More Related Content
Similar to marcela_paz_Los_pecosos.pdf
Similar to marcela_paz_Los_pecosos.pdf (20)
marcela_paz_Los_pecosos.pdf
- 3. ,9ƒ13DQFKRFRLEDQFDPLQRDODIDUPDFLD+DE¯DQ
LQVWDODGR VX ODERUDWRULR FO¯QLFD DO WLHPSR GH
HVWUHQDUOD VH GDEDQ FXHQWD GH TXH KDF¯D IDOWD OR P£V
LPSRUWDQWH HO FORURIRUPR ,EDQ PX GHFLGLGRV D
FRPSUDUORWUHQ]DGRVHQDEXUULGDGLVFXVLµQ
3DUD TXH WH FRQYHQ]DV GH TXH QR SDVDU£ QDGD
PHFORURIRUPDU£VDP¯SULPHURGHF¯D3DQFKRFR
7HFORURIRUPR VL PH GHMDV RSHUDUWH 6L QR QR OH
YHRHOFKLVWH
c%DK 4X« JUDFLD 1R YDPRV D RSHUDU D WRGR HO
PXQGR/HYDPRVDVDFDUODVYHUUXJDVDOD-XDQDOD
YDPRVDFORURIRUPDUSDUDTXHQROHGXHOD(OFORURIRUPR
QR HV QDGD (Q (VWDGRV 8QLGRV FORURIRUPDQ D WRGR HO
PXQGR
3DQFKRFRYHQ¯DOOHJDQGRGHQRUWHDP«ULFDVHFUH¯D
OD PXHUWH $ FDGD UDWR HVFDQGDOL]DED D VXV SULPRV
FKLOHQRV 9LY¯DQ MXQWRV 7HQ¯D 3DQFKRFR QXHYH D³RV H
,Y£Q RFKR VH GHIHQG¯DQ GH ORV FXDWUR KHUPDQRV
PHQRUHV GH ,Y£Q TXH HVWURSHDEDQ VLHPSUH VXV
DYHQWXUDV
(QKLOHWDPEL«QFORURIRUPDQ$PLPDP£ODKDQ
FORURIRUPDGRVHLVYHFHV3HURVLHPSUHIXHURQP«GLFRVಃ
$OO£QRORKDFHFXDOTXLHUD3RUORGHP£VRWRPR
ODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGSRU¼OWLPRTX«WHLPSRUWDDWLVLOD
-XDQDTXLHUHTXHODFORURIRUPH
c0LUD LQWHUUXPSLµ ,Y£Q DSXQWDQGR DOJR HQ
PHGLRGHODFDOOH
(UDXQSHUURORVGRVVHDFHUFDURQDPLUDUOR(VWDED
PXHUWRODDFWLWXGGHVXVSDWDVH[SUHVDEDHOGRORUTXH
VX FDUD GH SHUUR QR SRG¯D H[SUHVDU 3DQFKRFR VH
HQFXFOLOOµSDUDWRFDUOR1RHVWDEDIU¯RDSHQDVWHQ¯DXQ
SRFRGHVDQJUHHQHOKRFLFR
$ OR PHMRU HVW£ DWXUGLGR GLMR ,Y£Q QR PX
FRQYHQFLGR
c6KRFN(VW£VKRTXHDGRಃ3DQFKRFROROHYDQWµ
HQVXVEUD]RV8QEDUUHGRUGHODFDOOHVHDFHUFµDOJUXSR
OR TXHGµ PLUDQGR FRQ XQD SL]FD GH ULVD HQ VXV RMRV
FDQVDGRV
(VVXROHSUHJXQWµD3DQFKRFR
1R9LRXVWHGFXDQGRORDWURSHOODURQ
(OKRPEUHDVLQWLµFRQODFDEH]D
/HSDVµSRUDWUDYHVDUODFDOOHVLQPLUDU1RORKDU£
QXQFDP£VHOEDUUHGRUVRQULµDQWHVXFKLVWH
$SRDGR HQ HO SDOR GHO HVFRELOOµQ PLUDED D ORV
QL³RVHVSHUDQGRTXHFHOHEUDUDQVXVSDODEUDV
+DFHPXFKRUDWR
5HFLHQFLWRQRP£V(UDXQDXWD]ROLQGRFROXGRಃ
c$OJ¼QVDOYDMH
/OHY«PRVOR D FDVD 3RGHPRV KDFHUOR YROYHU GHO
3/89
- 4. VKRFNGLMR,Y£Q
3DUHFHPXHUWRಃ3DQFKRFRDFDULFLDEDDOSHUUR
WUDWDQGRGHVHQWLUHORSWLPLVPRGHVXSULPRTXHVLHPSUH
YH¯DDOJ¼QUHPHGLRDORVGHVDVWUHV
$SXUDEDQHOSDVRGHUHJUHVR,Y£QFRQODHVSHUDQ]D
