MKT 500 MARKETING MANEGEMENT· Assignment 1 Part A Your Marketi.docx

MKT 500 MARKETING MANEGEMENT
· Assignment 1: Part A: Your Marketing Plan
From the start of this course, you have accessed the Interactive
Marketing Plan tool and used the step-by-step guide to complete
Part A of your marketing plan. You are required to submit a
marketing plan for a hypothetical company. Your plan must
include the company’s background information, as well as
information collected from Steps 1- 4 of the Interactive
Marketing Plan, located in the course shell.
Note: You may create and /or make all necessary assumptions
needed for the completion of this assignment.
Write 9-10 page paper in which you:
1. Construct a concise executive summary that provides the
details of the outcomes of your marketing plan outcomes. The
relevant outcomes include profitability, shareholder returns, and
return on investment.
2. Conduct an environmental analysis that includes competitive,
economic, political, legal, technological, and sociocultural
forces.
3. Specify the primary and secondary target markets for your
company.
4. Develop a branding strategy for your product / service that
covers the brand name, logo, slogan, and at least one (1) brand
extension.
5. Conduct a performance analysis with set benchmarks of 50%
to 75% per annualized plan. Your analysis should include at
least four (4) of the following metrics: tracking downloads of
website content, Web site visitors, increases in market share,
customer value, new product adoption rates, retention, rate of
growth compared to competition and the market, margin, and
customer engagement. Develop four (4) quantitative and (4)
qualitative marketing objectives from your chosen metrics.
6. Conduct both a SWOT analysis and needs analysis for your
product/service. Each analysis should examine four (4)

strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for your
company.
7. Develop a marketing strategy for your product / service and
determine an appropriate timeframe for execution of the plan,
i.e. 5, 10, 15 years. Provide a rationale for your timeframe for
execution.
8. Develop a positioning statement which should include, at a
minimum, i.e., a benefit, user, competitive, or innovative
statement about your product / service. Provide a rationale for
your timeframe for execution of your positioning statement.
9. Examine the relevant marketing science of customer behavior
for your product / service.
10. Use at least four (4) academic resources as quantitative
marketing research to determine the feasibility of your
product/service. These resources should be industry specific and
relate to your chosen product/service. Note: Wikipedia and
other Websites do not quality as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
. Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size
12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references
must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your
professor for any additional instructions.
. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the
student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the
date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in
the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this
assignment are:
1. Analyze the marketing framework including the concepts of
the 5Cs, STP, and 4Ps.
1. Examine the marketing science of customer behavior and
products in the marketing exchange process and create dynamic
strategies for competing.
1. Evaluate the basis for market segmentation and approaches to
segmentation.
1. Evaluate and target customer segments and positioning

products within these segments.
1. Create an effective marketing plan.
1. Use technology and information resources to research issues
in marketing management.
1. Write clearly and concisely about marketing management
using proper writing mechanics.
MKT 500 (MARKETING MANAGEMENT)
Assignment 2: Part B: Your Marketing Plan
For this assignment, you will include Part A of your marketing
plan which has addressed the feedback from your professor.
You will also need Steps 5-7 of the Interactive Marketing Plan,
which you have completed within the course shell. In this final
assignment, you will compile the previous assignment,
addressing the feedback from your professor, as well as adding
the marketing strategies.
Note: You may create and / or make all necessary assumptions
needed for the completion of this assignment.
Write an (10-11) page paper in which you:
1. Revise your executive summary from Assignment 1, based on
the outcomes and implementation of your marketing plan.
2. Develop your company’s mission statement and company
introduction.
3. Develop the company’s branding, pricing, and distribution
plan.
4. Provide the following marketing strategy information:
a. Classify the company’s major competitors as inter- or intra-
competitors. Categorize the competitors’ major strengths and
weaknesses.
b. Develop the differentiation strategy in relation to the closest
competitor.
c. Establish whether the company’s intention is to be a leader or
follower within the industry.
d. Assess the level of impact that the salient macro-
environmental issues (e.g., legal, technological, social, and

economic, etc.) and trends with which the company must
contend could potentially have on the company’s marketing
strategy.
e. Predict the most significant trend to impact the business.
Formulate a strategy for the company to minimize or capitalize
on this trend.
5. Construct an implementation strategy for your hypothetical
company in which you specify the essential activities and
responsibilities. Include a timetable for completion of each
component of your strategy.
6. Develop a five (5) year expansion plan that includes future
profitability and market share growth .Include necessary graphs
to explain your plan.
7. Specify two (2) social media and / or media tools that you
would use as you develop your plan. Justify each of your chosen
tools.
8. Choose two (2) performance standards, two (2) monitory
methods, and two (2) financial controls that you would
implement that differ from the standards that you had provided
in Assignment 1.Justify your choices.
9. Assess the potential for your company’s overall performance
in relation to the marketing plan objectives.
10. Suggest the integrated marketing communications that are
most relevant for your marketing plan. Relate each marketing
communication to your company’s advertising strategy.
11. Use at least five (5) academic resources that address
sustainability and monitoring of effective marketing plans and
determine the applicability for your hypothetical company.
These resources should be industry specific and relate to your
chosen product / service. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites
do not quality as academic resources.
Table of Contents
1.Executive Summary4
2.Company Description5
2.1 Company Structure6
3.Strategic Focus and Plan6

3.1 Mission/Vision7
3.2 Goals7
3.3 Core Competency and Sustainable Competitive Advantage8
4.Situation Analysis9
4.1 SWOT analysis9
4.2 Competitor Analysis9
4.2.1 Industry Analysis9
4.2.2 Competitors11
4.3 Customer Analysis11
5.Market-Product Focus12
5.1 Marketing and Product Objectives12
5.2 Points of Difference13
5.3 Positioning14
6.Marketing Program14
6.1 Product strategy:14
6.2 Price Strategy15
6.3 Promotion Strategy15
7.Financial Data and Projections (attached in excel sheet)16
7.1 Income Statement and Statement of cash flow16
7.2 Five-Year Projections16
7.2.1 Future Profitability16
7.2.2 Market Share Growth17
8.Implementation17
9.Evaluation and Control18
10.Social Media Tools18
11.Performance Standards19
12. Company’s Overall Performance19
13.Integrated Marketing Communications20
14.References21
Appendix22
Total pages 20 pages

10
PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
GEHP 3000
Chapter 10:
Managing Your
Weight
Managing Your Weight
• Diabetes
• Cardiovascular disease
• Some cancers
• Strokes

• Gallstones
• Sleep apnea
• Osteoarthritis
$152 billion in medical expenses and lost productivity.
Obesity Trends among U.S. Adults, 1988, 1998, and 2008
Assessing Body Weight and Body Composition
• Body structure
• Height
• Weight distribution
• Fat to lean tissue ratio
• Muscle weighs more than fat, so muscular individuals
might be overweight based on traditional height/weight
charts.

• Overweight—having a body weight more than 10
percent above the healthy recommended levels; in an
adult, having a BMI of 25 to 29
• Obesity—a body weight more than 20 percent above
healthy recommended levels; in an adult, having a BMI
of 30 or more
• Morbid Obesity—having a body weight 100 percent or
more above healthy recommended levels; in an adult,
having a BMI of 40 or more
Potential Negative Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity
Men and Women Have Different Expected Amounts of Fat

• Body fat is composed of:
• Essential fat—amount necessary for maintenance
of life and reproductive functions, including:
• Insulation, cushion, nerve conduction, vitamin
absorption, energy, and body temperature
regulation
• Dropping body fat too low can compromise
performance and normal bodily function,
including amenorrhea for females
• Storage fat—the nonessential fat that many of us
try to shed
• A disruption of the normal menstrual cycle
• Skin problems
• Hair loss
• Visual disturbances

• A tendency to fracture bones easily
• Digestive system disturbances
• Heart irregularities
• Gastrointestinal problems
• Difficulties in maintaining body temperature
• Index of the relationship between height and weight
• BMI = weight (kg)/height squared (m2)
• BMI of 18.5 to 25 kg/m2 indicates healthy weight
• Labeled differently, as “at risk of overweight” and
“overweight”
Body Mass Index (BMI)

ments
• Waist-to-hip ratio
• Weight in abdominal region associated with more risk
• Waist circumference greater than 40 in. for men and
greater than 35 in. for women represents an increased risk
of disease
• Underwater (hydrostatic) weighing
• Skinfolds
• Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
• Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
• Bod Pod

Factors Contributing to Overweight and Obesity
• Body type and genes
• Metabolic rates
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR)—the rate of energy
expenditure by a body at complete rest in a neutral
environment
• A BMR for the average healthy adult is usually
between 1,200 and 1,800 calories per day.
additional energy expended through daily sedentary
activities.
that occurs during exercise.

mic Effect of Food
• An estimate of how much energy is necessary to burn food
calories
• The theory that thin people send more effective messages to
the hypothalamus and therefore can consume large amounts
of food without gaining weight
-Yo Diets
• Refer to dieters who resume eating after their weight loss so
their BMR is set lower, making it almost certain that they
will regain the pounds they just lost
• Less than 2 percent of the obese population has a
thyroid problem and most experts agree weight
problems can be traced to a metabolic or hormone
imbalance.

