some
use of tables and/or
graphs to form a
conclusion of the
impact personal
target area selected
for action.
Regular data
collection is not
evidenced or
analysed or
evaluated sufficiently.
Little or no use of
appropriate of tables
and graphs.
Conclusion of the
impact personal

priority area selected
for action is not
developed or
evidenced
appropriately.
Criterion 2
Elaboration of
sustainability
principles and
socio- scientific
concepts drawing
on evidence from
implementation
and relevant
literature
10 marks
The socio-scientific
concepts related to the
target area are
thoroughly elaborated
on in the report to
support insightful
analysis and
discussion of the
area.
Evidence from both
personal action results
and a wide range of

highly appropriate
literature sources are
used to identify key
strategies for
individuals, local,
national and global
communities to
improve sustainability
outcomes.
concepts related to the
target area are clearly
elaborated on in the
report to support quality
analysis and discussion
of the sustainability
target area.
Evidence from both
personal action results
and a wide range of
appropriate literature
sources are used to
identify strategies for
individuals, local,
national and global
communities to
outcomes.
concepts related to
the target area are
elaborated to some
extent in the report

to support analysis
and discussion of
the sustainability
target area.
Evidence from both
personal action
results and some
literature sources
are used to identify
strategies for
individuals, local,
national and/or
global communities
to improve
sustainability
outcomes.
concepts related to
the target area are
mentioned in the
report, offering some
limited support to
analysis and
discussion of the
area.
Evidence from both
personal action
results and/or some
literature sources are
used to identify
strategies for
individuals, local,

national and/or global
communities to
outcomes.
concepts related to
the target area are
not explained with
limited or no
connections made to
the sustainability
target area.
Little to no evidence
is included from
personal action
results and/or
appropriate literature
to identify key
strategies for
individuals and/or
communities
(local/national/global)
to improve
sustainability
outcomes
Criterion 3
Reflection
5 marks
Reflection provides an
insightful summary of

progress over the
action period drawing
on evidence from
weekly journal entries
and final results.
Highly relevant issues
and challenges
encountered, how you
feel about your results,
and the impact of your
actions on your
thinking about
sustainability are
considered in a
thoughtful and critical
manner.
Reflection provides an
excellent summary of
progress over the
on evidence from
and final results.
Issues and challenges
encountered, how you
feel about your results,
and the impact of your
actions on your thinking
about sustainability are
considered in a
thoughtful manner.
Reflection provides

a mostly sound
summary of
progress over the
action period
drawing on evidence
from weekly journal
entries and final
results.
Issues and
challenges
encountered, how
you feel about your
results and the
impact of your
actions on your
thinking about
sustainability are
somewhat
considered.
Reflection provides a
sufficient summary of
progress over the
on evidence from
and final results.
Issues and
challenges
encountered, how
you feel about your
results and/or the
impact of your
actions on your

thinking about
sustainability are
referred to.
Reflection provides a
insufficient summary
of progress over the
action period
drawing.
There is a lack of
evidence of weekly
journal entries and
final results.
Some required
aspects (issues
challenges,
thoughts about
results and impact of
actions) are not
sufficiently
addressed.
Criterion 4
Written and
Verbal
Communication
5 marks

Outstanding attention
to written
communication that is
clear, precise and free
from spelling,
grammatical and
structural errors.
In-text references and
bibliography adhere to
APA style with no
errors.
Verbal report is
exceptionally clear,
concise and
addresses all
presentation
requirements to a high
standard.
Excellent attention to
written communication
that is clear, precise
and with only minor
errors in spelling,
grammar and structure.
In-text references and
bibliography adhere to
APA style with only
minor errors.

Verbal report is clear,
concise and addresses
all presentation
requirements.
Sound attention to
written
communication that
is mostly clear with
some errors in
spelling, grammar
and structure.
In-text references
and bibliography
adhere to APA in a
way that is mostly
correct.
Verbal report is clear
and/or concise and
addresses most
presentation
requirements.
Mostly good attempt
at written
communication with
several significant
errors in spelling,
grammar and
structure that do not
impact on overall
comprehension of
report.