GHYROYHUDODYLGDDODQLPDO3DQFKRFRWHPLHQGRTXHGH
SURQWR DSDUHFLHUD DOJXLHQ D UHFODPDUOR 6HQW¯D SRU HO
SHUUR XQ YHUGDGHUR FDUL³R XQD HQRUPH WHUQXUD OH
KDE¯D DUUHJODGR ODV SDWDV GH PDQHUD TXH SDUHFLHUD
GRUPLGRHQVXVEUD]RV
/OHJDURQSRUILQDODFDVDHQWUDURQFRUULHQGRVLQ
KDFHUUXLGRSDUDQRVHUGHVFXELHUWRVSRUORVFKLFRV3HUR
HVR HUD LPSRVLEOH -XQWR FRQ HQWUDU HQ HO ODERUDWRULR
DVRPµ SRU OD YHQWDQD OD FDEH]D GH $QGHFR UXELR
FKDVFµQ FRQ VXV HQRUPHV RMRV QHJURV VLHPSUH
LQWHQVRV
c$WRPDUW«FKLOOµFRQVXYRFHFLWDGHVWHPSODGD
c+DJDOOHWDVSDVµHOGDWRSHURVHLQWHUUXPSLµ
4X«WLHQHQDK¯
c/RTXHDWLQRWHLPSRUWDODYHQWDQDVHFHUUµ
GH JROSH 3HUR HO LQWUXVR IXH WDQ U£SLGR TXH DOFDQ]µ D
SDVDUPHGLRFXHUSRSRUODSXHUWDMXVWRFXDQGR,Y£QLEDD
SRQHUOHOODYH
c/£UJDWHODSXHUWDVHHQFDUJµGHTXHODRUGHQ
VHFXPSOLHUD$QGHFRTXHGµDIXHUDIXULRVRSRUQRWRPDU
SDUWH HQ HO ౹PLVWHULR౺ TXH HVWDED VXFHGLHQGR HQ HO
FXDUWXFKRGHKHUUDPLHQWDVTXHWHQ¯DHVHOHWUHURGH
/$%25$725,2/1,$
c6HSURK¯EHHQWUDU
+DE¯DQ WHQGLGR DO SHUUR VREUH OD PHVD GH
RSHUDFLRQHV FXELHUWD SRU XQ VDFR PLHQWUDV ,Y£Q
SUHSDUDEDXQDLQHFFLµQ3DQFKRFRIURWDEDODSLHUQDGHO
SHUURFRQXQDOJRGRQFLWRFRQSDUDILQD
c/LVWR GLMR ,Y£Q SDVDQGR OD MHULQJD P£V OOHQD
GH DLUH TXH GH RWUD FRVD R LU« PLHQWUDV WDQWR D
EXVFDUXQSRFRGHFDI«
c7RQWR $ ORV SHUURV QR VH OHV GD FDI« 4XL]£V
DJXDUGLHQWHಃ
3DQFKRFRFODYµODDJXMDFRQWRGDVXHQHUJ¯DHQOD
SLHUQD GHO SHUUR $O FRPSULPLU HO «PEROR OD SLHUQD VH
HVWLUµ
c1RHVW£PXHUWRJULWµWULXQIDQWHc+DHVWLUDGR
OD SLHUQD R WH GHF¯D TXH HUD XQ VLPSOH VKRFN 7UDH
EROVDVFDOLHQWHVಃ
9ROµHOSUDFWLFDQWHDFXPSOLUODVµUGHQHVGHOP«GLFR
MHIHHQXQPRPHQWRHVWDEDGHYXHOWDKDFLHQGRIULHJDV
PDVDMHVDSOLFDQGRUHVSLUDFLµQDUWLILFLDO1RIDOWµDOJXLHQ
TXHHFKDUDJRWDVGHYLQRHQHOKRFLFRGHOSHUUR
(Q VX DOERURWR D QR LPSRUWDED TXH VH OOHQDUD GH
JHQWH HO ODERUDWRULR /RV FKLFRV VH HPSXMDEDQ
FRRSHUDQGR FRQ UHPHGLRV WHWHUDV DOJRGRQHV
GHPDVHV
3RUILQ3DQFKRFRFRQWU£JLFRGHVDOLHQWRWLUµOHMRV
VXLQVWUXPHQWDOVDOYDGRU
(VW£P£VPXHUWRTXHHO౹VROGDGRGHVFRQRFLGR౺
GLMR5HFLELµHOJROSHHQHOFHUHEURಃ
/RV JUDQGHV RMRV GH ,Y£Q VH SXVLHURQ EULOODQWHV
+DVWDHVHPRPHQWRKDE¯DWHQLGRODVHJXULGDGGHTXHHO
SHUULWR YLYLU¯D DOFDQ]µ D LPDJLQDU HO FDUL³R
4/89
- 5. DJUDGHFLPLHQWRGHODQLPDOUHVXFLWDGR
(OW«GHEHHVWDUIU¯RGLMRODYR]GH-XDQDTXH
