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1. UNIT 6 - GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES AND POLICIES
“The world will no longer be divided by the
ideologies of ‘left’ and ‘right,’ but by those
who accept ecological limits and those who
don’t.”
—Wolfgang Sachs Furqan Farooqi
EVS00035

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3. THE CHANGE IN GLOBAL OR REGIONAL CLIMATE PATTERNS, IN
PARTICULAR A CHANGE APPARENT FROM THE MID TO LATE 20TH
CENTURY ONWARDS AND ATTRIBUTED LARGELY TO THE
INCREASED LEVELS OF ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
PRODUCED BY THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS.

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• CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING
• EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
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10. • THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCED), ALSO KNOWN AS
THE RIO DE JANEIRO EARTH SUMMIT, THE RIO SUMMIT, THE RIO CONFERENCE, AND THE EARTH
SUMMIT (PORTUGUESE: ECO92), WAS A MAJOR UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE HELD IN RIO DE
JANEIRO FROM JUNE 3RD TO JUNE 14TH IN 1992.
• THE ISSUES ADDRESSED INCLUDED:
• SYSTEMATIC SCRUTINY OF PATTERNS OF PRODUCTION — PARTICULARLY THE PRODUCTION OF TOXIC
COMPONENTS, SUCH AS LEAD IN GASOLINE, OR POISONOUS WASTE INCLUDING RADIOACTIVE CHEMICALS
• ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY TO REPLACE THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS WHICH DELEGATES LINKED TO
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
• NEW RELIANCE ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS IN ORDER TO REDUCE VEHICLE EMISSIONS,
CONGESTION IN CITIES AND THE HEALTH PROBLEMS CAUSED BY POLLUTED AIR AND SMOKE
• THE GROWING USAGE AND LIMITED SUPPLY OF WATER

11. • THE UNFCCC SECRETARIAT (UN CLIMATE CHANGE) IS THE UNITED NATIONS ENTITY TASKED
WITH SUPPORTING THE GLOBAL RESPONSE TO THE THREAT OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
• UNFCCC STANDS FOR UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE.
• THE CONVENTION HAS NEAR UNIVERSAL MEMBERSHIP (197 PARTIES) AND IS THE PARENT
TREATY OF THE 2015 PARIS AGREEMENT.
• THE MAIN AIM OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT IS TO KEEP THE GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
RISE THIS CENTURY AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO 1.5 DEGREES CELSIUS ABOVE PRE-INDUSTRIAL
LEVELS.
• THE UNFCCC IS ALSO THE PARENT TREATY OF THE 1997 KYOTO PROTOCOL.
• THE ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE OF ALL THREE AGREEMENTS UNDER THE UNFCCC IS TO STABILIZE
GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE AT A LEVEL THAT WILL PREVENT
DANGEROUS HUMAN INTERFERENCE WITH THE CLIMATE SYSTEM, IN A TIME FRAME WHICH
ALLOWS ECOSYSTEMS TO ADAPT NATURALLY AND ENABLES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

12. • THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ENFORCED IN 1987 INITIATED A GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR THE
PROTECTION OF THE OZONE LAYER BY FORBIDDING THE INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES AND FROM
2004 THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AS WELL TO PRODUCE AND CONSUME THOSE SUBSTANCES THAT
ARE ASSUMED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE.
• THROUGH THE 1997 KYOTO PROTOCOL, THE INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES (RESPONSIBLE FOR OVER
70% OF THE GLOBAL EMISSIONS OF “GREENHOUSE GASES”) HAVE COMMITTED THEMSELVES (NOT
YET IN A BINDING WAY) TO REDUCE THEIR EMISSIONS BY 5.2% COMPARED TO THOSE OF 1990 BY
2008-2012.
• RECENT DEVELOPMENT IS KIGALI AGREEMENT OF 2016.

13. THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD)
• KNOWN INFORMALLY AS THE BIODIVERSITY CONVENTION, IS A MULTILATERAL TREATY.
• THE CONVENTION HAS THREE MAIN GOALS: THE CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
(OR BIODIVERSITY); THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF ITS COMPONENTS; AND THE FAIR AND EQUITABLE
SHARING OF BENEFITS ARISING FROM GENETIC RESOURCES.
• ITS OBJECTIVE IS TO DEVELOP NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE
USE OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, AND IT IS OFTEN SEEN AS THE KEY DOCUMENT
REGARDING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
• THE CONVENTION WAS OPENED FOR SIGNATURE AT THE EARTH SUMMIT IN RIO DE JANEIRO ON 5
JUNE 1992 AND ENTERED INTO FORCE ON 29 DECEMBER 1993.

