Sample Outline and Reference Page Sample Speech Outline Title:  Volcanoes in New Mexico I. Introduction: A. Attention Getting Opener: I have lived in New Mexico all of my life and I recently found out some interesting information about this state. According to Dr. Larry Crumpler (2008), “New Mexico has one of the greatest concentrations of young, well-exposed, and un-eroded volcanoes on the continent”. This came as quite a shock to me, so I decided to look into this further. B. Reason your audience would be interested: By the end of this speech, I believe that my audience will be able to take some interesting information about the state of New Mexico. C. Thesis Statement: I plan to offer my audience information on the volcanoes of New Mexico.  D. Overview: This speech will cover three main topics: The range of ages of volcanoes, The diversity of the types of volcanoes and the Exceptional location of the volcanoes Transition: As mentioned, there is a range of ages of the volcanoes, here as an idea of the varying ages. II. Body: Main Point A: The range of ages of the volcanoes of New Mexico Sub-points: 1. According to Scholle and López (2006) the youngest volcanic rocks in New Mexico are only 3,800 years old, which would be the McCartys. 2. Other volcanoes, such as The Jemez Mountains in north-central New Mexico are the geographic expression of a series of volcanic eruptions that occurred over the past 15 million years (Scholle & López, 2006). 3. Finally, there are volcanoes that are billions of years old. Transition: The ranges of the ages of the volcanoes in New Mexico was interesting to me, yet even more interesting is the diversity of the types of volcanoes. Main Point B: The diversity of the types of volcanoes Subpoints: 1. There are a variety of volcano types in New Mexico. According to Crumpler (2008), there are ash-flow calderas, composite volcanoes, scoria cone/silicic dome fields, small shield volcanoes, isolated cones/domes, as well as others. 2. The most noted volcano in New Mexico is the Capulin volcano. This volcano is a cinder cone. According to Hunner and Lael (2003), the slopes of the volcano are made up of loose pellets of lava or cinder. 3. There is a great diversity of young volcanic rock types and classic suites of volcanic rocks that occur in New Mexico. For example, the Mount Taylor and the Raton-Clayton volcanic fields (Crumpler, 2008). Transition: As it seems, there is a wide diversity of the types of volcanoes in New Mexico. To see the diversity is very simple, in fact, simpler then it would be in most other states (Crumpler, 2008). Main Point C: Exceptional location of the volcanoes Subpoints: 1. You can live in one of several major areas (Las Cruces, Santa Fe, Albuquerque) and still be within just a couple of hours drive to a variety of volcanoes (Crumpler, 2008). 2. Because of the weather in New Mexico, many volcanoes are fairly un-eroded so they are still intact (Crumpler, 2008). 3. Every major type of volcanic lan.

1. Sample Outline and Reference Page
Sample Speech Outline
Title: Volcanoes in New Mexico
I. Introduction:
A. Attention Getting Opener:
I have lived in New Mexico all of my life and I recently found
out some interesting information about this state. According to
Dr. Larry Crumpler (2008), “New Mexico has one of the
greatest concentrations of young, well-exposed, and un-eroded
volcanoes on the continent”. This came as quite a shock to me,
so I decided to look into this further.
B. Reason your audience would be interested:
By the end of this speech, I believe that my audience will be
able to take some interesting information about the state of New
Mexico.
C. Thesis Statement:
I plan to offer my audience information on the volcanoes of
New Mexico.
D. Overview: This speech will cover three main topics: The
range of ages of volcanoes, The diversity of the types of
volcanoes and the Exceptional location of the volcanoes
Transition: As mentioned, there is a range of ages of the
volcanoes, here as an idea of the varying ages.
II. Body:
Main Point A: The range of ages of the volcanoes of New
Mexico
Sub-points:
1. According to Scholle and López (2006) the youngest volcanic
rocks in New Mexico are only 3,800 years old, which would be
the McCartys.
2. Other volcanoes, such as The Jemez Mountains in north-
central New Mexico are the geographic expression of a series of
volcanic eruptions that occurred over the past 15 million years
(Scholle & López, 2006).

2. 3. Finally, there are volcanoes that are billions of years old.
Transition: The ranges of the ages of the volcanoes in New
Mexico was interesting to me, yet even more interesting is the
diversity of the types of volcanoes.
Main Point B: The diversity of the types of volcanoes
Subpoints:
1. There are a variety of volcano types in New Mexico.
According to Crumpler (2008), there are ash-flow calderas,
composite volcanoes, scoria cone/silicic dome fields, small
shield volcanoes, isolated cones/domes, as well as others.
2. The most noted volcano in New Mexico is the Capulin
volcano. This volcano is a cinder cone. According to Hunner
and Lael (2003), the slopes of the volcano are made up of loose
pellets of lava or cinder.
3. There is a great diversity of young volcanic rock types and
classic suites of volcanic rocks that occur in New Mexico. For
example, the Mount Taylor and the Raton-Clayton volcanic
fields (Crumpler, 2008).
Transition: As it seems, there is a wide diversity of the types of
volcanoes in New Mexico. To see the diversity is very simple,
in fact, simpler then it would be in most other states (Crumpler,
2008).
Main Point C: Exceptional location of the volcanoes
Subpoints:
1. You can live in one of several major areas (Las Cruces, Santa
Fe, Albuquerque) and still be within just a couple of hours drive
to a variety of volcanoes (Crumpler, 2008).
2. Because of the weather in New Mexico, many volcanoes are
fairly un-eroded so they are still intact (Crumpler, 2008).
3. Every major type of volcanic landform occurs in New Mexico
(Crumpler, 2008). All are within close range to one another,
making it easy to see a wide variety in a short amount of time.
Transition: It is clear to see that there are many unique
characteristics of the volcanoes in New Mexico. Let’s review
what has been discussed today.
III. Conclusion:

3. A. Summary: Today I discussed: The range of ages of
volcanoes, The diversity of the types of volcanoes and the
Exceptional location of the volcanoes
B. Clincher: New Mexico has one of the largest numbers of
volcanoes on the North American Continent. They are a unique
part of New Mexico’s history and will continue to be so for the
many years to come.
Reference Page Sample
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned
behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision process,
50, 179-211. DOI: 10.1177/2329488414525399.
Caruthers, C. (2010, October). Principles of human
communication, class notes. Communication Studies Principles
of Human Communication, New Mexico State University.
Chou, L., McClintock, R. & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and
education. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from Columbia
University Web Site:
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
(Links to an external site.).
W. Schaie (personal communication, April, 18, 1993).
O’Keefe, D. J. (2002). Persuasion theory and research (2nd
Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.