PLUDEDODPDQLREUDSRUHQFLPDGHVXVFDEH]DV
c4XL«Q TXLHUH W« H[FODPµ 3DQFKRFR
GHM£QGRVHFDHUVREUHHOGLY£QGHODFO¯QLFD XQFDMµQGH
IUXWD c9£DQVHWRGRVG«MHQQRVSHQVDU
3DUWLµ-XDQDOOHYDQGRGHODPDQRDORVGRVFKLFRV
SHUR DQWHV GH GHVDSDUHFHU D HVWDEDQ HOORV GH YXHOWD
FRQWHPSODQGRDOSHUULWR
/RYDVDHQWHUUDU,Y£QSUHJXQWDED0DUFHOD
XQD³RPHQRUTXH«O
1R V«ಃ UHR TXH GHEHU¯DPRV HPEDOVDPDUOR
3DQFKRFR
$OR¯UHVWRHOP«GLFRIUDFDVDGRVHDQLPµ6DOWµGHO
GLY£QFRQYLROHQFLDHFKµIXHUDDODPXOWLWXG
c3RU IDYRU G«MDPH TXHGDUPH D P¯ VROR
VXSOLFDEDQXQRDXQRORVH[SXOVDGRV
3HUR3DQFKRFRHUDLQIOH[LEOHRWUDYH]IXQFLRQµOD
OODYHHQODFHUUDGXUDORVJDOHQRVVHMXQWDURQIUHQWHDVX
Y¯FWLPD
7¼VDEHVHPEDOVDPDUSUHJXQWµ,Y£Q
R ODUR (Q (VWDGRV 8QLGRV HPEDOVDPDQ D
WRGR HO PXQGRಃ 'HVLQIHFWD HO FXFKLOOR RQ SDUDILQD
FODURc4X«PDOR
5/89
- 6. ,Y£QREHGHFLµHOFXFKLOORTXHGµQHJURDOLQVWDQWH
3DQFKRFR PLUµ DO SHUUR OXHJR DO FXFKLOOR /D LGHD
HUDUHOOHQDUORFRQDOJRLQFRUUXSWLEOHಃ3HURSDUDHVRಃ
(O HPEDOVDPDGRU VH GDED WLHPSR SHQVDQGR FRQ
FDOPD
1RORHPEDOVDPHPRVPHMRUಃSURSXVR,Y£Q
7UDHHOERPE¯QGHLQVHFWLFLGDRUGHQµ3DQFKRFR
6HU£XQDRSHUDFLµQDFXHUSRFHUUDGRH[SOLFµ
RLU«DEXVFDUORGLMRXQDYR]LQHVSHUDGDGH
HQWUH ODV PDQJXHUDV SDODV GH MDUG¯Q VXUJLµ 3DXOD OD
P£VSHFRVD
c7¼HVWDEDVDK¯H[FODPµ3DQFKRFRc/DP£V
FRSXFKHQWDGHOORWHc3HURWHFDOODU£VSRUTXHVLKDEODV
QRWHTXHGDU£XQGLHQWHGHORVTXHVHWHDVRPDQ
/RVRMRVFDVWD³RVUHVSRQGLHURQDODDPHQD]DVX
FXHUSHFLWRFKLFRGHVDSDUHFLµFRPRUHO£PSDJRHQEXVFD
GHOSHGLGR
$SHQDV KDE¯D SDUWLGR FXDQGR HVWDED GH YXHOWD
HQDUERODQGRHOERPE¯Q3DQFKRFRORFRJLµHQHOSUHFLVR
PRPHQWRHQTXHXQDPXOWLWXGGHSDVRVVHDWURSHOODEDQ
RQWRGRHOFXHUSRFHUUµGHJROSHODSXHUWDFRQWDQPDOD
VXHUWH TXH DOJXLHQ TXHGµ FRJLGR XQD JDUJDQWD ODQ]µ
GHVWHPSODGRVJULWRV
c%UXWR 3DXOD FKLFD WRGR DEULµ OD SXHUWD
DPHQD]DQWH 3HUR HVR QR FRQPRYLµ D ORV JDOHQRV
XDWURPDQRVODFRJLHURQODSXHUWDYROYLµDFHUUDUVHOD
GHMµSULVLRQHUDHQHOODERUDWRULR
c$SHQDVYXHOYDODPDP£OHFRQWDU«WRGRDOHJµ
URMDGHLQGLJQDFLµQ
1RSXHGHVDFXVDUQRVGLMR3DQFKRFRVRQULHQGR
GHVSUHFLDWLYR7XPDP£HVW£DGRVFLHQWRVNLOµPHWURV
QRYROYHU£KDVWDGRVG¯DVP£V3DUDHQWRQFHVQLWHGDU£Q
JDQDVGHDFXVDUQRV
,Y£Q3DQFKRFRYROY¯DQDLQWHUHVDUVHHQVXWUDEDMR
3DXODDSURYHFKµGHVDOLUGDQGRXQSRUWD]R
c4X«DOLYLR$KRUDDWUDEDMDU/HYDPRVDLQVXIODU
DQWLFRUURVLYR1RSRUTXHVHOHDFDEµODYLGDYDDGHMDUGH