14. RAMSAR CONVENTION
• THE RAMSAR CONVENTION ON WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE ESPECIALLY AS
WATERFOWL HABITAT IS AN INTERNATIONAL TREATY FOR THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE
USE OF WETLANDS. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE CONVENTION ON WETLANDS. IT IS NAMED AFTER
THE CITY OF RAMSAR IN IRAN, WHERE THE CONVENTION WAS SIGNED IN 1971.
• EVERY THREE YEARS, REPRESENTATIVES OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES MEET AS
THE CONFERENCE OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES (C
• COP12 WAS HELD IN PUNTA DEL ESTE, URUGUAY, IN 2015. COP13 WAS HELD IN DUBAI, UNITED
ARAB EMIRATES, IN OCTOBER 2018. OP),
• THE LIST OF WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE INCLUDED 2,331 RAMSAR SITES IN MAY
2018 COVERING OVER 2.1 MILLION SQUARE KILOMETRES (810,000 SQ MI).

15. • THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION (CWC), OFFICIALLY
THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT,
PRODUCTION, STOCKPILING AND USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND ON
THEIR DESTRUCTION, IS AN ARMS CONTROL TREATY
• AN INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION BASED IN THE HAGUE, THE
NETHERLANDS.
• AS OF MARCH 2021, 193 STATES HAVE BECOME PARTIES TO THE CWC AND
ACCEPT ITS OBLIGATIONS. ISRAEL HAS SIGNED BUT NOT RATIFIED THE
AGREEMENT, WHILE THREE OTHER UN MEMBER STATES (EGYPT, NORTH
KOREA AND SOUTH SUDAN) HAVE NEITHER SIGNED NOR ACCEDED TO THE
TREATY.
• SOME CHEMICALS WHICH HAVE BEEN USED EXTENSIVELY IN WARFARE BUT
HAVE NUMEROUS LARGE-SCALE INDUSTRIAL USES (SUCH AS PHOSGENE) ARE
HIGHLY REGULATED

16. CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN
ENDANGERED SPECIES (CITES)
• ALSO KNOWN AS THE WASHINGTON CONVENTION) IS
A MULTILATERAL TREATY TO PROTECT ENDANGERED PLANTS AND
ANIMALS.
• THE CONVENTION WAS OPENED FOR SIGNATURE IN 1973 AND
CITES ENTERED INTO FORCE ON 1 JULY 1975.
• ITS AIM IS TO ENSURE THAT INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN
SPECIMENS OF WILD ANIMALS AND PLANTS DOES NOT THREATEN
THE SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES IN THE WILD, AND IT ACCORDS
VARYING DEGREES OF PROTECTION TO MORE THAN
35,000 SPECIES OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS.
Pangolin

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The Sustainable Development Goals 2030 Agenda
(5Ps)
• Implementation Period : January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2030
• 17 Goals, 169 Targets and 230 indicators
• No one Leaves Behind
• Universal
• Five P’s – People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership

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20. Unfinished MDGs – Social SDGs
Economic SDGs
Environment SDGs Means of Implementation

21. India and Sustainable Development Goals
Why India could make or break the success of SDGs
1. Area – seventh largest country in the world
2. Population – Second-most populous country (1.4 billion / 7.5 billion)
3. Population living Below Poverty Line (nearly a third of world)
4. Chronic Malnutrition's (one third)
5. Child Marriage (one third)
6. Open Defecation (more 50 per cent)
7. Maternal Deaths (15%)
8. Child Deaths (20%)
India Accounts to global burden

22. ‘Sabka Saath Sabka
Vikas’ - Guiding
Mantra for India’s
development policy
and practice
India’s development
goals and
programmes are
mirrored in the SDGs.
National Indicators on
SDGs is on advanced
stage of finalization.
Focus on outcome
based indicators.
NITI Aayog , the
national think tank,
mapped 17 SDGs on
Central Ministries and
development
programmes

23. Mapping the scheme wise with SDG by each Department wherever still
not done.
Establish the implementation and monitoring framework for each goal
and target.
Tracking the progress through a dashboard.
State/Division/District level Consultation with stakeholders for capacity
building of the functionaries.
Documenting and sharing of best practices SDG wise.