Evidence of use of
APA style for in-text
references and
bibliography though
with some significant
errors and/or
omissions.
Verbal report mostly
clear and addresses
some of the
presentation
requirements.
Written
communication
contains significant
errors in spelling,
grammar and
structure in a way
that impacts on
overall
comprehension of
report.
References either not
included or show no
attempt of adherence
to APA6 style.
Verbal report lacks
clarity and/or is not
completed.
__MACOSX/EDST 108 PartB/._Assess1B_MarkingRubric.pdf

__MACOSX/._EDST 108 PartB
EDST 108 Lectures/EDST108_Lecture 9.pptx
Announcements
THIS week:
Week 9 Assignment 2 Presentations: Biodiversity
Week 12:
Assignment 1B – Evaluation and Reflection of Action Priority
(30%)
2-3 minute Presentations of Assignment 1B
A reminder that to pass this unit, an overall pass when adding
the marks of all assessments is required:
Assignment 1A : out of 20
Assignment 1B: out of 30
Assignment 2: out of 50
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
1
EDST 108
Science, Inquiry and Sustainability
Lecture 9
Transport and fossil fuels
“Australia will have to change its transport fuel mix. Such
change will take considerable time, resources and the
participation of all stakeholders.”
FFF Report CSIRO 2008

Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
2
The problem
“Securing access to affordable and sustainable fuel underpins
Australia’s economy and our way of life.
But our world is changing.
The primary centres for economic growth are shifting; fuel costs
are rising and many countries are ramping up efforts to address
climate change.
The result: ensuring we use the right fuels in the future will be
crucial for the sustainability of our planet.”
(FFF Report CSIRO 2008)
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
3
Understanding the carbon cycle
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108

4
GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
5
VEGETATION
50% of emitted CO2 is taken up by surface ocean and
vegetation
within a few decades;
another 30% goes into the deep ocean within a few centuries;
getting rid of the final 20% takes thousands of years
ocean and vegetation sinks will likely be less effective in
future
5
Climate change
Over the 20th century, average air temp at Earth’s surface
2000’s were the warmest decades since instrumental records.
2013 was the hottest year on record (Aust): 1.33 degrees
Celsius above 1961 to 1990 mean.
2016 global hottest year on record
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
6
N2o = nitrous oxide(一氧化二氮)
6

Click on image to view World of Change: Global Temperatures
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
7
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-
change/DecadalTemp
7
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
8
Graph 1: Global Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide over time.
Year
Regional changes in Australia and globally have been attributed
in part to human activity (anthropogenic).
Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have increased from 280
ppm to 408 ppm (2018) (https://www.noaa.gov/news/global-
carbon-dioxide-growth-in-2018-reached-4th-highest-on-record)
8
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
9
Graph 2: Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide measured at Cape
Grim, Tasmania.

Image source: http://www.bom.gov.au/state-of-the-
climate/greenhouse-gas-levels.shtml (Image is hyperlinked).
“The global annual mean CO2 level in 2017 was 405 ppm—a 46
per cent increase from the concentration of 278 ppm around the
year 1750, and likely the highest level in at least the past two
million years. Cape Grim, located at the northwest tip of
Tasmania, is one of three key global greenhouse gas monitoring
stations in the World Meteorological Organization’s Global
Atmosphere Watch program, and has been running continuously
for 42 years. Atmospheric concentration of CO2 measured at the
Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station shows a steady
upward trend, passing 400 ppm in May 2016 and remaining
above this level since. The annual average CO2 concentration at
Cape Grim in 2017 was 402 ppm.”
9
INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON
CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC)
“What is needed is stabilisation of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”
www.unfccc.de/fccc/conv/conv
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
10
In Short …

Changes to Conventional transportation technologies use of
fossil fuels
Rising fuel prices cause mainstream awareness
Interest in alternative transportation technology
Many automobile companies developing more sustainable
vehicles
combat fuel costs and harmful environmental effects
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
11
Can you think of any examples of these companies?
What are some of the alternatives to using fossil fuels for
transport?
Biofuels
Hydrogen fuel cars
Hybrid cars
Electric cars
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
12
The biofuel life cycle
The United Nations has identified the south west of WA as one
of 25 global hotspots, the only one in Australia
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
13

Examples of biomass feedstocks include corn starch, sugarcane
juice, crop residues such as corn stover and sugarcane bagasse,
purpose-grown grass crops, and woody plants. Source:
https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/biomass-feedstocks
produced from living organisms or from metabolic by-products
(organic or food waste products).
originally derived from the photosynthesis process
must contain over 80 percent renewable materials
referred to as a solar energy source
13
Ethanol
There is still a great deal of debate about the pros and cons of
ethanol as fuel:
technically, it is a biofuel
used as a fuel source additive and not as a fuel substitute
mainly because of the need for minimal change to motor vehicle
engines.
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
14
Problems with using biofuels
Causing food price rises
rising demand for crops for fuel put them in direct competition
with food crops over land and water.
With food being burned in our cars instead of used to feed
hungry people, the price of food is being pushed up.
Driving land grabs
Targets for the amount of biofuel used in road transport gives