IXQFLRQDUVXGLVWULEXLGRULQWHULRU
3DQFKRFRHPSH]µDLQVXIODUOHDOSHUURHOLQVHFWLFLGD
PLHQWUDVH[SOLFDEDTXHHVWHVLVWHPDPDQWHQGU¯DDOSHUUR
FDVL FRPR VL HVWXYLHUD YLYR DXQTXH VLQ PRYLPLHQWR
«FKDOH«FKDOHFRQHOERPE¯QSRUWRGRVODGRVPLHQWUDV
OHVOORUDEDQORVRMRVDORVGRV
3RUILQGHFLGLHURQDEULUODYHQWDQDSRUTXHWDPSRFR
HOORVSRG¯DQUHVSLUDU
(VWDPRV WDQ HPEDOVDPDGRV FRPR HO SHUURಃ
WRVLHURQKDFLDDIXHUD
R FUHR TXH FXDOTXLHU PLFURELR VH DUUDQFD GH
QRVRWURVQRQRVHQIHUPDUHPRVQXQFDP£VWRV¯D,Y£Q
3DQFKRFR UHYROY¯D ORV RMRV VLQWL«QGRVH XQ WDQWR
UDUR
6DEHVUHRTXHHVWRXQSRTXLWRHQYHQHQDGR
1R WH PXHUDV 3DQFKRFR URJµ ,Y£Q 7HQJR
XQD LGHD $ OR PHMRU VL HVWR PDWD D ORV YLYRV TXL]£
UHVXFLWHDORVPXHUWRVಃORVJDOHQRVVHULHURQ
0D³DQDORVDEUHPRVGLMR3DQFKRFRSRUTXH
R QR HQWUDU¯D KR D HVH FXDUWXFKR QL SRU XQ PLOOµQ GH
GµODUHVಃ
6/89
- 7. '•1'( HVW£ HO SHUUR OD YR] GH IODXWD GH
$QGU«VVDFµD,Y£QGHVXVXH³R7UDV«OYHQ¯D3HSHHO
PHQRU GH WUHV D³RV WDPEL«Q PHGLR GRUPLGR HQ VX
SLMDPDGHPDVLDGRFKLFR
$O R¯UOR ,Y£Q 3DQFKRFR VDOWDURQ GH OD FDPD
5HFRUGDURQGHSURQWRODWUDJHGLDGHOSHUUR6HFDODURQOD
URSDHQXQVHJXQGRFRUULHURQDVXFO¯QLFD
/D SXHUWD OD YHQWDQD HVWDEDQ DELHUWDV SHUR HO
SHUULWRHPEDOVDPDGRKDE¯DGHVDSDUHFLGR1DWXUDOPHQWH
VRVSHFKDEDQGH-XDQD
OD HQIUHQWDURQ 6HLV YRFHV LQWHUURJDEDQ D XQ
WLHPSRSHUR-XDQDHVWDEDDUPDGDSDUDGDUODEDWDOOD
YRODEDQSRUHODLUHODVSDODEUDV౹FUXHOGDG౺౹EDUEDULGDG౺
౹VLQ FRUD]µQ FULVWLDQR౺ PXFKDV RWUDV ,Y£Q WUDWDED HQ
YDQR GH H[SOLFDU 3DQFKRFR VLHPSUH SU£FWLFR VROR
TXHU¯D VDEHU TX« KDE¯D KHFKR -XDQD FRQ HO SHUUR
HPEDOVDPDGR
(UD LQ¼WLO -XDQD QR FHG¯D DQWH HO LQWHUURJDWRULR
JXDUGDEDVXVHFUHWRFRPRXQDSLHGUD
/RKDEU£WLUDGRDODEDVXUDGLMR,Y£QDSHQDGR
3HURHOKDPEUHHVFRVDYLYDDSHVDUGHWRGRORV
VHLVQL³RVSDUWLHURQDWRPDUGHVDXQR
4XL«Q VH FRPLµ PL SDQ JULWµ IXULRVR XQ
KDPEULHQWRDOYHUVXSODWRYDF¯R
)XH$QGHFRGLMR3HSHFRQFDUDGHMXH]
c1RHVFLHUWRc/RFRPLPRVORVGRVVHGHIHQGLµ
HODFXVDGR
$KSHURW¼GLMLVWHTXHORFRPL«UDPRVDOHJµHO
FKLFR
c0HQWLUD'LMLVWHTXH«OORKDE¯DGHMDGR(VRQR
P£V
3HURW¼ORDJDUUDVWHಃ
3RUTXHW¼WHORLEDVDFRPHU
౹3RUTXHW¼WHORLEDVDFRPHU౺UHPHGµHORWUR
c7RQWR FUH¯GR ODV PDQRV GH DPERV VH
HPSX³DURQ
,Y£QLQWHUYLQRDXWRULWDULR
2PHFRQVLJXHQSDQROHVSHJRDORVGRV
/RV FKLFRV SDWLQDURQ SDUD FXPSOLU OD RUGHQ
9ROYLHURQ WULXQIDQWHV WUDHQGR FDGD XQR OD PDUUDTXHWD
