According to Faye Glenn Abdellah's theory, “Nursing is based on an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.”

1. UNIT – II
Philosophy and Theories of Nursing
Abdullah's Theory

2.  The students will be able to,
 Know about the theorist
 Metaparadigms
 21 Typology of problems
 Application of theory
 Strength & weakness of theory

3. Faye Glenn Abdellah
was one of the most
influential nursing theorist
and public health
scientists . It is extremely
rare to find someone who
has dedicated all her life
to the advancement of the
nursing profession and
accomplish this feat with
so much distinction and
merit.

4. BIOGRAPHY
Faye Glenn Abdellah was born on March 13, 1919, in New York City.
EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS
In 1942, Abdellah earned a nursing diploma
from Fitkin Memorial Hospital's School of
Nursing New Jersey (now Ann May School of
Nursing).
She received her Bachelor of Science Degree in
1945, a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and
Doctor of Education in Teacher’s College,
Columbia University. In 1947 she also took
Master of Arts Degree in Physiology.

5. Abdellah went on to become a nursing instructor and
researcher and helped transform the focus of the profession
from disease centered to patient centered. She expanded the
role of nurses to include care of families and the elderly.
She worked in many settings. She had been a staff nurse, a
head nurse, a faculty member at Yale University and at
Columbia University, a public health nurse, a researcher and
an author of more than 147 articles and books.
She was selected as Deputy Surgeon General in 1982.
She retired in 1989.

6. 1937 – She wanted to be a nurse on the day she saw
Hindenburg explode.
1949 – She spent 40 years in Public Health Service where
she first became involved in research, being assigned to
perform studies to improve nursing practices.
1960 – She was influenced by the desire to promote client-
centered comprehensive nursing care.

7. BASIC TO ALL PATIENTS
1.To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort – After colonoscopy,
patients are usually soiled from the procedure. It is therefore important
to clean them properly. Physical comfort through proper positioning in
bed.
2.To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest, and sleep – Patients who
were sedated during the procedure stay in the unit until the effect of the
sedation has decreased to a safe level. As a
nurse, make sure the patients are able to rest and sleep well by
providing a conducive environment for rest, such as decreasing
environmental noise and dimming the light if necessary.

8. 3.To promote safety through prevention of accident, injury, or
other trauma and through the prevention of the spread of
infection – Making sure
the side rails are always up when leaving the patient . one way
we prevent the spread of infection is through proper
disinfection of the equipments .
4.To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and
correct deformity – Positioning the patient
properly, allowing for the normal anatomical position of body
parts.

9. 5. facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body
cells – when patients manifest breathing problems, oxygen is
attached to them, usually via nasal cannula. Sedated patients are
attached to cardiac monitor and pulse oxi meter while having the
oxygen delivered. When the oxygen saturation falls below the
normal
levels, the rate of oxygen is increased accordingly, as per
physician's order.
6. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body cells – patients
undergoing endoscopic procedures are on NPO. For this reason it is
important to monitor the blood glucose level. When the patient's blood
glucose falls from the normal value, we inject D50W to the patient or we
change the patient's IVF to a dextrose containing fluid.

10. 8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte
balance – Proper regulation of the intravenous solutions as
well as proper incorporations it may have. An example is
when patients have low serum potassium; KCl is
incorporated in the solution.

11. 9.To recognize the physiological responses of the body to
disease conditions—pathological, physiological, and
compensatory – it is important to check the patients for signs of
internal gastrointestinal bleeding by monitoring the blood
pressure and cardiac rate.
10.To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms
and functions – When a patient has a difficulty in breathing and
is showing an increase respiratory rate, elevating the head part of
the bed is done to facilitate the respiratory function.

13. 12. To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings,
and reactions – most patients feel anxious before undergoing the
procedures. It is necessary to listen to the patients' expressions and
allow them to ask questions. To decrease their anxiety, proper
instructions are given, what they are to expect, how long the procedure
will take, what they should do during and after the procedure as well as
other concerns.
13. To identify and accept interrelatedness of emotions and organic
illness – Encourage patients to verbalize their feelings and allow them
to cry when they have the need to do so will help them emotionally.
Some patients are diagnosed with malignancy after the procedure and
during this time the emotional needs of the patient is a priority.

14.  14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and
nonverbal communication – when patients are not able to express
themselves verbally, it is important to assess for nonverbal cues. For
instance when patients are in pain, assessing for facial grimacing.
15. To promote the development of productive interpersonal
relationships – allow the patient's significant others to stay with the
patient before and after the procedure. This allows for bonding and
promotes interpersonal relationship.

15.  16. To facilitate progress toward achievement of
personal spiritual goals – nurse usually visits the patients in
the unit. Patients may benefit from this, allowing them time to
practice their faith.
17. To create and/or maintain a therapeutic
environment - providing proper lighting, proper room
temperature, a quiet environment are done to patients
staying in the unit.

17. 19. To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of
limitations, physical, and emotional – The goals for each patient
vary depending on the capability of the patient. The nutritional goal for
a patient with a PEG tube for instance will be
different, knowing that the patient has limited feeding options.
20. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems
arising from illness – Some patients live far from the city and thus
referral to health centers is sometimes done.