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25. • THE WILD LIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972 IS AN ACT OF
THE PARLIAMENT OF INDIA ENACTED FOR PROTECTION OF PLANTS
AND ANIMAL SPECIES
• BEFORE 1972, INDIA HAD ONLY FIVE DESIGNATED NATIONAL
PARKS. NOW THERE ARE 104.
• IT HAS SIX SCHEDULES WHICH GIVE VARYING DEGREES OF
PROTECTION.
• SCHEDULE I AND PART II OF SCHEDULE II -PROVIDE ABSOLUTE
PROTECTION - OFFENCES UNDER THESE ARE PRESCRIBED THE
HIGHEST PENALTIES.
• SCHEDULE III AND SCHEDULE IV ARE ALSO PROTECTED, BUT THE
PENALTIES ARE MUCH LOWER.
• ANIMALS UNDER SCHEDULE V, E.G. COMMON CROWS, FRUIT BATS,
RATS AND MICE, ARE LEGALLY CONSIDERED VERMIN AND MAY BE
HUNTED FREELY.
• THE SPECIFIED ENDEMIC PLANTS IN SCHEDULE VI ARE PROHIBITED
FROM CULTIVATION AND PLANTING.

26. • IT WAS ENACTED BY PARLIAMENT OF INDIA TO CONTROL FURTHER DEFORESTATION OF
FOREST AREAS IN INDIA. THE ACT CAME INTO FORCE ON 25 OCTOBER 1980. IT HAS FIVE
SECTIONS.
• SECTION 1 OF THE ACT EXPLAINS SHORT TITLE, EXTENT, AND THE DATE OF
COMMENCEMENT. IT STATES THAT: (1) THIS ACT MAY BE CALLED THE FOREST
(CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980. (2) IT EXTENDS TO THE WHOLE OF INDIA. (3) IT SHALL BE
DEEMED TO HAVE COME INTO FORCE ON THE 25TH DAY OF OCTOBER, 1980.
• SECTION 2 OF THE ACT IS ABOUT THE RESTRICTION ON THE STATE GOVERNMENT FOR
DERESERVATION OF FORESTS OR USE OF FOREST LAND FOR NON-FOREST PURPOSE.
• SECTION 3 OF THE ACT DEALS WITH CONSTITUTION OF ADVISORY COMMITTEE. IT GIVES
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT THE POWER TO CONSTITUTE A COMMITTEE
• SECTION 4 DEALS WITH POWER TO MAKE RULES.
• SECTION 5 DEALS WITH REPEALING AND SAVING.
• IT HAS BEEN AMENDED IN 1988 AND 1992.

27. • IN THE WAKE OF THE BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY , THE [GOVERNMENT OF INDIA] ENACTED THE ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION ACT OF 1986.
• THE ACT IS AN “UMBRELLA” LEGISLATION DESIGNED TO PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK FOR CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
COORDINATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS CENTRAL AND STATE AUTHORITIES ESTABLISHED UNDER
PREVIOUS LAWS, SUCH AS THE WATER ACT AND THE AIR ACT
• IT HAS 26 SECTIONS AND 4 CHAPTERS. THE PURPOSE OF THE ACT IS TO IMPLEMENT THE DECISIONS OF
THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT.
• CHAPTER 1 - CONSISTS OF PRELIMINARY INFORMATION SUCH AS SHORT TITLE, EXTEND, DATE OF COMMENCEMENT
AND DEFINITIONS.
• CHAPTER 2 - DESCRIBES GENERAL POWERS OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT.
• CHAPTER 3 - GIVES THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT THE POWER TO TAKE ACTION TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT.
• CHAPTER 4 - ALLOWS GOVERNMENT TO APPOINT OFFICERS TO ACHIEVE THESE OBJECTIVES. IT ALSO GIVES THE
GOVERNMENT THE POWER TO GIVE DIRECTION TO CLOSURE, PROHIBITION OR REGULATION OF INDUSTRY,
POLLUTION..

28. RECOGNITION OF FOREST RIGHTS
• THE FOREST RIGHTS ACT (FRA), 2006 RECOGNIZES THE RIGHTS OF THE FOREST DWELLING TRIBAL COMMUNITIES AND OTHER
TRADITIONAL FOREST DWELLERS TO FOREST RESOURCES, ON WHICH THESE COMMUNITIES WERE DEPENDENT FOR A VARIETY OF
NEEDS, INCLUDING LIVELIHOOD, HABITATION AND OTHER SOCIO-CULTURAL NEEDS.
• OBJECTIVES:
• TO UNDO THE HISTORICAL INJUSTICE OCCURRED TO THE FOREST DWELLING COMMUNITIES
• TO ENSURE LAND TENURE, LIVELIHOOD AND FOOD SECURITY OF THE FOREST DWELLING SCHEDULED TRIBES AND OTHER TRADITIONAL FOREST
DWELLERS
• TO STRENGTHEN THE CONSERVATION REGIME OF THE FORESTS BY INCLUDING THE RESPONSIBILITIES AND AUTHORITY ON FOREST RIGHTS
HOLDERS FOR SUSTAINABLE USE, CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND MAINTENANCE OF ECOLOGICAL BALANCE.