• Hunger—an inborn physiological response to
nutritional needs
• Appetite—a learned response to food that is tied to an
emotional or psychological craving
• Satiety—to feel satisfied, or full, when one has satisfied
their nutritional needs and the stomach signals “no
more”
• Hormones
• Gherlin—“the hunger hormone”
• Obestatin—a genetic relative of gherlin
• Leptin—tells your brain when you’re full
• GLP-1—slows down the passage of food through the
intestines to allow the absorption of nutrients

• Bombarded with advertising
• Changes in working families
• Bottle feeding in infants
• Increase in sedentary lifestyle
• Misleading food labels
• Increased opportunities for eating
arly Sabotage: A Youthful Start
on Obesity
• Vulnerable to food ads
• Larger portions, junk food
• Social factors
• Decline of home cooking
• Increased production of calorie laden

fast foods
• Internet
• Video games
• Over 17 percent of youth in United States
are now overweight or obese.
• Heavy adolescents generally become
heavy adults.
• Food as reward
• Socioeconomic factors can provide obstacles or aids to
weight control.
• Studies show that the more educated you are, the lower
your BMI is in the United States.
• In poor countries where malnutrition is prevalent, those
with higher education tend to have a higher BMI.

• Lack of physical activity
• Any form of activity that burns additional calories
helps maintain weight
• Data from the National Health Interview Survey
show that 4 out of 10 adults in the United States
never engage in any exercise, sports, or physically
active hobbies in their leisure time.
The Concept of Energy Balance
• Each person is different.
• Weight loss is not simple.
• Depression, stress, culture, and available foods can

affect a person’s ability to lose weight.
• Set realistic goals.
• Work out a maintainable lifestyle change.
ABC News Video: Food Diary Diet Writing
Discussion Questions
1. What is the best way to manage weight?
2. Is it possible to wake up one day and decide to lose
weight and be successful? What are necessary steps to
making this type of decision and following-through?
| Food Diary Diet Writing
file://localhost/C/%5CDocuments%20and%20Settings%5Cdking
%5CDesktop%5COther%5C02_PPTLecture_LEC%5C02_psycho
social_health.mov
food_diet_writing.mpg
• Unit of measure of energy obtained from food

• 1 pound of fat = 3,500 calories
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
• Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
• Exercising metabolic rate (EMR)
• The amount of muscle mass moved
• The amount of weight moved
• The amount of time the activity takes
• Evaluate what triggers your eating.
• Seek assistance from the MyPyramid plan.
• Set goals.
• Keep a detailed daily log of eating triggers.
• Reward yourself when you lose pounds.

• Avoid weight loss programs that promise quick,
“miracle” results.
Avoid Trigger-Happy Eating
Tips for Sensible Snacking
-Loss Measures
• Very-Low-Calorie Diets
• Must be medically supervised
• Formulas with daily values of 400 to 700 calories
• Can cause significant health risks
• Ketoacidosis is one potentially dangerous complication
• Drug Treatment
• FDA approval is not required for over-the-counter “diet aids”

or
supplements
• Dangerous side effects and potential for abuse
• Obesity Surgery
• A last resort and particularly for people who are severely
overweight and have weight-related diseases
• Determine why you cannot gain weight.
• Tips for gaining weight
• Get moderate exercise.
• Eat more calories.
• Eat at regularly scheduled times.
• Supplement your diet.
• Avoid diuretics and laxatives.
• Relax!

Eating for a
Healthier you
GEHP 3000
Well-Being and Quality Of
Life
Harris and modified by me.
will see some links to short videos that may
be useful for you. You don’t have to
watch them if you don't want to.
Canada, it is also applicable to other
countries.
What is Nutrition?
other chemical components, and the
effects of food components on health.
Why Study Nutrition? What’s

Wrong With How We Eat?
than 6 million people between 20 to 64
years old are overweight and another 2.8
million are obese!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlAVXjnhKCI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlAVXjnhKCI
And what about the beverages we drink?

Health Risks Associated with
Obesity!
metabolic syndrome, hypertension, stroke,
elevated cholesterol, low HDL-cholesterol
levels, heart disease, certain cancers,
gallbladder disease, shortened life
expectancy, discrimination, depression,
infertility, accidents, skin disorders, sleep
disorders, higher rates of suicide and
bullying.
What in the World is BMI and
Should I Care?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HSqE1U_m_0&feature=fvw
rel
It’s All About Apples and
Pears… Your Shape Can
Indicate Health Risks!
Apples vs. Pears
Visceral and
Subcutaneous Fat!
The Six Categories of Nutrients
lactose, sucrose) or a chain of sugars
(starches and fiber).

2. Proteins
amino acids.
are essential meaning our body can’t
make them and we must get them from
our diet.
3. Fats
not
water.
at room temperature (meat, butter, cheese, palm
and coconut oils).
(vegetable oil, nuts, seeds, fish).
s: Omega 3’s and Omega 6’s
“hydrogenated oils”, found in pastry, shortening,
margarine and some oils that increases your risk of

heart disease.
s but not
plants, it can be made by our liver too (HDL + LDL)
4. Vitamins
perform specific functions in the body.
stay healthy.
5. Minerals
substances that make up the
“ash” that remains when food is
completely burned.
6. Water
-15

(men)cups of water each day from food
and fluids.
litres for men.
Other Substances in Food
that provide color and flavor but perfrom
important functions in our body too.
ue = anthocyanins
-carotene
we see in food!
prevent cancers and are great for our health.
Essential Nutrients! Things We
MUST Get From Our Diet!

pantothenic acid, riboflavin (B2), thiamin
(B1), vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12,
vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K.
copper, flouride, iodine, iron, magnesium,
manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus,
potassium, selenium, sodium and zinc.
What Happens When We Don’t Get
Enough Essentials?
World… and even up until WW1
three months to develop depending on
the body’s stores.
extreme fatigue and if untreated, death.

What is a Calorie?
asure, of the amount of
energy supplied by food.
energy needed to raise the temperature
of 4 cups of water 1 degree Celsius.
3 Ways to Understand Caloric
Balance … How Weight Loss
and Gain Work
actors that Influence the Scales:
through movement)
If INPUT and OUTPUT are equal we
MAINTAIN our weight.

1. Metabolism
your own personal scale –
it is given to your at birth and it may be
balanced naturally or tipped slightly one
way or the other.
doing things like eating regularly and
having breakfast!
2. What we INTAKE or eat.
example from a food label…

2. INTAKE: Now that We Know the
Basics: How Can We Understand
Food Labels?
Recommended Daily Break
Down ….
from carbs (200 g)
What Do You Mean ZERO
Calories? Sugar free? Is it
Good For Me?

Free”
besides pop claim these
things?
should I watch out for?
How Many Calories Do I Need
a Day?
weight in pounds by ten
l Activity = basal metabolism
calories by 0.30 (based on low activity)
needed for basal metabolism and physical
activity and multiply by 0.10

Calorie Needs = basal metabolism +
physical activity + thermogenesis
Example: 130 pound, inactive woman
3. OUTPUT – what we burn…
lorie
deficit that we have

= 3.0 lb/hr
So… How Many Calories Do
You Need?
activity needs if you want to maintain
your healthy weight.
unnecessary weight, have weight to lose,
or are losing too much weight) try to
balance your scales.
to 3500 calories.
Healthy Weight Loss?

– Why do I want
to lose weight?
hear in this video…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIAdESV-oa4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iH9PyEEEibE&feature=pyv&
ad=9435406788&kw=lose weight
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXRUuj2Hlj8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxOywYOtoxI
http://www.youtube.com/user/flexbeltabbelt?v=DNI7KiI1N0c&f
eature=pyv&ad={creative}&kw={keyword}

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K35BhhqFRRM&feature=rel
ated
The Quick Fix … or Not.
Isolated body weight loss
after photos
Becoming Consumed by
Weight Loss at a Huge Cost

e Mentality of Eating Disorders
http://www.nedic.ca/knowthefacts/statistics.shtml
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwg563Hcjpk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKEwRW_u5-
8&feature=related
8&feature=related
8&feature=related
http://howtobecomeanorexic.org/
http://www.nedic.ca/knowthefacts/statistics.shtml
The Healthy Way
calories TOTAL a week which is more than 500
calories a day, if your body thinks it is starving
you will go into survival mode where you store

everything you eat! Dieters gain more weight
over their lifetime than those who don’t!
ut the junk and replace
extreme dieting with healthy foods and
exercise. Take out calorie empty foods.
some work!
body!
What is Your Diet Like?
sheet
- caloric intake
- variety of colors and foods
- healthy foods vs. unhealthy foods
- are you balanced?

OK … So What Is a Healthy
Diet?
Add More!
r!
with a VARIETY of colors
– at least one orange
and one leafy green
vegetable every day.
vegetables.
carbohydrates: whole
grains are key!
ns
Cut Out!
prepackaged foods.
sugar.

2000 g per day! (A Quizno’s
Italian sub as 4200 g!)
essentially sugar!
ts of liquid
calories (juice, pop, etc)
sucralose and “calorie
free”/”sugar free”
substances.
Portions
Guidelines
rta.com
http://www.healthyalberta.com/
http://www.healthyalberta.com/

Empty Calories… What You
Should Know!
and stomach interact. When eating foods
with low or no nutrients our brain tells our
stomach we are not full (because we are
not getting what we need).
nutrients that essentially have no purpose
in our diet…
The amount of fat & sugar is what’s important!
What about the foods we
eat?
Nutrient Density vs. Calorie Density
Healthy Exercise
and taking the stairs are great places to start.

body composition.
s with proper
nutrition.
spend time with friends, enjoy the outdoors
and reduce health risks!
exercise behaviors.
Benefits of Physical Activity
uced Risk of: heart disease, colon and
breast cancer, hypertension, stroke,
osteoporosis, back and other injuries,
obesity, diabetes, bone and joint
diseases, Alzheimer’s disease.
-Being: increased
feelings of well-being, decreases in
depression and anxiety, helps relieve
stress, decreases risk of dementia.