companies the incentive to find land on which to grow their
biofuel crops.
This land grab leaves farmers in the developing world stranded,
unable to grow their own food or afford food in their local
market.
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
15
Problems with using biofuels
A false solution to climate change?
Most biofuels emit just as many greenhouse gases as the fossil
fuels.
Due to the indirect ‘land use change’ needed to make way for
the vast biofuel plantations popping up all over the developing
world
1. Growing biofuels using land that could have been used to
grow food
2. demand for food does not decrease, so new land must be
cleared to produce the food for biofuel.
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
16
Hydrogen Fuel cells cars
electrochemical devise that converts a fuel source into
electricity
Requires pressurized Hydrogen gas (LHS) to split into positive

ions and electrons
Flow od Electrons in a circuit = electricity
Hydrogen ions and oxygen ions form water as a by-product.
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
17
Hydrogen is one of two natural elements that combine to make
water: Hydrogen and oxygen
Hydrogen is not an energy source, but an energy carrier because
it takes a great deal of energy to extract it from water
Useful as a compact energy source in fuel cells and batteries
Many companies are working hard to develop technologies that
can efficiently exploit the potential of hydrogen energy,
particularly in the USA.
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
18
Hybrid cars
use a rechargeable energy storage system to supplement fossil
fuel energy
smaller and more efficient than traditional fuel engines
regenerative braking to generate electricity while travelling
NB. Many materials used in hybrid vehicles involve use of non-
renewable or environmentally toxic materials, such as cadmium
and lead.
18

Next Generation Hybrid Car
0.5 x fuel consumption at 0.1 x emissions
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
19
Energy Management System
Fuel Cell and
Hydrogen
Storage
Electric
Motor
Supercapacitor
Emergency Petrol
Motor
19
Electric cars
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
20
use the energy stored in a battery (or series of batteries) to run
motor and turn wheels
Electric motors provide a clean and safe alternative to the
internal combustion engine.

There are pros and cons about electric cars.
electric vehicle has faster acceleration but shorter distance
range than conventional engines.
no exhaust but require long charging times.
20
Australia’s Energy Sources
Fossil Fuels
Natural Gas (CSG)
Hydropower
Wind
Solar
Bioenergy
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
21
Where does electricity come from?
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
22
Australia’s energy sources
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108

23
Source:
https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Se
nate/Environment_and_Communications/Coal_fired_power_stati
ons/Interim%20Report/c02
23
What about Renewable Electrical Energy Sources?
Australia’s current (2016) electricity mix
Around 87 per cent of Australia’s electricity is generated from
traditional fossil fuels
77 per cent from coal
10 per cent from natural gas
World usage is very similar, with fossil fuels being used for
electricity, heating and powering vehicles.
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
24
Some background - cont
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
25
Australia’s current (2018) electricity mix

What is the Renewable Energy Target?
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
26
The RET is a mandatory scheme and energy retailers (on behalf
of their customers) must source a set proportion of their
electricity from renewables.
Retailers purchase a renewable energy certificate for
each megawatt hour of electricity generated by government-
accredited renewable electricity sources
Eligible sources include large-scale hydropower facilities and
wind farms, and also smaller generators, such as solar hot water
and solar rooftop panels.
In 2015, the Australian Government settled on reforms to the
RET, following careful consideration and extensive
consultations.
The target for large-scale generation of 33,000 GWh in 2020
means that about 23.5 per cent of Australia’s electricity
generation in 2020 will be from renewable sources.
26
Which renewable energy source is likely to be further
developed?
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
27

Wind
likely to be the predominant type of renewable energy
delivered under the RET
proven and commercialised technology
least costly large-scale renewable option available until 2020
2014 approx. 3,000 MW of wind generation capacity in the
National Electricity Market (three times generated in 2013)
approx. another 1,600 MW under construction
billions of dollars of investment required to deliver the 8,000
MW of additional wind generation capacity to meet the target
each new wind turbine has capacity of 3 MW, this is an extra
2,600 wind turbines being required by 2020 to meet the RET.
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
28
http://www.originenergy.com.au/4227/Renewable-energy
28
What are some other forms of alternative energy sources?
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
29
Hydropower
uses water stored in dams and flowing in rivers to create
electricity
Australia has more than 100 hydro-electric plants
contributes around 8% of Australia’s National Electricity