SDUD HO KHUPDQR PDRU TXH VH KDE¯D HQRMDGR ,Y£Q VH
HFKµXQDDOEROVLOORPRUGLµODRWUDVLQGHFLUSDODEUDVH
DOHMµFRQUXPERGHVFRQRFLGR
VDOLHURQDODFDOOH(QODSXHUWDHVWDEDHOWDUURGH
EDVXUD 6LQ YDFLODU OR YDFLDURQ HQ HO VXHOR OR
KXUJXHWHDURQDQVLRVRVOXHJRDOFRQYHQFHUVHGHTXH
QRHVWDEDORTXHEXVFDEDQHPSH]DURQDYDFLDUHOWDUUR
YHFLQRODURDORVFKLFRVOHVWRFDEDYROYHUDOOHQDUORV
7/89
- 8. WDUURV
$V¯ ORJUDURQ HVFDUEDU WRGD OD EDVXUD GH OD FDOOH
KDVWDTXHSRUILQVHDEXUULHURQGHVSUHFLDURQXQDFDMD
GRQGH]XPEDEDQODVPRVFDVFRPRHQXQDFROPHQD
c$K¯ QR FDEH GHFUHWµ 3DQFKRFR 3HUR ,Y£Q
UHYROYLµHOFRQWHQLGRFRQHOSLHHQWRQFHVYLREULOODUDOJR
HQWUH ODV F£VFDUDV GHPDVHV ,Y£Q OR UHFRJLµ $XQTXH
OHVSDUHFLµLQFUH¯EOHHUDXQDPRQHGDGHRUREULOODED
HQWUHVXVPDQRV
$O YHUOD FLQFR SDUHV GH RMRV EULOODURQ WDQWR FRPR
HOOD
8QDPRQHGDGHRURHQFRQWUDGDHQODFDOOHHVFDVL
LJXDODXQDYDULWDP£JLFD
4X« KDUHPRV FRQ HOOD VH SUHJXQWDURQ
PDUDYLOODGRVURMRVGHIHOLFLGDG
GLVFXWLHURQ VL FRPSUDU¯DQ XQD PRWR XQ
VXSHUPHUFDGR R XQ SHUUR YLYR TXH ELHQ HQVH³DGR
OOHJDU¯DDYDOHUFRPRXQDPLQD
/DLGHDFDµELHQORVSURHFWRVIXQFLRQDEDQDPLO
SRUKRUD3DUDDOJXQRVHOSHUURDYRODEDHQHOHVSDFLR
3DUDRWURVKDEODEDKDVWDYH¯DODVXHUWHSDUDORVP£V
FKLFRV MXJDED I¼WERO KDF¯D JROHV TXH DWXUG¯DQ DO
DUTXHUR
/D PRQHGD HVWDED FDOLHQWH HQ HO EROVLOOR GH
3DQFKRFR TXH FDPLQDED RUJXOORVR VHJXLGR SRU VXV
FXDWUR SULPRV 3HUR DQWHV GH OOHJDU D OD FDVD YLQR D
HQFRQWUDUORV 3DXOD QDGLH VDEH GHVGH GµQGH FRPR XQ
SHORWD]RDQµQLPR
c/RHQFRQWU«JULWµVLQDOLHQWR
4X«HQFRQWUDVWHORVGHP£VKDE¯DQROYLGDGR
ORTXHVDOLHURQDEXVFDU
(OSREUHFLWRHVWDEDWDSDGRFRQXQDVUDPDVHQHO
VLWLRTXHVHYHQGHc/RHQWHUU«
DUULOHUDಃQRWHFUHRFDSD]GHDEULUXQDVHSXOWXUD
GLMR3DQFKRFR
ODUR TXH VHSXOWXUD GH KRR QR 3HUR VHSXOWXUD
GHFHUURV¯
$V¯TXHORWDSDVWHFRQEDVXUDಃQRHQFRQWUDVWH
QDGDc0LUDORTXHKDOODPRVQRVRWURVಃHQODEDVXUD
OHHQVH³µODPRQHGDUHOXFLHQWH
$3DXODOHGLRKLSRGHODLPSUHVLµQ1RVHDWUHYLµD
WRFDUODSHURVHQW¯DFRPRXQDHVSLQDSRUQRSHUWHQHFHU
DOJUXSRGHORVGHVFXEULGRUHV
2H OH GLMR D 3HSH HQ OD RUHMD 6L W¼ PH
DXGDVDHQFRQWUDUDOJRWHSURPHWRTXHVHU£GHORVGRV
WXRP¯R
$3HSHOHSDUHFLµIDQW£VWLFDODLGHD/RVPDRUHVQR
OH OOHYDEDQ HO DSXQWH HVH ౹DOJR౺ TXH 3DXOD RIUHF¯D
HQFRQWUDUWHQ¯DXQVDERUP£JLFR
RQODYLVWDFODYDGDHQHOVXHORVHHQFDPLQDURQORV
GRVSRURWURODGR
/D SXUD WRQWHUD GH RURಃ 3DUD TX« VLUYH 3DUD