Understanding Heart Rate
during exercise?
around: 40-70 bpms (how you
find yours…)
32!
– Your Age
(approx)
working in if you max HR is 206
and your HR is 180?
1
Tobacco and Alcohol
Alcohol and Tobacco

Smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol
are behaviors that often begin in
adolescence.
Alcohol and tobacco are gateway drugs.
Alcohol
3
Use and Abuse
• 51.9% of Americans older than 12 years of age
use alcohol
• Alcohol abuse occurs when the drinker’s
harmful use of alcohol affects social
interactions such as with one’s job, family,
and friends.
Factors of Abuse
• Alcoholism has been shown to have a variety of
origins, many of them biological.
– Heredity
• People with a first-degree relative
– Behavior and temperament

• More likely if impulsive, aggressive, and
have short attention spans, slow ability to
calm oneself, a thrill-seeking nature, and an
inability to delay gratification.
– What Else contributes? (think Ch 1)
Effects
– Brain Effects: Intoxication is impaired
functioning of the central nervous system.
• Alcohol affects parts of the brain that control
drives, emotions, and skeletal muscle
movements.
• At high doses, causes nausea and vomiting.
• Over time, the drinker develops tolerance to
alcohol.
• Chronic drinkers do not experience aversive
effects as quickly as occasional drinkers.
Alcohol
Factors Related to Alcohol Use and Dependence
– Psychological, Social and Developmental
Factors
• People expect positive effects from drinking
• Peers

• Parent who abuses alcohol
Alcohol and College Students
– Alcohol abuse often appears or accelerates
during college years.
– Alcohol is the most abused drug among
college students.
– Moderate drinkers who do not abuse alcohol
cite a variety of reasons for drinking, such as
social ease or stress relief. They are not goal-
oriented drinkers (ex. getting drunk).
– Heavy drinkers who abuse alcohol usually
drink for escapist and goal-oriented reasons.
Alcohol and College (2)
– Freshmen or sophomore status and low GPA
also are associated with alcohol abuse.
– Binge Drinking and Drinking Games
• Binge drinking often is accompanied by
drinking games. The danger of
unconsciousness, coma, and death
increases as alcohol consumption
increases.

Alcohol and College (3)
Alcohol and College Students
– Alcohol-related deaths in college students
• 5,000 alcohol-related deaths occur each
year among those aged 18 to 24.
• 1,600 are killed each year due to alcohol-
related injuries.
• ¾ of these deaths are due to alcohol-related
car crashes and 1/4 to other alcohol-related
causes, such as drownings, falls, gunshots,
and alcohol/drug poisonings.
Processing Alcohol
– Alcohol absorbed into the bloodstream from
the stomach and intestinal tract
– The blood transports alcohol to the
“detoxification center” of the body—the liver.
– Alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream more
quickly than it can be broken down by the liver,
and the excess alcohol stays in the blood.
– Thus, eating food, which keeps alcohol in the
stomach longer allows more to be broken down
before entering the bloodstream.

Measurement
• Blood Alcohol Content (BAC)
– Related to Body weight, sex and amount of
food in the stomach, amount of alcohol
consumed and how much time in between
drinks
– 2 hours to process 1oz (FAA)
13
Consequences
Diseases of the Liver
• Fatty Liver: Most liver cells die as a result of
fat being stored in them.
• Cirrhosis: due to alcohol killing liver cells.
– Usually after 10-20 years of heavy
drinking.
• Alcoholic Hepatitis:- inflammation of the
liver that can result in death.

Alcoholic Hepatitis
• Acute or Chronic
– Roughly 3.2 million cases in U.S.
– 16,000 acute cases in 2009
– immediate transmission (acute)
– roughly 6 months for virus to do damage
(chronic)
16
Cardiovascular Disease and
Cancer
• Heavier drinking is associated with
increased risks of cardiomyopathy,
hypertension, arrhythmias, and stroke.
• Alcohol use is associated with increased
risks of cancers of the esophagus and liver.
Immune System
– Immune System Suppression
• Chronic drinking suppresses the immune
system, predisposing the drinker to
infectious diseases.

Impacts on Men
• Lower than normal testosterone levels
• Shrinking testicles
• Impotence
• Loss of sex drive (libido).
– Yeast=estrogen production
Impact on Women
• Women - irregular menstrual periods or
no periods, higher rate of premature
menopause
• During pregnancy alcohol consumption
can have a devastating effect on the
fetus.
21
Detrimental Effects on the Brain
• Brain Disorders
• Intoxication – the impairment of the central
nervous system
• Withdrawal symptoms- mild agitation, shaking,

anxiety, loss of appetite, restless, insomnia.
• Severe withdrawal symptoms –hyperactivity,
hallucinations, disorientation, and confusion.
The Brain (2)
• Hangover
– Hangover also may be the result of drinking
certain toxic acidic compounds or
formaldehyde, which is produced when the
body cannot keep up with the breakdown of
alcohol as it is being consumed.
– Dehydration
– Only time cures a hangover.
Alcohol and Safety
• Serious and Fatal Injuries
– Airplane Accidents
» 8 hrs bottle to throttle (minimum)
– Water-Related Accidents
» 30-70% of drownings are associated with
alcohol.
– Automobile Accidents (roughly a third)
» Roughly 10,000 in 2011 (drop from

18,000 in 2006)
» 1.5M DUI arrests and climbing
Controlling Consumption
– Plan how much you will drink ahead of time
– Drink slowly
– Eat before and while drinking
– Set a limit for yourself, how many drinks, how
long you will drink
– Don’t drink to avoid problems
– Know how to refuse a drink
– Don’t drink daily
Tobacco
26
Types
– Cigarettes
– Smokeless tobacco
• Snuff
• Dipping
– Chewing Tobacco

Reasons for Use
– Most start in adolescence
– Psychological Reasons for Using Tobacco
• Family/Friends
• Peer influence is the most important factor.
• Low self esteem, little knowledge, poor
academic achievement are most susceptible.
• Those who think their parents don’t care about
them.
Addiction to Nicotine
• Nicotine becomes addicting during the first few
years of use
• Withdrawal from nicotine causes unpleasant
symptoms
• A smoker builds tolerance to the effects of
nicotine during the day.
• The smoker smokes more cigarettes as the
day wears on.
Tobacco
Health Effects of Tobacco Use

– 1964:Tobacco use linked with lung cancer &
other diseases
– Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of
preventable death in the United States.
Immediate Effects
Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide:
• Increased the heart rate and blood pressure
increases.
• Increases the metabolic rate.
• The carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke
interferes with the red blood cells’ ability to
carry oxygen.
Respiratory Illnesses
• Cilia damage (lining of respiratory tract)
• Inability to expel foreign particles – smokers
cough
• Acute Bronchitis: an inflammation of the
mucous membranes of the bronchi.
• Chronic bronchitis: a persistent inflammation
and thickening of the lining of the bronchi
caused by the constant irritation of smoke. Can

result in death.
Respiratory Illness Cont’d
• Pneumonia: inflammation of the lungs
• Emphysema: a condition in which the air sacs
of the lungs lose their normal elasticity.
– Lungs normal capacity to allow air to enter
is decreased, making breathing a continual
effort.
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD): chronic bronchitis and emphysema,
34
Cardiovascular Disease
• Coronary Artery Disease, Hypertension,
Stroke, Atherosclerosis
• Women + Oral Contraceptives = higher risk
• Light Cigarettes = same risk
• 3-9 years after quitting smoking the risk of
death returns to that of a non-smoker.

Cancer
• Cancer is the second biggest killer of
Americans, and tobacco use is responsible for
about 30% of cancer deaths and 87% of lung
cancer deaths annually in the United States.
Periodontal Disease
• Use of tobacco products affects the oral cavity,
creating problems such as bad breath, stained
teeth, and even oral cancer
• Disease of the supporting tissues around the
teeth including the gums, bone, and ligaments.
• Leukoplakia (lesions around the mouth that
can turn into caner) is common in young
people who use smokeless tobacco products.
Osteoporosis
• Smoking cigarettes can cause osteoporosis, or
loss of bone density.
• This is a particular concern for women in their
postmenopausal women because it increases
the risk of bone fractures, back pain and other
problems.

Second-Hand Smoke
Environmental Tobacco Smoke:
– ETS can cause lung cancer in nonsmokers, have
an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and
respiratory problems.
– Children - increased respiratory symptoms such
as coughing and wheezing and lower respiratory
tract infections such as bronchitis, influenza, and
pneumonia, and asthma
– Nonsmoking areas adjacent to smoking areas
contain unacceptable levels of airborne pollutants
unless the areas have separate ventilation
systems.
•
Quitting
– Most smokers want to quit
– Benefits of Quitting
• Lower risk of various diseases and conditions
including certain cancers, heart attack, stroke,
and chronic lung disease.
• In pregnant women, to reduce the risk of
having a low--birth--weight baby.
• Stop exposing family and other people around
to second-hand smoke.