Market.
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
30
Turning water into power
energy of falling or flowing water to turn turbine blades
rotating blades spin a generator that converts the mechanical
energy of the turbine spinning into electrical energy
amount of electricity generated from each power plant depends
on the quantity of the flowing water and the height it falls from
the reservoir to the turbines.
30
“Hydro” has been in Australia for many years
Most of Australia's hydro-electric plants were built in the 1950s
and 1960s.
Australia’s biggest hydropower generator is the Snowy
Mountains Hydro-electric Scheme
capacity of 3,800 megawatts, almost half of the country's total
hydro output
scheme spans New South Wales and Victoria
7 power stations, 16 dams and 145 kilometres of tunnels
one of the world’s most complex integrated water and hydro-
electricity schemes.
http://www.originenergy.com.au/4235/Hydropower

Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
31
2019 EDST108
32
Lecture 9
Solar power
A solar power system has three main parts:
solar PV panels capture energy from the sun and create direct
current (DC) electricity
an inverter in the power box converts the DC power
into alternating current (AC) that is suitable for use by homes
and businesses
a two-way electricity meter records the amount of electricity
generated and, if required, measures any power the home or
business feeds into the grid.
32
Solar hot water
use energy from the sun to heat water
solar collectors on the roof filled with water
sun heats the water within the collectors
fed to the tank of the household’s electric or gas hot water
system where it is stored ready for use
use less energy than conventional systems because the water is
already pre-warmed.
Solar is growing here and overseas
Over 2 million residential photovoltaic solar systems are
installed in Australia (as of 2018)

Est. 1.55GW electricity contributions via rooftop solar in 2018.
contributes approx 21 per cent of Australia’s total renewable
energy mix (on track to meeting RET targets)
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
33
Applications of Solar Power
Types of biomass
Biomass can be any plant or animal matter, but the types
generally used to produce energy are:
The United Nations has identified the south west of WA as one
of 25 global hotspots, the only one in Australia
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
34
Bioenergy is one of the oldest sources of energy
recently living matter, as opposed to “fossil” fuels
burning wood to produce heat is an example of bioenergy.
What is Bioenergy?
produced from recently living organic matter known as
‘biomass”
can be converted into liquid (biofuels) and gaseous fuels
(biogas)
Uses include electricity, heating systems and fuel for
transportation.
34

Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
35
Why is bioenergy a carbon-neutral renewable energy?
Biomass is a renewable energy source because the plant and
animal matter from which it comes from can be regrown or
reproduced
NOT using “ancient” fuel material.
releases carbon dioxide and other small amounts of greenhouse
gases.
considered carbon neutral as it releases the same amount of
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere that it absorbed during its
lifetime
‘closed carbon loop’ because the process of producing
(growing, harvesting) and converting the biomass does not
produce any extra carbon dioxide
creating no carbon gas emissions. But – is it?
http://www.originenergy.com.au/4227/Renewable-energy
35
Advantages of bioenergy
Emits little or no net greenhouse gas emissions
Is a useful way of managing waste disposal
technology is well established and delivers reliable energy
stored with minimal energy loss
Plentiful wherever there are agricultural crops and forestry
crops stabilise soils, improve soil fertility and reduce erosion
generates both heat and electricity in a cogeneration power
plant.

Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
36
Disadvantages of bioenergy
more expensive energy source than fossil fuels because it
requires a larger volume of fuel to produce the same amount of
energy
Uses a lot of wood from natural forests leading to deforestation
if wood is not fully burnt it will release soot-like particles that
may cause widespread air pollution
Some believe that land and water resources used for biomass
crops are better dedicated to food production
Harvesting, extracting, transporting and handling biomass can
be expensive
Accounts for only one per cent of Australia’s energy mix,
lacking the capacity to provide consistent energy
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
37
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
38
Geothermal energy
How an enhanced geothermal system works
Getting energy from 'hot rocks' relies on techniques established
by the oil and gas industries.
Wells are drilled to a depth of 3–5 kilometres below the surface
to find heat-producing granites.