WDSDUORVGLHQWHV/D-XDQDVHYDDSRQHUXQRHQWHURGH
RURGHF¯D3DXOD
0HMRU VHU¯D HQFRQWUDUVH XQ FDUDPHOR DOHJDED
3HSH$OPHQRVVHSXHGHFRPHU
(QWRQFHVPLUDURQKDFLDDWU£VYLHURQTXHORVRWURV
VHKDE¯DQGHWHQLGRHQODSDQDGHU¯D$QWHVGHSHQVDUOR
DHVWDEDQHQHOJUXSR3HUR3DQFKRFRQRTXHU¯DHQWUDU
DXQTXHHQWUHWRGRVORDUUDVWUDEDQ
8/89
- 9. cµPSUDQRVSDQJULWDEDQWRGRVDFRUR
(VW£QORFRVµPRVHOHVRFXUUHTXHYDPRVD
JDVWDUXQDPRQHGDGHRURHQSDQ
7HGDU¯DQYXHOWRಃ
1HFHVLWDU¯DPRVXQDPDOHWDSDUDOOHYDUHVHYXHOWR
3DQFKRFR VH GHVSUHQGLµ GH OD FDQWLGDG GH PDQRV
FRQ JHVWR KHURLFR DSUHWµ ODV QDULFHV SDUD QR ROHU HO
WHQWDGRUDURPDDSDQIUHVFRTXHVDO¯DSRUODSXHUWD
$ GµQGH YDPRV DKRUD D 3DXOD VH OH
HQUHGDEDQ ORV SLHV WUDWDQGR GH DODUJDU HO SDVR SDUD
VHJXLUDORVPDRUHV
c1DGDGHSUHJXQWDV2H,Y£QDGµQGHYDPRV
c$FRPSUDUHOSHUURFODUR
3HURGµQGH
(QHVHPRPHQWRSDVµUHPHFL«QGRVHXQDFDUUHWHOLWD
FKXHFD WLUDGD SRU XQ YLHMR FDEDOOR FKDVFµQ TXH
OHYDQWDED OD FDEH]D D FDGD SDVR /OHYDED DWU£V XQ
OHWUHURTXHGHF¯D౹6(%(1'(౺
c2HJULWDURQDFRURWRGRVORVTXHVDE¯DQOHHU
6H YHQGH HVD FDUUHWHODಃ cRPSU«PRVOD VH
ODQ]DURQDGHWHQHUHODSDFLEOHYHK¯FXOR
X£QWRYDOHSUHJXQWµ,Y£QDOYLHMRGXH³R
'HSHQGH/DFDUUHWHODVRODYDOHGLH]PHORQHVHO
FDEDOORXQRVYHLQWHಃ
(VH DQLPDO WLHQH FDVL FXDUHQWD D³RV GLMR
3DQFKRFRQHJRFLDQGR
$SHQLWDVWUHLQWDFRUULJLµHODQFLDQR
/DFDUUHWHODHVW£DJRQL]DQGRDOHJµ,Y£Q
6L HVWXYLHUD QXHYD YDOGU¯D FLHQ HO KRPEUH
HVFXSLµ WLUµ OD ULHQGD $QGU«V VH KDE¯D DFHUFDGR DO
DQLPDODFDULFLDEDVXWULVWHFDEH]D
2H GLVFXW¯DQ HQ YR] EDMD HVWR VHU¯D
PDFDQXGR SDUD URGDU WLHUUDV 3RGU¯DPRV LU DO VXU VLQ
FDQVDUQRVOOHYDUSDVDMHURVಃ
6DFDURQ OD EULOODQWH PRQHGD VH OD HQVH³DURQ DO
YLHMR
(V GH RUR GLMR 3DQFKRFR 9DOH PXFKR P£V
7HQGU¯DTXHGDUQRVYXHOWR(OKRPEUHFRJLµODPRQHGD
ODPRUGLµ/XHJRODKL]RVDOWDUHQVXPDQR
c1RYDOHWUHLQWDPHORQHVGLMRFRQGHVSUHFLR
7HQGU¯DQTXHGDUPHP£VSODWDHQFLPD
X£QWR
$ORPHQRVGLH]PHORQHV
1R WHQHPRV 3RU TX« QR VH TXHGD FRQ OD
FDUUHWHODQRVGDHOFDEDOORSRUHOOD
'LVFXWLHURQXQUDWRSRUILQHOQHJRFLRTXHGµKHFKR
(OKRPEUHGHVHQJDQFKµHOFDEDOOROHVDFµORVFRUGHOHV
VHOOHYµWLUDQGRHOYLHMRFDUUHWµQGHVYHQFLMDGR
,Y£Q3DQFKRFRWUHSDURQDOFDEDOOROHSXVLHURQGRV
FLQWXURQHV FRPR ULHQGDV DSUHWDURQ FRQ IXHU]D VXV
WDORQHVSDUDKDFHUORSDUWLU
3HURHODQLPDOQRVHPRYLµ
/HJULWDURQWLUDURQGHVXVFULQHVORSDOPRWHDURQSRU