Quitting Cont’d
– Withdrawal
• Nicotine patches and other nicotine-containing
products can reduce these symptoms.
• Electronic cigarettes are highly questioned by
the FDA.
• Nicotine vaccine is in clinical trial.
Quitting (3)
– Process
• 1st 6 months – quitting period
• 6 month- 1 yr – maintenance
• Relapse – can occur and can be overcome
7
PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by
Addiction and
Drug Abuse

Defining Addiction
� Defined as continued involvement with a substance or
activity despite its ongoing negative consequences.
� When the individual eventually needs to consume the
addictive substance or enact the behavior to feel normal.
� Classified by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
as a mental disorder
Defining Addiction
� Physiological/Psychological Dependence
• Inextricably tied together
• Addiction traditionally based on four criteria:
1. Relief of withdrawal symptoms
2. Continued use despite harm to self and others
3. Unsuccessful efforts to cease using or cut down on
use, including relapse
4. Tolerance

Defining Addiction
� Signs of Addiction
• Addictions are characterized by four common
symptoms
1. Compulsion (can include obsession)
2. Loss of control
3. Negative consequences
4. Denial
• Process Addictions
• Behaviors known to be addictive because they are
mood altering
Addictive Behaviors
� Compulsive or Pathological Gambling
• Cravings or highs similar to those experienced by drug
users

• Often seek the excitement more than the money
• Incidence higher in men, lower-income individuals,
those who are divorced, African Americans, older
adults, those living within 50 miles of a casino, and
college students
• 38 percent have cardiovascular problems
• Suicide rate 20 times higher than that of general
population
Addictive Behaviors
� Compulsive Spending
• On average, compulsive spenders are $23,000 in debt.
• Compulsive spending often leads to compulsive
borrowing to help support addiction.
� Symptoms that a spender has crossed the line
into addiction include
• Buying more than one of the same item
• Keeping items in the closet with the tags still attached
• Repeatedly buying much more than the person needs or
can afford
• Hiding purchases from relatives and loved ones

• Experiencing feelings of excitement when shopping
Addictive Behaviors
� Exercise Addiction
• About 2 million people with anorexia nervosa and bulimia
nervosa
use exercise to purge instead of, or in addition to, self-induced
vomiting
• Try to meet needs for nurturance, intimacy, self-esteem, and
self-
competency that an object or activity cannot truly meet
• Men are increasingly abusing steroids and overexercising to
attain
an ideal frame
• Muscle dysmorphia (bigarexia) is a pathological preoccupation
with being larger and more muscular
• Symptoms include excessive weight lifting, excessive
exercising,
and steroid or supplement abuse
Addictive Behaviors

� Technology Addictions
• Cell phones, video games, PDAs,
networking sites, and the Internet
can all be addictive.
• An estimated 5 to 10 percent of
Internet users will likely
experience Internet addiction.
• Symptoms include general
disregard for one’s health, sleep
deprivation, neglecting family and
friends, lack of physical activity,
euphoria when online, lower
grades in school, and poor job
performance.
• Compensation for feelings of
loneliness, marital or work
problems, a poor social life, or
financial problems
Addiction Affects Family and Friends
� Codependence
• Pattern of behavior
• Person becomes “addicted to the addict”

• Disregard personal needs in order to meet needs or
desires of addict
� Enabling
• Knowingly or unknowingly protects addict from
consequences of behavior
• Rarely conscious and generally unintentional
Drug Dynamics
� Abuse often associated with illegal drugs, but many
people abuse and misuse legal drugs
• Drug misuse—use for purpose not intended
• Drug abuse—excessive use
• Misuse and abuse may lead to addiction
• Drug and alcohol abuse contributes to more than
120,000 American deaths a year
• Costs $294 billion in preventable health care
expenses annually.
• Although overall use of drugs in the United States
has fallen by 50 percent in the past 20 years, the past
10 years have shown an increase in the use of certain
drugs by adolescents.

Drug Dynamics
� How Drugs Affect the Brain
• Mesolimbic dopamine—neurons relay messages
about pleasure
• Psychoactive drugs—affects chemical
neurotransmission, either enhancing it, suppressing
it, or interfering with it
• Some people’s bodies naturally produce insufficient
quantities of neurotransmitters, which predisposes
them to addictions such as alcohol, drugs, or exercise
The Action of Cocaine at Dopamine Receptors in the
Brain, an Example of Psychoactive Drug Action
Drug Dynamics
� Types of Drugs
• Prescription—more than 10,000 types sold in U.S

• Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs—no prescription
needed
• Recreational—alcohol, tobacco, coffee, etc.
• Herbal preparations—products of plant origin
• Illicit (illegal)—all are psychoactive
• Commercial preparations—household cleaners,
pesticides, etc.
Drug Dynamics
• Routes of Drug Administration
• Oral
• Injection
• Intravenous—into bloodstream
• Intramuscular—into muscle
• Subcutaneous—just under the skin
• Inhalation
• through the nose or mouth
• Inunction

• through the skin
• Suppositories
• through the vagina or anus
Drug Dynamics
� Drug Interactions
• Polydrug Use
• Taking several substances simultaneously
• Synergism
• Effects are multiplied
• Expressed as 2 + 2 = 10
• Example: Alcohol and barbiturates
• Antagonism
• Work at same receptor
• Inhibition—the effects of one drug are eliminated or
reduced by the presence of another drug
• Example: Alcohol and antibiotics

Drug Dynamics
• Intolerance
• When drugs combine to produce extremely
uncomfortable reactions
• Example: Antabuse and alcohol
• Cross-tolerance
• Tolerance for one drug creates a similar reaction to
another drug
• Example: Alcohol and barbiturates
Abuse of Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs
• Nonprescription medicine
• High doses can cause
hallucinations, bizarre sleep
patterns, mood changes, and
sometimes death.
• Those most vulnerable to
abusing OTC drugs are
teenagers, young adults, and
people over the age of 65.

Abuse of Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs
� Sleep Aids
• Excedrin PM, Sominex, Unisom, and Tylenol PM
• Can cause problems with the sleep cycle, weaken areas of the
body, or induce narcolepsy
� Cold Medicines
• Robitussin, Vicks, Coricidin, and NyQuil
• Dextromethorphan (DXM) can cause hallucinations, loss of
motor control, and “out-of body” sensations
• Pseudoephedrine is being used to illegally manufacture
methamphetamine
� Diet Pills
• Contain stimulants such as caffeine or Hoodia gordonii
Prescription Drug Abuse
• 15.2 million people over the age of 12 (6.2%) report abusing
controlled prescription drugs in the past year.

• Prescription drug abuse is particularly common among
teenagers.
• Abuse of opioids, narcotics, and pain relievers can result in
life-threatening respiratory depression (reduced breathing).
• Abuse of depressants, including benzodiazepines,
tranquilizers, barbiturates, and sedatives can result in
seizures, respiratory depression, and decreased heart rate.
• Abuse of stimulants can cause elevated body temperature,
irregular heart rate, cardiovascular system failure, and fatal
seizures.
Prescription Drug Abuse
� College Students and Prescription Drug Abuse
• Increased dramatically over the past decade
• Marijuana use has risen in recent years.
• Students who abuse Adderal and Ritalin say they help
them concentrate and study to increase alertness.
• Students who abuse Vicodin, OxyContin, or Percocet
say they do so to relax or get high.
• College men are more likely to abuse prescription drugs
than women.

Illicit Drugs
� Users of Illicit Drugs
• In 2004, an estimated 20.4 million Americans were
illicit drug users.
• Among youth, marijuana use has been rising in recent
years.
� Drug Use on Campus
• In 2006 51 percent of college students reported trying
any drug; a third have smoked marijuana in the past
year, and 20 percent have done so in the past month.
• For many students, their college environment coupled
with our culture’s societal mores regarding substance
use on college campuses may make substance use and
abuse seem like the norm.
Reasons Why College Students Use Illicit Drugs or
Controlled Prescription Drugs

Illicit Drugs
� Why Do Some College
Students Use Drugs?
• Genetics and family history
• Substance use in high
school
• Positive expectations
• Mental health problems
• Sorority and fraternity
membership
� Why Do Some College
Students Not Use Drugs?
• Parental attitudes and
behavior
• Religion and spirituality
• Student engagement
• College athletics
Annual Drug Use Prevalence, Full-time College Students vs.
Respondents 1 to 4 Years Beyond High School

Common Drugs of Abuse
� Stimulants
• Cocaine
• White crystalline powder
• Derived from the leaves of the south American coca shrub
• Cocaine rapidly enters bloodstream
• Exposed fetus is likely to suffer damage
• Methods of use vary
• Freebase cocaine
• Crack
• Treatment for cocaine addiction involves mainly psychiatric
counseling and 12-step programs.
� Amphetamines