Water pumped into the wells and through cracks in the rocks,
where it becomes heated to a temperature of up to 300°C.
Extremely hot water is pushed back to the surface, where heat is
used to drive a turbine and produce electricity.
The water is recycled and the process can begin again.
Many countries generate significant amounts of electricity from
geothermal energy.
Iceland sources 25 per cent of its total electricity generation
from geothermal sources
geothermal energy represents around 17 per cent of energy
generation in the Philippines and Kenya.
38
Energy from the ocean:
Australia's long coastline offers a potentially vast energy
resource.
marine energy from waves and tides is a new area of renewable
energy
CSIRO estimates that by 2050 wave energy could contribute up
to 11 per cent of Australia’s electricity supply.
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
39
Tidal Power
Tidal Power
How does it work?
- form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into

useful forms of power, mainly electricity
- tidal generator converts the energy of tidal flows into
electricity
- Greater tidal variation and higher tidal current velocities
increase the potential for tidal electricity generation.
Let’s put this into perspective
Consider the alternatives from the perspective of the The three
Pillars of Sustainability – will all three spheres will considered?
Lecture 9
2019 EDST108
40
NOTHING will easily replace our dependence on fossil fuels,
unless it considers all 3 aspects of sustainability.
“One-size-fits-all” approach may not be the best option …
40
__MACOSX/EDST 108 Lectures/._EDST108_Lecture 9.pptx
EDST 108 Lectures/EDST108_Lecture 7.pptx
Week 8 Lectures
still on. Attendance is required.
Week 8 Tutorials
On-line task for Strathfield, due to Good Friday.
No face-to-face tutorial on Strathfield campus for this week
only.
MUST show completed work in week 9 tutorial to have
attendance noted on the roll.

Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
1
Announcements
Assessment 2 Presentations
Weeks 9 -11
Please attach to the hardcopy provided to your tutor:
ACU assignment cover sheet
Template (800 words)
Peer Feedback sheet (completed)
Reference List
Marking rubric
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
2
Assignment 1B Presentation
Week 12
From the Unit Outline page 13:
A reflection on the progress you made over the action period
that includes any issues or challenges encountered, sources of
support, how you feel about the results you have achieved, and
the impact of your actions on your thinking about sustainability
in regard to the priority area.
This summary reflection should be based on weekly reflective
journal entries, which must be attached as an appendix. A
verbal report of your experience will also be conducted as a 2- 3
minute oral presentation in your tutorial.
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
3

Assignment 1B Presentation
Week 12 Criterion 4
Written Communication and Referencing
5 marks
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
4Verbal report is exceptionally clear, concise and addresses all
presentation requirements to a high standard.
Mark Allocations:
2 marks : Written communication
2 marks : Oral Presentation
1 mark : Referencing
4
EDST 108
Lecture 9
AIR & SOIL
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
5
What’s in this lecture?
Why are our air and soils so important?
What are we doing to consider the sustainability of air and
soils?

Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
6
The Carbon Cycle
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
7
Taken from: Rickard, G. (Ed.). (2014). Pearson Science New
South Wales 10. Vicotria: Pearson Publishing
Page 207
CO2 is used in photosynthesis combined with sunlight to prduce
energy (glucose) and oxygen
Animals and other consumer organisms
obtain carbon from plants
release carbon dioxide into the air/atmosphere
Release carbon into the soil via decomposition.
Carbon is recycled through the soil, living things and the air in
the Carbon Cycle.
7
the air we breathe impact our health and well being
good air quality is critical for supporting the amenity of the
places we live in, our environment, and maintaining our way of
life
respiratory and cardiovascular effects of air pollution have long
been known
air pollution has also been identified as a cause of cancer
those with existing heart and lung diseases (elderly and YP) are

particularly susceptible to the effects of air pollution
short-term and long-term exposure to air pollution can cause
health problems.
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
8
Why is our air quality important?
Amentity = attractiveness
The World Health Organisation considers clean air to be a basic
requirement of human health and well being. Air pollution is a
major environmental health problem in developed and
developing countries alike.
By world standards, Australia has very clean air
Strategies to manage air pollution in Australia have contributed
to reducing the levels of pollutants
some pollutants, including ground-level ozone and particulate
matter, still exceed current air quality standards
population growth, urbanisation and increasing demands for
transportation and energy consumption are ongoing challenges
Governments, businesses and the community need to be active
to ensure a clean air future
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
9
How is Australia tracking?
Some pollutants such as particulate matter and ozone still
exceed national ambient air quality standards in urban areas,
while some local communities have more specific concerns,
such as wood heater or nearby industrial emissions.
With our population growing, and our energy and transport

demands increasing, Australia’s future air quality is set to face
further challenges.
State and Territory governments implement legislation,
statutory instruments, policies and programmes in their own
jurisdictions in order to meet the Ambient Air Quality NEPM
standards
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
10
What are we doing to maintain this standard of air quality?
http://www.nepc.gov.au/
National Environment Protection (Ambient Air Quality)
Measure (Ambient Air Quality NEPM) established in 1998:
provide a common national goal to best protect human health
and well being from the adverse impacts of air pollution
provides a consistent framework to assess Australia’s outdoor
air quality
sets national ambient air quality standards for six common air
pollutants
monitors and reports mandatory requirements against these
standards.
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
11
What are we doing to maintain this standard of air quality?
http://www.nepc.gov.au/