WRGRV ODGRV DQLP£QGROR FRQ JULWRV GH LQGLR c,Q¼WLO
(QVDDURQ WLU£QGROR GH OD FROD VLQ FRQVHJXLU TXH VH
GLHUDSRUHQWHQGLGR(OFDEDOORHVWDEDP£VILUPHTXHXQ
£UERO
+D TXH DVXVWDUOR GLMR 3DQFKRFR /RV
9/89
- 10. DQFLDQRVVRQSRUILDGRVSHURPLHGRVRVಃWLUµVXFDMD
GH IµVIRURV HQFHQGLGD FHUFD GH ODV SDWDV GHO DQLPDO
3HURVRORVDFXGLµHOSHOOHMRFRPRFRQXQHVFDORIU¯RQR
GLRXQSDVR
$SURYHFKDQGRHOGHVDOLHQWRJHQHUDO$QGU«VPRQWµ
GHXQEULQFRDSUHWµEUXVFDPHQWHVXVWDORQHVFKLFRVHQ
ODV SHOXGDV LMDGDV HO FDEDOOR VDOLµ WURWDQGR DQWH OD
DGPLUDFLµQGHWRGRV/HYDQWDEDODFDEH]DDFDGDSDVR
HVWHJHVWRSDUHF¯DSRQHUHQPRYLPLHQWRVXVSDWDV/RV
QL³RVFRUU¯DQDVXODGRJULWDQGRVXHQWXVLDVPRFRPRVL
IXHUDXQSURGLJLR
$V¯SDVDURQIUHQWHDVXFDVDWRUFLHURQSRUXQDFDOOH
SRURWUDVLQGHWHQHUVHKDVWDHQWUDUHQXQVLWLRFRQXQD
FDVLWDGHPDGHUDDOIRQGR
$QGHFRVDOWµDOVXHORDFDULFLµDOYLHMREUXWRFRQHO
HQWXVLDVPRGHXQMLQHWHTXHKDJDQDGRODFDUUHUD
8QDPXMHUTXHWHQG¯DXQDVURSDVPLUµDOJUXSRVLQ
KDFHU FRPHQWDULRV XDQGR WHUPLQµ VX WDUHD VHFµ VXV
PDQRVHQVXGHODQWDOSUHJXQWµ
4X«SDVµFRQHOFDUUHWµQHOGXH³R
/H FRPSUDPRV SXUDPHQWH HO FDEDOOR H[SOLFµ
DOJXLHQSHURQRKLFLPRVEXHQQHJRFLR(VPHGLRLGLRWD
HOEUXWR
3DQFKRFRPRQWµRWUDYH]QRORJUµKDFHUORWURWDU
3RU HVR OH GLPRV XQD PRQHGD GH RURಃ
'HVKDJDPRVHOQHJRFLRVH³RUD/HGHMDPRVVXFDEDOOR
QRVGHYXHOYHODPRQHGDಃ
1R KH YLVWR QL YHU« HVD PRQHGD GLMR OD PXMHU
OLPSL£QGRVH OD WUDQVSLUDFLµQ FRQ HO GHODQWDO ‹O VH OD
KDEU£JDVWDGR/O«YHQVHDOURVLOORFRPRSXHGDQಃVH
TXHGµPLUDQGRORVHVIXHU]RVGHORVMLQHWHV
c$O PHQRV SRGU¯D GDUQRV OD UHFHWD SDUD KDFHUOR
SDUWLU
1RKDUHFHWD(VFXHVWLµQGHFDSULFKRGHODQLPDO
VHPHWLµHQVXFDVD
(O URVLOOR VHJX¯D HQFDSULFKDGR ODV FDUDV GH ORV
GXH³RV VH DODUJDEDQ DODUJDEDQ +DVWD ORV PDRUHV
VHQW¯DQDOJRGXURHQODJDUJDQWD
10/89
- 11. 8Q SHUULWR FXULRVR VH DFHUFµ D YHU OD PDQLREUD
,QWHUHVDGRODGHDEDODFDEH]DPRY¯DVXFROLWD(UDXQD
PH]FOD GH TXLOWUR XQ SRFR GH FDGD UD]D GH SHUUR R
DOJ¼QRWURDQLPDO/HVFDµVLPS£WLFRDORV FKLFRVTXH
HPSH]DURQDDFDULFLDUORSDUDGLVWUDHUVXSHQD
3RUTX«QRFDPELDPRVDOURVLOORSRUHVWHSHUUR
4XHU¯DPRVFRPSUDUXQRಃSURSXVRDOJXLHQ
,Y£Q3DQFKRFR HQWUDURQDODFDVDGHODGXH³DD
QHJRFLDU HO SHUUR $O SRFR UDWR VDOLHURQ WULXQIDQWHV (O
QHJRFLRHVWDEDKHFKR
(O SHUUR QR WHQ¯D FDSULFKRV (UD DOHJUH MXJXHWµQ H
LQTXLHWR6LJXLµDORVQL³RVVLQSUREOHPDVHQWHQG¯DWRGR
