2. Research ethics are the norms and principles of acceptable
behaviour for those who conduct research.
This means
You must make sure that the benefits of your research outweigh
the detriments, and
that you do everything possible to ensure no one is harmed
(ensure privacy) in the course of your research.
It also means that you engage in honesty about your work.
2
INTRODUCTION
The major ethical requirements in conducting research are:
a) Informed consent,
b) Beneficence - Do not harm
c) Respect for anonymity and confidentiality
d) Respect for privacy
3. The established ethical standards requires that the researchers must
declare to their potential subjects.ie People must be given enough information
about
The research project's purpose
Personal Introduction
Research Introduction and benefits to the society / community
Voluntary Statement and option to withdraw any time
Obtain Informed Consent
Privacy Assurance and Privacy protection procedure and risks (if any).
3
ESSENTIAL ETHICAL REQUIREMENTS
4. Dear Respondent,
I, along with my research colleague …………, am conducting a study
of pilots in different countries in order to determine the perception of
various cultures on stress, ethics and leadership styles. This will help
me to develop a framework incorporating perceptions from a variety
of respondents from countries all over the world and would provide
useful information to the academics and researchers to undertake
further work in this field. The survey is designed to provide me an
indication of the leadership styles of pilots in relation to their culture,
their stress perception and the importance to ethics. Since most of
the world airlines employ pilots from different countries, such a
framework should help in developing appropriate Global Talent
acquisition and Talent management strategies. Currently this survey
is limited to Pakistan and will be subsequently extended globally to
provide a comparative analysis.
4
(Personal
Introduction)
(Research
Introduction
and benefits)
Example of Informed Consent for an Aviation
Research survey questionnaire
5. Your participation is fully on volunteering basis however, I
assure you that your response shall not be shared with
anyone out of our research group nor will it be used for any
other purpose except for research. Your response will not be
identified individually but on aggregate statistical basis. You
can choose to withdraw from this study at any time.
For each of the following questions in the inventory,
select an answer that best describes your agreement or
disagreement regarding each statement. Higher scores
indicate stronger tendencies toward those elements.
There are only 4 parts to this survey. Participation in this
study is anonymous and voluntary.
5
Example of Informed Consent for an Aviation
Research survey questionnaire …………..Cont’d
(Volunteering
statement +
Privacy
assurance)
(Procedure)
For more information, contact: ------------------------------
Thank you in advance for your input.
(Contact
Information)
6. ACCEPTABLE ETHICAL BEHAVIOR FOR RESEARCHERS
Regardless of the type of research you do, you must consider how to behave ethically
as a researcher.
Don't make up data. (Honesty)
If you have any conflicts of interest or reasons for bias disclose them
Be sure to properly attribute and protect the intellectual property of others.
(Plagiarism)
Read and understand the requirements of UMT’s Research and Ethical
Committee’s policy available
6
Consequences of Violation of Ethical Principles
If you violate the basic ethical principles outlined in this lecture, consequences can
vary depending upon its severity. Eg:-
If you've published your work, it may be retracted.
You or your institution might lose funding.
If you violate ethical principles after an Institutional Review Board (IRB) has
approved your research, the IRB may lose its standing and ability to grant
approval to other projects.
You could be reprimanded, suspended, or fired.
Certainly, your reputation will take a hit.
7. The nature of ethical dilemmas is such that there may not be a single
'correct' answer. Arguments could be made to support any number of
answers.
The point is to encourage students to reflect on their decision making
processes as they consider a number of possible responses to the
presented dilemma, and be able to defend a choice with substantial
support. This exercise also allows students to vicariously experience
the consequences of any particular choice for the purpose of refining
decision making.
Students are asked to read and understand the situation, and review the
specific ethical dilemma. The students can then review the list of
possible responses / actions to consider.
They are encouraged to carefully think through the possible
consequences of any response / action they select.
7
https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/niu_authorship/dilemmas/index.htm
ETHICAL DILEMMAS
8. 1) Background (Hypothetical Scenario)
A number of high-ranking executives of major National airlines
were convicted and sentenced to jail for conspiring to fix the prices of
airline tickets.
Their defence counsel argued that they (the CEOs) only sought to
rationalize a chaotic pricing situation and they also were only seeking
to be better able to compete against foreign airlines.
What is your evaluation of the action of these executives (the
CEOs)?
1)-Strongly Approve 2)-Approve 3)-Undecided 4)-Disapprove 5)-Strongly Disapprove
8
ETHICAL DILEMMAS….Cont’d
9. 2) Background (Hypothetical Scenario)
Danish is a sales representative of AirGreen Airline Pakistan.
Danish has been instructed by Saifullah, Vice President of Sales,
to adopt a sales policy Danish considers unethical. Saifullah and
Danish have discussed the policy at length; and it is apparent
Saifullah also thinks the policy is quite unethical too. Saifullah
nonetheless, due to the airline's worsening financial condition,
orders Danish to follow the policy.
What is your opinion of Danish’s choice of actions?
1- Rejects the policy.
2. Rejects the policy by raising voice against it.
3. Comply with the policy.
9
ETHICAL DILEMMAS….Cont’d
10. 3) Background (Hypothetical Scenario)
Rab Nawaz is a second year student of Aviation in SuperAsia
University. He has a need-based scholarship to cover his tuition
fee. In this semester he has enrolled in a course about which he
thinks is impossible for him to pass? In order to pass this course
and thus maintain his scholarship, his best friend Ajab Gul
suggests him to hire the services of a Subject professional to do
all his course assessments (Assignments as well as all Online
Exams etc).
What is your opinion of Rab Nawaz’s choice of actions:
1- Agrees to the suggestion.
2- Reluctantly agrees to the suggestion as a ONE TIME measure.
3- Rejects the suggestion but instead get tuition from this Professional.
4- Rejects the suggestion and to work hard all by himself.
1 0
ETHICAL DILEMMAS….Cont’d
11. 1
1
Preparations for the next Lecture
Come prepared for discussion on Ch 5 (skip Ch4)
a. Understand the importance of Literature Review’
b. How to Find Sources for your Literature Review?
c. Where to Look for Sources?
d. How to Draw Conclusions about your Literature Review?
Bring your idea/s or thought/s in a written form
containing just a sentence of 2 to 3 lines for each.
Don’t forget to write your Name and Stu ID on it so
that I may consider this as an indicator of your
class participation.