Ministers are committed to developing an agreement to ensure
that Australians continue to enjoy clean air and to address the
impacts on human health and the environment.
Initial actions under the agreement will see a number of existing
work streams finalised, including:
Strengthening the particle reporting standards in the National
Environment Protection (Ambient Air Quality) Measure
A decision on specific actions to reduce air pollution emissions
from wood heaters and non-road spark ignition engines and
equipment (garden equipment such as brush cutters and lawn
mowers; and boat engines).
A range of other actions that may be considered under the
agreement include:
Strengthening the sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone
reporting standards in the National Environment Protection
(Ambient Air Quality) Measure
Initiatives to reduce localised emissions, including from non-
road diesel engines and ships
A review of Australia’s fuel quality standards legislation.
Partnership opportunities with business to influence positive air
quality outcomes.
A focus on strengthening knowledge, education and awareness
about air quality.
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
12
But – what are some of the air pollution issues we need to
consider?
How big are these particles?

Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
13
Taken from: https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/your-
environment/air/air-nsw-overview/about-air-
pollution#typesairpollution
PM (2.5 micrometers) = caused by domestic wood heaters, sea
salt spray, atmospheric chemical reactions and combustion
PM (10 micrometers) = particles from vehicles on dirt roads and
dusty industrial activities such as mining, crushing and
grinding.
13
Combustion of fossil fuels releases substances formed during
combination with oxygen
includes carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides
Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen give rise to acids when they
dissolve in rain water
acids not only damage statues and plants, they also restrict some
processes that depend on the correct pH in living things
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
14
Atmospheric wastes from fossil fuels

Particulate matter:
Emissions from Wood Heaters with other pollutants
significant contributor to ambient levels of air pollution during
winter months
due to geographical features, colder air layer lies over a warmer
air layer (inversion layer).
associated with health effects in humans, especially respiratory
and cardiovascular effects
classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency
for Research on Cancer in 2013.
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
15
Wood heaters
Why are emissions associated with wood heaters a problem?
Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer
deaths. (2013) Press Release No. 221, International Agency
for Research on Cancer.
15
Is there a national approach to minimising wood heater
emissions?
In December 2015, Australian Environment Ministers agreed to:
work towards establishing a National Clean Air Agreement by
1 July 2016
ensure the community continues to enjoy clean air and
addresses impacts on human health and the environment

finalise number of key existing projects to improve air quality
standards and reducing emissions (including Decision
Regulation Impact Statement (RIS) on options to reduce
emissions from wood heaters)
NB. Commonwealth, State and Territory governments are
currently working to finalise the Decision RIS. The work will
reflect the new Standards for wood heater efficiency and
emissions developed by Standards Australia in 2014, in
consultation with industry and government.
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
16
Wood heaters
The Agreement focuses on actions to reduce air pollution and
improve air quality through cooperative action between industry
and government at the national, state and local level.
Source: https://www.environment.gov.au/protection/air-
quality/national-clean-air-agreement
16
formed when nitrogen oxides react with a group of air
pollutants known as ‘Volatile Organic Compunds' in the
presence of sunlight
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
17
What about Ozone?
VOCs = Volatile Organic Compounds = correction fluid, glue,

nail polish, aerosol sprays, fuel, pesticides, building materials,
paint, paint stripper
come from motor car exhaust, oil refining, printing,
petrochemicals and burning off react to form ozone
Motor vehicle exhaust fumes produce as much as 70% of the
nitrogen oxides and 50% of the organic chemicals that form
ozone.
natural amount of ozone in the lower atmosphere is generally
around 0.04 parts per million (ppm) which is not harmful to
human health
Vegetation can also emit organic chemicals that help form
ozone.
17
Ozone is a pollutant in the lower atmosphere
vital chemical in the upper atmosphere, protecting us from
harmful UV radiation
formed when sunlight falls on a mixture of chemicals in the air
One of the main photochemical oxidants
Environment agencies measure the level of ozone
it indicates the total amount of photochemical oxidants in the
air which have adverse health effects.
abundant sunshine over periods of time, together with moderate
winds and high temperatures, produce high levels of
photochemical oxidants
NB. 'Photochemical oxidants' (smog) found in Australian cities
during the warmer months of the year. This type of smog can be
invisible or appear as a whitish haze.
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
18
What about Ozone?