• Synthetic agents that stimulate the central nervous
system (CNS)
• Some are used for medicinal purposes
• Ritalin and Adderall are used for attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• High potential for abuse
College Students’ Stated Reasons for Nonmedical Use of
ADHD Drugs
� Methamphetamine
• Affects brain and CNS
• Euphoria lasts 6 to 8
hours
• Methods of use:
snorted, injected,
smoked, and ingested
• Increasingly common

in rural America
� Caffeine
• Most popular and widely consumed drug in the United
States
• Caffeine is derived from the chemical family called
xanthines, which are found in plant products such as
coffee, tea, and chocolate.
• Enhance mental alertness and reduce feelings of fatigue
• Side effects include wakefulness, insomnia, irregular
heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion, mild delirium,
and heartburn.
• Caffeine meets the requirements for addiction:
tolerance, psychological dependence, and withdrawal
symptoms.
Caffeine Content Comparison

� Marijuana and Other Cannabinoids
• Methods of Use and Physical Effects
• People have been using these substances for 6,000
years
• Derived from Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica
(hemp)
• Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient
• Hashish, a potent cannabis preparation, is derived
from the resin of the plant.
• Long-term studies have not been conducted in the
United States.
• Inhalation from smoking is harmful.
� Marijuana and Medicine
• Helps with severe nausea and vomiting during
chemotherapy
• Improves appetite of those with AIDS related wasting
syndrome

• Aids those with multiple sclerosis by reducing pain and
spasticity
• Reduces eye pressure of glaucoma
� Effects of Chronic Marijuana Use
• Carbon monoxide in blood stream causes heart to work
harder
• Contains high levels of carcinogens
• Suppression of the immune system
• Pregnant women at higher risk for stillbirth or
miscarriage
� Depressants
• Opiates
• Cause drowsiness, relieve pain, and induce euphoria

• Called narcotics
• Derived from opium
• Include morphine, codeine, heroin, and black tar
heroin
• Depress CNS and lower heart rate, respiration, and
blood pressure
• Decrease sex drive
� Heroin Addiction
• Heroin is a white powder derived from morphine.
• Black tar heroin is a sticky, dark brown, foul smelling
form of heroin that is relatively pure and inexpensive.
• Heroin withdrawal is distinct, including an intense
desire for the drug, sleep disturbances, dilated pupils,
and muscle tremors
• An estimated 3.7 million people have used heroin at one
time in their lives
• Mainlining—intravenous injection of powdered heroin
mixed in a solution and is the most common route of
administration

Depressants: Opiates
� Treatment of Opiates
• Methadone
• Blocks effects of opiates withdrawal
• Potentially addictive itself
• Naltrexone
• Opiate antagonist
• Lose compulsion to use heroin
• Buprenorphine
• Blocks cravings for heroin
• Nonaddictive
� Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates
• Benzodiazepines (tranquilizers )

• The most common sedative-hypnotic drugs
• Valium, Ativan, and Xanax
• Barbiturates
• Sedative-hypnotic drugs
• Amytal and Seconal
• Less safe than benzodiazepines
• Synergistic effect when combined with alcohol, can lead to
respiratory failure and death
• Can produce physical and psychological dependence in several
weeks
• Cross-tolerance is a complication specific to sedatives
� Rohypnol
• A tranquilizer and “date rape” drug
• Produces a sedative effect, amnesia, muscle relaxation, and
slowed psychomotor responses
• Has gained notoriety as a growing problem on college
campuses as it has been added to punch and other drinks at
parties in hopes of lowering women’s inhibitions and

facilitating potential sexual conquests
� Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
• CNS depressant known to have euphoric, sedative, and
anabolic (bodybuilding) effects
• Another “date rape” drug
• Side effects include loss of memory, unconsciousness,
amnesia, hallucinations, and death
� Hallucinogens
• Scramble messages coming to reticular formation
• Synesthesia—mixing of sensory messages
• May “hear colors” and “smell tastes”
• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
• Also called acid
• Common hallucinogen used to “unlock secrets” of
the mind
• Used to “turn on” and “tune out” world
• In 1970 it was placed on controlled substances list

• Over 11 million Americans have tried acid
• Commonly sold as a “blotter” on paper
� Ecstasy methylene-dioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA)
• Most common club drug
• Side effects include hallucination, paranoia, and
amnesia
• Causes death in some cases, especially when combined
with alcohol
• Chronic use can damage the brain
� Mescaline
• Derived from peyote cactus
• Native Americans use it for religious
purposes

• Users typically swallow 10 to 12 dried
peyote buttons
• Generally induces immediate vomiting
� Psilocybin
• “Magic mushrooms”
• Effects generally wear off in 4 to 6 hours
• Cultivated from spores or harvested wild
• Similar to LSD in effect
• Mushroom varieties can be easily
misidentified, and mistakes can be fatal
� Phencyclidine (PCP)
• Originally used as a dissociative anesthetic
• Side effects such as amnesia led doctors to abandon use
• May cause euphoria or dysphoria
• Known to cause hallucinations, delusions, and overall
delirium

� Ketamine (Special K)
• Used as an anesthetic in many hospital and veterinary
clinics
• Causes hallucinations and sensory distortions
� Inhalants
• Users inhale chemicals
• Legal to purchase and not commonly recognized as
drugs, though dangerous when used incorrectly
• Includes: glue, paint thinner, and rubber cement
• Amyl Nitrate and Nitrous Oxide
• Commonly known as laughing gas
• Imparts a “silly feeling”
• An overdose of fumes from inhalants can cause
unconsciousness and death

� Anabolic Steroids
• Artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone that
promote muscle growth and strength
• Ergogenic drugs
• Adverse effects occur
• “Performance-enhancing” steroid alternatives
• Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
• Clenbuterol
• The 2007 Mitchell Report investigated steroid use among
Major League Baseball players, 89 of whom were alleged to
have used steroids
Treatment and Recovery
� An estimated 23.6 million Americans aged 12 or older
needed treatment for illicit drug or alcohol use problem in
2007.
� Of these, approximately 10 percent received treatment
� Detoxification—an early abstinence period during which
an addict adjusts physically and cognitively to being free
from the addiction’s influence

� Treatment Approaches
• Outpatient Behavioral Treatment
• Cognitive behavioral therapy
• Multidimensional family therapy
• Motivational interviewing
• Motivational incentives (contingency management)
• Residential Treatment Programs
• Therapeutic communities (TCs) are highly structured
programs in which addicts remain at a residence,
typically for 6 to 12 months
• 12-Step Programs
• Nonjudgmental treatment programs that aim to work
on personal recovery
• College Students’ Treatment and Recovery

• Early intervention increases the likelihood of
successful treatment.
• Private therapy, group therapy, cognitive training,
nutrition counseling, and health therapies all induce a
better chance of recovery.
• A growing number of colleges are offering special
services to students who are recovering from alcohol
and other drug addictions.
• Texas Tech University received a $250,000 federal
grant to create a national model of its students-in-
recovery program.
Addressing Drug Misuse and Abuse in the U.S
• The financial burden of illegal drug use on the U.S.
economy is around $180.9 billion per year.
� Possible
Solution
s to the Problem
• Scare tactics—shown not to be effective

• War on drugs—laws and policies to reduce illegal drug trade
• Multimodal approach—most effective when young people
are taught to differentiate drug use, misuse, and abuse
• Harm Reduction Strategies—practical approaches to
reducing negative consequences of drug use
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
prepared by
Michael Hall
Considering your
Reproductive

Choices
Chapter 6
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Conception and Contraception
refers to the fertilization of an ovum by a
sperm. It must involve:
• A viable egg
• A viable sperm
• Access to the egg by the sperm
conception. 2 methods of effectiveness include:

• Perfect failure rate: risk of pregnancy during the
first year of use if the method is used w/o error
• Typical failure rate: risk of pregnancy during the
first year of use w/ normal number of errors
Methods Of Fertility Management
to prevent the egg and sperm from joining
• Male condom – latex sheath designed to fit over erect
penis catching ejaculate.
• Foams, suppositories, jellies and creams contain
chemical spermicides which kill sperms & some STIs
• Female condom is soft loose fitting polyurethane

sheath that covers the external genitalia.
• Diaphragm w/ spermicide provides chemical and
physical barrier to sperm
• Cervical cap – small latex cap that fits snugly over the
cervix to keep sperm out of uterus
Hormonal Methods
nes into
the women’s system that prevent ovulation, thicken
cervical mucus or prevent a fertilized egg from
implanting.
progesterone to prevent release of an ova from the
ovary, preventing pregnancy.
-only pills contain small doses of

progesterone and are used when suffer from side-
effects related to estrogen or are nursing a baby –
slightly less effective than combination pills.
Early Warning Signs of Medical Complications for
Pill Users
Figure 7.6
Hormonal Methods
h is worn for one
week and replaced on the same day of the week for 3

weeks. The user is patch free the 4th week.
inserted into the vagina and left in place for 3 weeks.
It provides a steady flow of estrogen & progesterone.
-Provera is a long acting synthetic progesterone
injected intramuscularly every 3 months.
issues. It is an FDA approved method but has come
under scrutiny for causing severe menstrual bleeding
and complications during removal.
Surgical Methods

• Female
• Tubal ligation is a method where surgery ties or
cuts and cauterizes the uterine tubes. This blocks
the sperm’s access to released eggs.
• Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the
uterus. It’s usually done only when there is
disease or damage to the uterus.
• Male
• Vasectomy is a procedure where both ductus
deferens are surgically cut and tied shut.
Sterilization
Figure 7.7

Other Methods
by a physician and are believed to interfere with
sperm’s fertilization of the egg.
• ParaGard can be left in place 10 years. Contains
copper and has no hormones.
• Mirena is newer and effective for 5 years and
releases small amounts of progestin levonorgestrel.
– not very effective b/c there can be up to
½ a million sperm in the drop of fluid at the tip of the
penis before ejaculation.