20. MAN / PERSON
Abdellah describes people as having
physical, emotional, and sociological
needs. These needs may overt,
consisting of largely physical needs,
or covert, such as emotional,
sociological and interpersonal
needs- which are often missed and
perceived incorrectly
The individuals (and families) are the
recipients of nursing, and health, or
achieving of it, is the purpose of
nursing services.

21. Health
Emphasis should be placed upon
prevention and rehabilitation. Holistic
approach must be taken by the nurse to
help the client achieve state of health.
However the nurse must accurately
identify the lacks or deficits regarding
health that the client is experiencing.
These lacks or deficits are the client’s
health needs.

22. ENVIRONMENT
The environment is implicitly defined
by Abdellah as the home or community
from which patient comes. Society is
included in “planning for optimum
health.” However, as Abdellah further
delineated her ideas, the focus of
nursing service is clearly the individual.

23. NURSING
These would mean a comprehensive nursing
service, this would include:
1. Recognizing the nursing problems of the
patient.
2. Deciding the appropriate actions to take in
terms of relevant nursing principles.
3. Providing continuous care of the
individual’s total health needs.
4. Providing continuous care to relieve pain and
discomfort.
5. Adjusting total nursing care plan to meet
the patient’s individual needs.

24. 6.Helping the individual to become more self directing in attaining or
maintaining a healthy state of mind and body.
7.Instructing nursing personnel and family to help the individual
8.Helping the individual to adjust to his limitations and emotional problems.
9.Working with allied health professional in planning for optimum health
Carrying out continuous evaluation and research to improve nursing
techniques and to develop new techniques to meet all the health needs of the
people.

25. 1. Observation of health status
2. Skills of communication
3. Application of knowledge
4. Teaching of patients and families
5. Planning and organization of work
6. Use of resource materials
7. Use of personnel resources
8. Problem-solving
9. Direction of work of others
10. Therapeutic use of the self
11. Nursing procedures

26. Physical, Sociological,
emotional Needs
Interpersonal
Relationship
Common
Elements Of
Patient Area

27. PURPOSES
Nursing Practice
Abdeallah’s main goal is the
improvement of the nursing education.
The most important impact of
Abdellah’s theory to the nursing
practice is that it helped transform the
focus of the
profession from being “disease-
centered” to “patient-centered.”
The steps of the nursing processare
assessment, diagnosis, planning,
implem entation and evaluation

28. NURSING EDUCATION
Professors and educators realized
the importance of client centered
care rather than focusing on medical
interventions. Nursing education then
slowly deviated its concentration
from the
complex, medical concepts, into
exercising better attention to the
client as the primary concern.
It’s very strong nurse-centered
orientation—is, on the other hand, it’s
major contribution to nursing
education.

29. NURSING RESEARCH
Her theories continue to guide researchers to
focus on the body of nursing knowledge itself,
the identification of patient problems, the
organization of nursing interventions, the
improvement of nursing education, and the
structure of the curriculum.
The extensive research done regarding the
patient’s needs and problems has served as a
foundation for the development of what is now
known as nursing diagnoses.

31. Nursing problems provide guidelines for
the collection of data.
A principle underlying the problem solving
approach is that for each identified
problem, pertinent data are collected.
The overt or covert nature of the
problems necessitates a direct or indirect
approach, respectively.

32. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
The results of data collection would determine the client’s
specific overt or covert problems.
These specific problems would be grouped under one or more
of the broader nursing problems.
This step is consistent with that involved in nursing diagnosis

33. PLANNING PHASE
The statements of nursing problems most closely resemble goal
statements. Once the problem has been diagnosed, the nursing
goals have been established.

34. IMPLEMENTATION
Using the goals as the framework, a plan is developed
and
appropriate nursing interventions are determined.
EVALUATION
The most appropriate evaluation would be the nurse
progress or lack of progress toward the achievement of
the stated goals..

36. (1) As logical and simple statement, Abdullah's problem
solving approach can easily be used by practitioner to guide
various activities within the nursing practice.
(2) The theoretical statement places more emphasis on
problems solving, an activity that is inherently logical in
nature.
(3) The problems solving approach is readily generalizable to
client with specific health needs and specific nursing
problems.

37. The major limitation of Abdellah theory and the twenty one nursing
problems is their very strong nursing centered orientation. With the
orientation appropriate use might be the organization of teaching
content for nursing students, the evaluation of a students,
performance in the clinical area or both. But in terms of client care
there is little emphasis on what the client is to achieve.

38. Using Abdellah’s concepts of health, nursing problems, and
problem solving, the theoretical statement of nursing that
can be derived is the use of the problem solving approach
with key nursing problems related to health needs of people.
From this framework, 21 nursing problems were developed.
Abdellah’s theory provides a basis for determining and
organizing nursing care. The problems also provide a basis
for organizing appropriate nursing strategies.

39. 1. Basavanthappa B.T, “Nursing Theories, Jaypee Brothers,
medical publishers (p) LTD, NewDelhi, 2007.PP. 52-60.
2. Melanie & Evelyh, “ Theoretical Basic for Nursing”,
Lippincott company, Philadelphia, 2001, pp 130-133.
3. Pasker marilya.” Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice”,
Davis company, Philadelphia, 2001, pp: 11-12.