How much of a problem is ozone in Australia?
Mostly does not exceed the national standards
larger cities, like Australia's capital cities (Syd & Melb), have
occasions when there is enough ozone in the air for it to be a
risk to human health
How does ozone affect human health?
irritate the lining of the nose, airways and lungs.
pain in their ears, eyes, nose and throat, for long term exposure
Chest pains
increase asthma attacks
Difficulty for athletes to perform
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
19
What about Ozone?
In larger cities, the level of ozone exceeds the national standard
several times a year.
Australian Government has taken steps to reduce the production
of photochemical chemicals that lead to their formation.
19
What about Ozone?
Steps Australian Government has taken to reduce the production
of photochemical chemicals:
implementing national fuel quality standards and vehicle
emission standards;
promoting alternative fuels;
developing pollution forecasting systems for Australia's major
cities;

promoting bicycle use for short journeys
working with the States and Territories to
influence passengers' transport choices.
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
20
Is all Ozone the same?
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
21
https://www.nasa.gov/missions/earth/f-ozone.html
Good Ozone: Regular oxygen molecules, known to science-
types as O2, are made up of two oxygen atoms stuck together.
Solar energy radiates from space and splits the molecule into
two atoms. When one of those stray atoms attaches to a full-
fledged O2 molecule, you've got, well, O3, otherwise known as
ozone. All that action blocks solar radiation, and keeps it from
reaching us.
Bad Ozone: Put a little ozone in the troposphere and you've got
some big problems. Remember those dramatic chemical
reactions that happened up in the stratosphere? Living things
are made of atoms and molecules too, so when we expose them
to ozone, we've got some serious chemical reactions on our
hands.
21
very necessary in the upper atmosphere – the stratosphere.

protects us from harmful UV radiation
CFC’s, chemicals used as propellants and in air conditioners,
destroy ozone in this layer
known in the 1970’s, but wasn’t until 1990’s nations decided to
ban CFC’s, as a result of the Montreal Protocol
Is the ban working? Yes, but it will take another 50 years for
positive effects to be seen
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
22
So – what’s bad about the “hole in the ozone layer”?
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
23
What about our soils?
Soil, along with air and water is one of the essential of life and
one of our most funadamental natural resources
It contains and supports the majority of our biodiversity
(diverse habitat) and vast quantities of carbon and water.
Influences food production and water quality and quantity
Poor soil management generates significant green house gases,
limits economic options and through dust directly affects human
health.
23

Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
24
6 key ecosystem services:
Buffering and moderation of the hydrocycle
Physical support of plants
Retention and delivery of nutrients to plants
Disposal of waste and organic matter
Renewal of soil fertility
Regulation of major element cycles ie carbon, nitrogen and
sulphur
24
“The continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living
system, within ecosystem and land-use boundaries, to sustain
biological productivity, maintain the quality of air and water
environments and promote plant, animal and human health.”
Good, productive soils suitable for agriculture are being lost.
When Australia’s major cities were first settled, they were
located on fertile land for food production and close to reliable
water supplies. But as the cities expanded these productive soils
were developed. This has consequences for food production,
particularly in the urban fringe of some Australian cities,
including Sydney and Melbourne.
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
25
What is soil health?
Australian soils
declining in health

losing the capacity to even know what state they’re in
storing carbon is one way to improve our soils (the science is
still under review!)
capacity as a major food producer and exporter relies on the
sustainable management of our soil resources
The UN predicts
world’s population will exceed nine billion by 2050
requires an increase in food production of 60%
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
26
Why should we consider soil?
First national audit of Australian soil in 2000
found they were declining in health due to processes such as
erosion, acidification, and salinisation.
Second phase of the audit in 2008
found soils need long term monitoring, consistent information,
and baseline data
processes that affect soil health operate over large time scales
and areas
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
27
“Sick soils”
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
28
2015 – the International Year of Soils
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=403sT9CGRl0

Increase in Food on plates, also increase number of plates +
meat + food in petrol tank
1960s = ½ hectare per person (food)
2020 = 1/6 hectare per person
Fertile soil = maximum yield extraction = soil degradation
Soil degradation = ignorance and/or poverty
= cut down forests, monoculture, salination,
overuse of chemicals/fertisers, overgrazing, climate change
Solution
= sustainable land practices = passed on knowledge of costs of
land management = determine cost of degradation + inaction +
value of soil services
= global approach by many stakeholders (local land
users, politicians, scientists,
28
Understanding the role of soil biology is key to maintaining
healthy soils, but there is still much that is not understood.