Other Methods
72 hours after unprotected sexual intercourse to
prevent pregnancy. They are ordinary birth control
pills containing estrogen and progestin.
for most adults
Oral-genital contact can transmit STIs.
Fertility Awareness Methods

consider that ovum can survive for up to 48 hours
after ovulation and that sperm can live for up to 5
days in the vagina.
– prior to ovulation there is a change
in normal vaginal secretion – it becomes more stringy
and creamy
– after ovulation the basal body
rises so the women must chart her temperature to
understand her body’s fluctuations. To avoid
pregnancy she must avoid intercourse several days
prior to temperature increase. Conversely this method
works well to increase odds of becoming pregnant.
The Fertility Cycle

Figure 7.8
Costs of Contraception
Table 7.2
Methods Of Abortion
pregnancy.
– suction to remove fetal tissue

from the uterus
– fetal tissue is
sucked and scraped out of the uterus
– the cervix is dilated
and the uterine walls scraped clean
Medical Abortions
-486) “the
abortion pill” – actually involves more steps than a
clinical abortion.
• First visit involves physical exam and dosage of
pills
• Patient returns 2 days later for a dose of

prostaglandins
• Females stays under observation for 4 hours
• A return visit 12 days later to verify complete fetus
expulsion
Emotional Aspects Of Abortions
• Regret
• Guilt
• Sadness
• Relief
• Happiness

Planning A Pregnancy
Pregnancy

• Obstetrician-Gynecologist
• Family practitioner
• Midwives
• Fetal alcohol syndrome
-rays

Fertilization
Figure 7.11
The Process Of Pregnancy
tenderness
the developing baby is called an embryo; at the start
of the 3rd month the baby is called a fetus.
changes in mother
and placenta (network of blood vessels that carries
nutrients and oxygen to the fetus) is well developed.
Respiratory and digestive organs develop.

t 6 weeks of an infant’s life
Prenatal Testing And Screening
abnormalities. Is recommended for women over 35.
Newer blood tests can produce the same results but
must be done btwn weeks 11 and 13.
• Amniotic sac: protective pouch surrounding the
fetus.
couples who are at high risk of Down’s syndrome or
debilitating hereditary disease. Involves taking tissue
sample from the fetal sac.

Amniocentesis
Figure 7.12
Childbirth Considerations
– home is
becoming a more popular option and usually involves
a midwife
• First stage – amniotic sac breaks
• Second stage – expulsion
• Third stage – delivery of placenta

• Medical
• Non-medical
The Birth Process
Figure 7.13a
The Birth Process (continued)

Figure 7.13b
Complications
related to high blood
pressure, edema and protein in the urine. Treatment
includes rest and monitoring of symptoms.
-section)
outside
uterus and can result in miscarriage
reason

infant under one and for no apparent reason
Infertility
• Endometriosis
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
• Low sperm count

Infertility Treatment
Chapter 5:
Healthy Relationships

and Sexuality
GEHP 3000
JAVIER A OSORIO
DECEMBER 2013
Communicating: A Key to Good
Relationships
– Share/Self Disclose
– Makes a person feel vulnerable
– Step towards closeness/intimacy
– Part of responsible sexual behavior
– Listening

– Focus on Speaker
– Avoid interruptions
– Avoid focusing on speaker’s quirks
– Demonstrate understanding
– Avoid challenging the speaker or being defensive
– Try using I messages when you respond
– Avoid generalities
Communicating: A Key to Good
Relationships
Important (continued)
– Past communication styles may be different in

relationships and a couple may have a difficult
time communicating
Relationships
– Learn to share and self-disclose
– Learn to listen
Characteristics of Intimate Relationships
romantic
partners
– Intimacy – freely sharing emotions

– Social Integration – share worry and concerns
– Nurturance – take care of one another
– Assistance – help in time of nee
– Affirmation – reassured of one’s own worth
Forming Intimate Relationships
– Family of origin:
rents and siblings

uncles, partners, friends.
– Nuclear family
– Children learn how to share feelings, affection
and love from their parents.
– Sibling interactions provide a way to learn and
practice interpersonal skills
– A psychological and physically unhealthy family
may pose significant barriers to later
relationships.
Establishing Friendships
– Enjoyment
– Acceptance

– Mutual trust
– Respect
– Mutual assistance
– Confiding
– Understanding
– Spontaneity
– Fascination
– Exclusiveness
over all others

– Sexual desire
– Giving
– Advocate
– Three key ingredients
acy: the emotional component, involves feelings
of closeness
romantic, sexual attraction

which includes the decisions you make about being in
love and degree of commitment to your partner
Common Experiences of Love
Figure 5.1
Gender Issues in Relationships
– A term coined by Deborah Tannen to categorize
the
differences in men’s and women’s language patterns
es in Decision Making

– Similarities
– Reciprocity
– Physical attraction
Overcoming Barriers to
Intimacy
– Inhibits psychological growth and/or self-love
– Obstacles to emotional/mental health

– Overdependence on the relationship
– High value placed on sexual exclusivity
– Severity of the threat
– Low self-esteem
– Fear of losing control
– Marriage
– Monogamy: exclusive sexual involvement with one partner
– Serial monogamy: A series of monogamous sexual
relationships
– Open relationships: A relationship in which partners
agree that sexual involvement can occur outside the
relationship

– Defined as two unmarried people with an intimate
connection who live together in the same household.
– Common-law marriage: legally binding in some states
Committed Relationships
– Significant increase in 2000 census – three times
the reported number in 1990
– Probably much higher than reported
– 37 % of American men
– 41% of American women

Success in Relationships
– Most children are raised with a strong script of
what is expected of them as adults
– Society provides constant reinforcement for
traditional couples
– People who have not chosen an “traditional”
partner may experience a great deal of stress
Success in Relationships
-Nurturant
– Love yourself

– Accepting responsibility for personal decisions, choices,
actions
-Nurturance
– Developing individual potential through a balanced and
realistic appreciation of self-worth and ability
Table 5.1
<<Insert table 5.2>>
When Relationships
Falter

– 40-50% of all marriages end
– Illness
– Finances
– Unmet expectations
When Relationships
Falter
– Recognize and acknowledge your feelings
– Find healthful ways to express your emotions
– Spend time with friends, both old and new

– Don’t rush into the “rebound” relationship
Building Better
Relationships
– Good communication
– Intimacy
– Friendship
– Trust
– Predictability
– Dependability
– Faith

Your Sexual Identity
– All eggs carry an X chromosome
– Sperm carry an X or a Y chromosome
– XX = Female
– XY = Male
– Sex hormones play a major role in puberty
– testosterone
– estrogen, progesterone
– Pituitary gland-gonadotrophins
– Secondary sex characteristics
– biological condition

– psychosocial condition
– Gender roles
– Gender identity
– Gender-role stereotyping
– Androgyny: combination of masculine and
feminine traits
– Socialization
tion
– Best understood by using a multifactor model, which
incorporates biological, psychological, and
socioenvironmental factors.
– Heterosexual

– Homosexual
– Bisexual
– Irrational fear or hatred of homosexuality
Expressing Your Sexuality
– Heterosexual standard: limited to members of
opposite sex
– Coital standard: only penile/vaginal intercourse
is viewed as sex

– Two-person standard: to be experienced by two
– Romantic standard: sex related to love
– Safer sex standard: preventing unintended
pregnancy and disease transmission
– Group sex: more than two people
– Transvestism: wearing clothing of opposite sex
– Fetishism: sexual arousal by looking or touching
inanimate objects such as underclothing or shoes

– Exhibitionism: exposing oneself in public place
– Voyeurism: observing other people for sexual gratification
– Sadomasochism: inflicting pain in sexual activities
– Sadist: enjoys inflicting pain
– masochist: enjoys experiencing pain
– Pedophilia: sexual activity with children - illegal
– Autoerotic asphyxiation: choking oneself while
masturbating
– Accidental hangings
Difficulties That Can Hinder Sexual
Functioning

– Inhibited sexual desire (ISD): lack of interest in
sex
– Sexual aversion disorder: sexual phobias and
anxiety of sexual contact
of physical or sexual abuse are all sources
– Erectile dysfunction or impotence:
diabetes, prostrate problems,
medications, depression, fatigue, stress, alcohol,
performance anxiety, guilt.
Difficulties That Can Hinder
Sexual Functioning

– Dyspareunia: pain experienced by women during
intercourse.
infection, some times psychological
– Vaginismus: involuntary contraction of vaginal
muscles, making penile insertion painful or
impossible
– Chose a qualified sex therapist or counselor
Difficulties That Can Hinder
Sexual Functioning
– Alcohol can inhibit sexual response
– Tendency to blame the drug for bad behavior

– “Date Rape Drugs”
-hydroxybutrane (GHB)
Violence is defined by the World Health
Organization as the intentional use of physical force
or power, threatened or actual, against a person, or
against a group or community, that either results in
or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death,
psychological harm or deprivation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization

Direct violence: The most visual form, hurting people
physically by war, beating people, abuse, mobbing, etc.
It can either be experienced yourself or seen on the
street but it can as well be ‘transmitted’ by movies,
games, etc.
Cultural violence makes direct and structural violence
look or feel "right," or at least not wrong, according to Galtung
. The
study of cultural violence highlights the way in which the act of
direct violence and the fact of structural violence are
legitimized and
thus made acceptable in society. One mechanism of cultural
violence

is to change the "moral colour" of an act from "red/wrong" to
"green/right," or at least to "yellow/acceptable."
Self-directed violence:
Self-directed violence is subdivided into suicidal
behavior and self-abuse
Interpersonal violence:
Interpersonal violence is divided into two subcategories:
Family and intimate partner violence – that is, violence
largely between family members and intimate partners
Collective violence:
Collective violence is subdivided into social, political
and economic violence

• The first level identifies biological and personal factors that
influence how individuals behave and increase their likelihood
of becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence.
• The second level focuses on close relationships, such as those
with family and friends.
• The third level explores the community context—i.e., schools,
workplaces, and neighbourhood .
• The fourth level looks at the broad societal factors that help to
create a climate in which violence is encouraged or inhibited.
•Developing safe, stable and nurturing relationships between
children and their parents and caregivers.
•Developing life skills in children and adolescents
•Reducing the availability and harmful use of alcohol

•Reducing access to guns
•Promoting gender equality and challenging gender norms and
roles to prevent violence against women
•Changing cultural and social norms that support violence
•Victim identification, care and support program’s.
Physical Abuse
non accidental, intentional injury inflicted on another person.
Physical Neglect
willing deprivation of essential care needed to sustain basic
human needs and to promote growth and development.
Emotional Abuse
use of threats, verbal insults, or other acts of degradation that

are intended to be injurious or damaging to another's self-
esteem.
Physical Abuse
non accidental, intentional injury inflicted on another person.
Physical Neglect
willing deprivation of essential care needed to sustain basic
human
needs and to promote growth and development.
Emotional Abuse

use of threats, verbal insults, or other acts of degradation that
are
intended to be injurious or damaging to another's self-esteem.
Emotional Neglect
absence of a warm, interpersonal atmosphere that is necessary
for
psychosocial growth, development, and the promotion of
positive
feelings of self-worth and self-esteem.
Incest
sexual activity performed between members of a family group.

lack of comprehension and consent on the part of the
individual involved in sexual activities that are either
exploitative or physically intimate in nature (e.g. Fondling,
oral or genital contact, masturbation, unclothing, etc.)
●the incorporation of violence within the family teaches
the children that the use of violence is appropriate
●the abuser may expect perfection and maybe obsessed
with discipline and control.
●Adult family members who feel inadequate in their roles

may use violence in an attempt to prove themselves and to
maintain superiority.
Child neglect: the failure to provide for the child basic
necessities; may be classified as physical or emotional
neglect.
●failure to thrive: infant or child is not within normal ranges
on the growth chart.
●Infant or child does not appear to be physically cared for.
● Inappropriate diapering, diaper rash, strong urine smell
to the body may be seen in infants who have been neglected.
●Evidence of malnutrition.

●Lack of adequate supervision; child is allowed to engage in
dangerous play activities and sustains frequent injuries.
Language development may be delayed
Withdrawal; inappropriate fearfulness.
Parents may be apathetic and unresponsive to the child's needs.
The nurse is most often able to observe the parent-child
interaction in school situations, in a doctor's office. Or in the
emergency room.
Typical victim.

●Woman of advanced age with few social contacts.
●At least one physical or mental impairment, limiting the
person's ability to perform activities of daily living.
The violence in the family is frequently associated with
alcohol; often, there is a history of the woman's parents
having a violence relationship.
After the violent attack, the husband is frequently
remorseful, kind, and loving. He may promise that he will
never do it again.
Women tend to stay in abuse situations.

Forced, violent, sexual attack on an individual without his or
her
consent.
Sexual assault is nor means of sexual gratification;
Victims; in all age ranges; highest risk age group is 12 to 20
years
old.
Majority of rape are not sudden and impulsive, but they are
well-
planned.

Most women know the rapist; most rape assaults occur between
people of the same race.
GEHP 3000
Well-Being and Quality of life
Javier A Osorio
Adapted from a presentation created by Dr. Gulrukh Hashmi
Managing Stress:
Coping with Life’s

Stress is the process by
which we perceive and
respond to certain
events that we see as
threatening or
challenging.
stressor.
perception of that event, the meaning we attach to it and

the way we react to it leads to symptoms or diseases of
stress.
STRESSOR
Types of stressors

Types of stress
commonly known as the fight or flight response. The threat
can be any situation that is experienced, even
subconsciously or falsely, as a danger.
• noise
• crowding
• hunger

-going stressful
situations that are not short-lived and the urge to act (to fight
or to flee) must be suppressed. Stress, then, becomes chronic.
onic stressors include:
• on-going highly pressured work,
• long-term relationship problems,
• loneliness, and
• persistent financial worries.

end of the stressful situation
• Planning a wedding
• Planning a party
• Completing your last semester before
graduation

causes the most harm to the body
situation alone, but rather in a transaction between
the two.
events or life changes

Transaction model
Fight
/flight mechanism
perceives threat systems of the body get activated.
Responses to stress
Seyle’s general adaptation syndrome

There are 3 stages:
1. Alarm stage :- occurs when person recognizes threat
and mobilizes resources.
2. Resistance :- occurs when the stress is prolonged
3. Exhaustion :- occurs when body’s resources are
depleted.
Stress and illnesses
physical ailments with a genuine organic basis that are
caused in part by psychological factors, especially

emotional distress… hypertension, ulcers, asthma, eczema,
and migraine headaches
sleep disorders, depression, suicide/attempted suicides.
Two fold effects of stress
energy required for its functioning to deal with the
stress.

affects the immune system greatly by preventing the
production of cytokines.
fewer receptors to be produced on immune cells so
that inflammation cannot be ended.
Stress and immunity
muscles.
- increase in the levels of lipids

- blood to become stickier (possibly in preparation
of potential injury), increasing the likelihood of an
artery-clogging blood clot.
Stress and chronic heart diseases

Types of personalities
is chronic high blood pressure, usually with no
known biological cause.
response to a variety of stimuli is more likely to
develop hypertension.
Stress and hypertension

Stress and diabetes mellitus
increase in blood
sugar level to help
boost energy.
compounded by
unhealthy eating
habits.

can alter the numbers and types of immune
cells, such as T-cells and natural killer (NK)
cells produced by the body and also increase
inflammation.
flammation affect
cancer, stress is extrapolated to affect
cancer on this basis.
Stress and cancer

vessels supplying to brain.
flow back to the brain.
causing headaches
Stress and headaches
• Asthma: Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways
in the lungs, in which the airways become constricted,
making it difficult to empty the lungs and therefore
reducing the amount of air that can be inhaled.
• Psychological factors

Stress and asthma
bance
in gut-brain axis.
muscular contractions are spastic rather than
smooth and wave like. The abdomen is bloated and
the patient experiences cramping and alternating
periods of constipation and diarrhea.

Stress and irritable bowel syndrome
Other stress related disorders

Social problems like
1. Drug and alcohol use
2. Gambling
3. Broken/ problem families
4. Accidental injuries
5. Suicides

Divorced or widowed individuals
Risk factors for stress
Occupational stress
Work-related stress is the response people may have
when presented with work demands and pressures
that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities
and which challenge their ability to cope

shift work
Causes:
Apart from health related problems there can
be

Effects of occupational stress
threatening or other extreme event that caused
feelings of horror or helplessness.
Post traumatic stress disorder

•Flashbacks
•Nightmares
• Impaired concentration
• Emotional numbing
• Depression.
• Symptoms can last for years
Measuring stress
1. Daily hassles scale: for minor but frequent stress
2. Social readjustment rating scales: it measures the

impact of various life events
3. Face to face interviews.
4. Life experience surveys
Social readjustment rating scale
Life Events Score
rom mate 65

45
behavior of a family member 44
(e.g., through birth, adoption, oldster
moving, etc.)
-adjustment 39
(e.g., merger, reorganization,
bankruptcy)

n the number of
arguments with spouse 35
for a major purchase 31
work 29
developing a stress-related illness
- 299 life change units = 50% chance of illness

colleagues have suggested
that the petty annoyances, frustrations, and
unpleasant surprises we experience every day
reduce psychological well being.
worsening already present illnesses.
Daily hassles scale

directed towards strengthening the coping
strategies.
Early signs of stress
ings

Emotional effects Physical effects

outburst
Smoking
decisions
Mental effects Behavioral effects

Stress management
physical exercise

Individual level
upport system for an
individual.
those related to managing stress.
a family work together to better
understanding and address any stress.
Family level

for empowerment of adolescent girls.
Community level
Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture prepared by Jan Campbell
T H E B A S I C S
SIXTH EDITION
Psychosocial Health:

Being Mentally, Emotionally,
Socially, and Spiritually Well 2
Benjamin Cummings
Defining Psychosocial Health
• Being Mentally, Emotionally, Socially, and
Spiritually Well
Benjamin Cummings
Psychosocial Health
Figure 2.1

Benjamin Cummings
Elements Shared by Psychosocially Healthy People
• They feel good about themselves
• They feel comfortable with other people
• They control tension and anxiety
• They are able to meet the demands of life
Benjamin Cummings
Elements Shared by Psychosocially Healthy People
(continued)
• They curb hate and guilt
• They maintain a positive outlook

• They enrich the lives of others
• They cherish the things that make them smile
• They value diversity
• They appreciate and respect nature
• How do you view psychosocially healthy people?
Benjamin Cummings
Characteristics of Psychosocially Healthy and Unhealthy
People
Figure 2.2

Benjamin Cummings
• Mental Health: The Thinking You
• The “thinking” part of psychosocial health
• Mentally healthy people tend to respond in positive ways
• Irrational thinking may indicate poor mental health
Benjamin Cummings
• Emotional Health: The Feeling You
• The “feeling you”
• Emotions are complex feelings

• Examples include: love, hate, frustration
Benjamin Cummings
• Emotional Health: The Feeling You (Continued)
• Richard Lazarus notes 4 types:
• 1) Emotions from harm, loss, threat
• 2) Emotions from benefits
• 3) Borderline emotions (hope/compassion)
• 4) Complex emotion (grief/disappointment)
• Can you think of some examples of emotional health?