Exciting soil molecular biological research of the nitrogen cycle
is revolutionising how and what soil organisms form nitrate
(nitrification)
Manipulating nitrification is key to improving nitrogen use
efficiency in agriculture
lessening the environmental impacts of food production.
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
29
What else?
Replacing hydroponics for soil incurred around $850 000
US/year
Energy and running costs for technology and expertise of pH,
nutrient concentrations and sallinity
Air and solution temperature
Humidity
Light pest control
Specialised crops
29
Lecture 7

2019 EDST108
30
The Nitrogen cycle
30
Where to from here?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvAoZ14cP7Q
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
31
The Soil Story: Highlighting the importance of carbon and
linking the carbon cycle, air pollution and soil for sustainability
on Earth.
31
Soil carbon stocks are central to maintaining soil health and
food production.
reliant on increasing amount of soil organic matter
retaining or increasing ground cover
reducing tillage

increasing plant growth
Additional Benefits
decreased erosion
improved nutrient cycling
soil fertility
increased buffering capacity
resilience
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
32
Is carbon storage the answer?
Lecture 7
2019 EDST108
33
Teachers will find many aspects of the new syllabuses familiar
and will be able to approach their implementation with
confidence.
33

__MACOSX/EDST 108 Lectures/._EDST108_Lecture 7.pptx
EDST 108 Lectures/EDST108_Lecture10.pptx
Announcements
Week 10: Early Years Activity Presentations (50%)
Activity Template
Individual Report
Week 10 Presentations : Waste and/or Energy
Week 12: Assignment 1B – Action Priority Evaluation,
Reflection and Presentation of Action Plan (30%)
Individual Report
2 – 3 minute Presentation
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
1
EDST 108
Lecture 10
Waste
Letcure 10

2019 EDST108
2
Image 1
Image 2
Images from: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/in-worlds-
poorest-slums-landfills-and-polluted-rivers-become-a-childs-
playground
Image 1: Children sitting on a makeshift raft play in a river full
of rubbish in a slum area of Jakarta, Indonesia, in 2012. Photo
by Enny Nuraheni/Reuters
Image 2: Sana, a 5-year-old girl, plays on a cloth sling hanging
from a signalling pole as smoke from a garbage dump rises next
to a railway track in Mumbai, India, in 2012. Photo by Vivek
Prakash/Reuters
2
What’s in this lecture?
Waste – what is it?
Types of Waste.

What do we do about it now?
What do we need to do about it in the future?
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
3
View War on Waste series at:
http://education.abc.net.au/home#!/digibook/2597026/war-on-
waste
3
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
4
Municipal Waste
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
5

Biodegradable
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
6
Broken down by naturally by worms, fungi and bacteria:
Decomposers
Biodegradable or not?
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
7
7
Biodegradable or NOT?
6 months later …

Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
8
6 months later
8
Biodegradable or NOT?
18 months later …
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
9
18 months later
9
What about Biodegradable plastic bags?
8 months and counting …
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
10

Municipal Waste
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
11
Plastic Bottles are so 2003 …
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
12
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_0-ORuQlyA
12
Non Biodegradable
Letcure 10

2019 EDST108
13
Plastics
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
14
Polymers, chains of molecules
Many types depending on their molecular make up
Impact on environment:
Green house gases, esp methane
Natural resource depletion
Persistence for hundreds of years
Landfill space
Threat to marine life
14

Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
15
15
How can we avoid images like this?
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
16
16
Just one person …
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qT-rOXB6NI
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
17

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1I7on22jA48
Published on Feb 21, 2013
This video is about an island in the ocean 2000 km from any
other coast line. Nobody lives, only birds and yet, you will not
believe what you will see here.
This is one of the most disturbing videos that show just what
human waste can do. I hope it changes the way you make and
dispose of your rubbish.
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
18
18
Letcure 10
2019 EDST108
19
What can we do now?

So what is being done?
Boyan Slat: Ocean CleanUp
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxMATP5oRx4
2018 World Wide

Writer’s Surname 1[Name of the Writer][Name of Ins.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Writer’s Surname 1[Name of the Writer][Name of Ins.docx

Similar to Writer’s Surname 1[Name of the Writer][Name of Ins.docx (20)

More from annetnash8266

More from annetnash8266 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Writer’s Surname 1[Name of the Writer][Name of Ins.docx