Benjamin Cummings
• Social Health
• Importance of social interactions
• Social bonds
• Social supports
• Prejudices may indicate poor social health
Benjamin Cummings

• Spiritual Health: An Inner Quest for Well-Being
• A belief in a unifying force that gives purpose or
meaning to life
• Four main themes of spirituality:
1) A feeling of interconnectedness
2) Mindfulness
3) Spirituality as a part of daily life
4) Living in harmony with the community
Benjamin Cummings
• Four basic needs satisfied for spiritual health:
1) The need for having
2) The need for relating

3) The need for being
4) The need for transcendence or purpose in life
Spirituality: A Key to Health and Wellness
Benjamin Cummings
• External Factors That Influence Psychosocial Health
• Family
• The wider environment
• Social bonds
Factors Influencing Psychosocial Health

Benjamin Cummings
• Internal Factors That Influence Psychosocial Health
• Heredity
• Hormonal function
• Physical fitness
Benjamin Cummings
• Self-efficacy, Self-esteem
• Belief in one’s ability
• Sense of self-respect
• Learned Helplessness vs. Optimism

• Learned helplessness (Seligman)
• Learned optimism
Benjamin Cummings
• Personality
• Unique mix of characteristics
• Influences:
• Heredity
• Culture
• Environment
• Healthy personality traits:

• Extroversion
• Agreeableness
• Openness to experience
• Emotional stability
• Conscientiousness
Benjamin Cummings
• Developing and Maintaining Self-Esteem and
Self-Efficacy
• Finding a support group
• Complete required tasks

• Form realistic expectations
• Make time for yourself
• Examine problems and seek help
• Maintain physical health
• Can you think of ways to enhance psychosocial health?
Enhancing Psychosocial Health
Benjamin Cummings
• Sleep: The Great Restorer
• Conservation of energy
• Restoration
• Circadian rhythms

• Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep
Enhancing Psychosocial Health
Benjamin Cummings
• Happiness: A Key to Well-being
• Three components of subjective well-being (SWB)
• Satisfaction with present life
• Relative presence of positive emotions
• Relative absence of negative emotions
• What are the things that make you happy?

Mind-Body Connection
Benjamin Cummings
• Several Myths about Happiness
• Only people in their fifties are happy
• Happiness belongs only to women
• Only white Americans are happy
• Money can buy happiness
Benjamin Cummings
• Does Laughter Enhance Health?

• Studies have shown the following results:
• Stressed people become less depressed with humor
• Students who use humor as a coping mechanism
experience positive mood
• Senior citizens with a sense of humor often recover
from depression
• Jokes, especially shared, increase social cohesion
Benjamin Cummings
• Mental Illnesses – Disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling,
moods and behaviors
When Psychosocial Health Deteriorates

Benjamin Cummings
• Depression: The Full-Scale Tumble
• The “common cold” of psychological disturbances
• 15 million Americans experience depression
• People with major depressive disorders experience the
following:
• Chronic mood disorder
• Extreme and persistent sadness
• Feelings of despair
• They feel discouraged by life
• 15% attempt and or succeed in suicide

Benjamin Cummings
• Depression and Gender
• 8-11% of men experience
• 19-23% of women experience
• Adolescent and adult females twice the rate of males
• Hormonal factors may contribute to increase in women
• Equal rates for males and females in college
Benjamin Cummings

• Depression in Selected Populations
• Among Jews, males are equally likely as females to
have major depressive episodes
• Increase in depression in children, the elderly and in
Native American and homosexual young people
• Older adults may be misdiagnosed as depressed: may be
attributable to drug interactions, or as a normal part of
aging
Benjamin Cummings
• Risks for Depression
• Interaction of biology, learned behaviors, and cognitive
factors.
• Chemical and genetic processes may be predisposing

factors
Benjamin Cummings
• Facts and Fallacies About Depression
• True depression is not a natural response to crisis and
loss
• People will not snap out of depression by using a little
willpower
• Frequent crying is not a hallmark of depression
• Depression is not all in the mind but is chemical in
nature
• Only in-depth psychotherapy can cure long-term clinical
depression

Benjamin Cummings
• Treatment
• Cognitive therapy
• Interpersonal therapy
• Drug therapy
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Benjamin Cummings
Table 2.1

Benjamin Cummings
• Bipolar Disorder (aka: Manic-Depressive Ilness)
• Alternating episodes of mania (highs) and depression
(lows)
• More than 2 million adult Americans, or 1% of the
population
• Biologic, genetic, and environmental factors may be
causative with 60% of cases showing a family history
Benjamin Cummings
• Anxiety Disorders

• Generalized anxiety disorder
• Panic disorders
• Phobias (object, activity, or situation)
• Social phobia
• Sources of Anxiety Disorders
• Environment
• Biology
• Social and cultural role
Benjamin Cummings
• Seasonal Affective Disorder

• 6% of Americans suffer from S.A.D.
• 14% of Americans report mild winter blues
• Caused by a malfunction of the hypothalamus and
possibly stress
Benjamin Cummings
• Schizophrenia
• 1% of U.S. population suffers from schizophrenia
• People with schizophrenia experience alterations of the
senses including auditory and visual hallucinations
• They experience an inability to sort out incoming
stimuli and make appropriate responses

Benjamin Cummings
• Schizophrenia (continued)
• They have an altered sense of self
• They experience radical changes in emotions,
movements, and behaviors
Benjamin Cummings
• Gender Bias
• Practitioners diagnosed differently based on gender
alone

• Women thought to have more “hysterical personality”
• Men thought to have more “antisocial personality”
• PMS
• Premenstrual syndrome warrants further study into
hormonal connection
Gender Issues in Psychosocial Health
Benjamin Cummings
• Facts
• 35,000 suicides are reported in the U.S. each year
• Experts estimate 100,000 may be a more accurate
number

• College students are more likely to attempt suicide than
the general population
• Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in 15-24 year
olds
Suicide: Giving Up on Life
Benjamin Cummings
• Warning Signs of Suicide
• Recent loss and inability to let go of grief
• Change in personality
• Change in behavior
• Diminished sexual drive
• Change in sleep

• Expressions of self-hatred
• What are some other signs that you have heard of or
experienced?
Benjamin Cummings
• Taking Action to Prevent Suicide
• Monitor the warning signs
• Take any threats seriously
• Let the person know you care
• Listen
• Ask directly, “Are you thinking of hurting yourself?”

• Don’t belittle the person’s feelings
• Help think of alternatives
• Tell the persons friends, family, and counselor
Benjamin Cummings
• Fact
• 1 in 5 people seek help
• An exam should include three parts
• Physical checkup
• Psychiatric history
• Mental status exam

• Why do you think more people don’t seek professional
help?
Seeking Professional Help
Benjamin Cummings
Table 2.2
Benjamin Cummings
• What to expect from therapy
• Expect a mental and verbal sizing
• If the therapist is not right for you, do not hesitate to
find another

Seeking Professional Help
Benjamin Cummings
• Psychiatrist
• Psychologist
• Psychoanalyst
• Clinical/psychiatric social worker
• Counselor
• Psychiatric nurse specialist
Mental Health Professionals

Benjamin Cummings
• Individual counseling
• Group therapy
What to Expect in Therapy
Benjamin Cummings
Table 2.3
Well-being and Quality of Life
GEHP 3000 online
Javier A. Osorio
November 2013

Health and Wellness
• Health can be defined as the absence of illness, or as
the state when body and mind are absent of
abnormality.
• Wellness acknowledge that there are varying degrees
of health with each dimension. The key to wellness is
balance among the dimensions of health and the
interaction with the environment.
• Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.
– World Health Organization
Health dimensions
• Physical health
– It is the capacity the body has to perform any type of

exercise that shows resistance, strength, agility, skills,
coordination, and flexibility.
– You maintain physical wellness by exercising regularly,
eating a healthy and well balanced diet, making
educated decisions about your health, and avoiding
unhealthy habits, such as drugs or tobacco.
Health dimensions
• Mental health
– The World Health Organization describes mental
health as "a state of well-being in which the
individual realizes his or her own abilities, can
cope with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a
contribution to his or her community."
Health dimensions

• Social health
– It refers to the health of a person in reference to
his or her ability to interact with others and thrive
in social settings.
– It also refers to the health of a society, in general,
and how the members of that society are treated
and behave toward each other.
Holistic Health
• Three dimensions have been added to the
concept of health:
– emotional
– spiritual
– occupational

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