ORTXHOHGHF¯DQFRPRVLORVFRQRFLHUDGHWRGDODYLGD$O
UHY«VGHOURVLOORFDVLQRSRG¯DHVWDUVHTXLHWR
/R EDXWL]DURQ 5HVRUWH FXDQGR ORV GRV JUDQGHV
VDFDEDQ OD FXHQWD TXH FRQ OD PRQHGD GH RUR KDEU¯DQ
SRGLGR FRPSUDU WDO YH] XQD PRWR ORV GHP£V OHV
UHFRUGDEDQ
c3HUR GH WRGRV PRGRV TXHU¯DPRV FRPSUDU XQ
SHUUR
11/89
- 13. P£JLFDVಃ
TX« SXHGR KDFHU R SUHJXQWDED 3HSH
WUDWDQGRGHKDFHUVHR¯U
7¼YHQGHU£VFDUDPHORVOHFRQWHVWDURQcSRU
DKRUDWHFDOODV
RSUHJXQWµHVWDYH]0DUFHODFRQSHQD
7¼SXHGHVYHUODVXHUWHGHJLWDQDSURSXVR,Y£Q
3HUR3DQFKRFRLQWHUYLQR
(VR QR SHJD 0DUFHOD WLHQH TXH VHU RWUR
IHQµPHQR3RUHMHPSORODPXMHUGHGRVFDEH]DVಃ
/DFRPSD³¯DGHDFWRUHVGHO*UDQLUFR)HQRPHQDO
ORPLUµDWXUGLGD
µPRYDPRVDSRQHUOHRWUDFDEH]DSUHJXQWµ
DOJXLHQ
(V PX I£FLO /H PHWHPRV D 5HVRUWH EDMR HO
YHVWLGR DVRPDPRV VX FDEH]D SRU HO FRJRWH c4XHGD
IORU
ODVSXOJDV0DUFHODVHHPSH]µDUDVFDUSRU
DGHODQWDGR
c6L WH UDVFDV SHUIHFWR /H GD P£V FDU£FWHU D WX
SHUVRQDMH$KRUDSXUDPHQWHWLHQHVTXHFRQVHJXLUWHXQ
YHVWLGRPXHOHJDQWHFRQHVFRWHSDUDTXHTXHSDQODV
GRVFDEH]DV
W¼ TX« YDV D KDFHU OH SUHJXQWDURQ D
3DQFKRFR
R WHQJR TXH DQXQFLDU OD IXQFLµQ FREUDU ODV
HQWUDGDVGLULJLUORWRGRಃ7HSDUHFHSRFR
3XHGRFRPHUFDUDPHORVPLHQWUDVORVYHQGR
SUHJXQWDED3HSH
/R SULPHUR VHU£ HO WRTXH GH FRUQHWDಃ HVFULE¯D
,Y£Q
75203(7$FRUULJLµ3DQFKRFR
%XHQR WURPSHWD 'HVSX«V GHVILOH GH DFWRUHV
DSDUHFHVW¼DQXQFLDQGRಃ
౹$SDUHFHV౺ಃ µPR YD D DSDUHFHU DOJXLHQ VL
WRGRVHVW£QDK¯1RKDWHDWURHQWLHQGHV/DFRVDHV
HQODFDOOH
%XHQR HQWRQFHV DQRWR D OHRSDWUD OD PXMHU GH
GRVFDEH]DV
$KRUD DQµWDPH D P¯ OOHJµ 3DXOD YHVWLGD GH
PDPDUUDFKRFRQWRQH£QGRVH
7RGRVVROWDURQODULVD
c1RVIDOWDXQSDDVR,Y£QDEULµWUHPHQGRVRMRV
8QFLUFRVLQSDDVRVQRUHVXOWDಃ
3HSH DSURYHFKµ SDUD RIUHFHU VXV FKLVWHV FRQ
DXGDGH$QGHFRHPSH]DURQDHQVDDUVLQTXHQDGLHORV
WRPDUD HQ FXHQWD 3HUR VHU¯DQ ORV SDDVRV D IDOWD GH
RWURV
RTX«YRDKDFHUGHSURQWR,Y£QVHGDED
FXHQWD GH TXH HVWDED FHVDQWH 3DQFKRFR VH KDE¯D
DGXH³DGRGHWRGDVVXVSRVLELOLGDGHV
4X«KDU£,Y£QUHSLWLµODQXHYDEDLODULQD
/RV HPSUHVDULRV QR KDFHQ QDGD P£V TXH ORV
FRQWUDWRVH[SOLFµ3DQFKRFR
/RV FRQWUDWRV SXHGHV KDFHUORV W¼ cR YR D VHU
PDODEDULVWDDQRWµVXQ¼PHUR0DODEDULVPRVYLNLQJ
8QDYH]UHGDFWDGRHOSURJUDPDYLQRHOGHVEDQGH
DGDXQRSDUWLµHQEXVFDGHVXGLVIUD]
13/89
- 14. /DSREUH-XDQDQRR¯DQLVXSURSLDYR]DOWUDWDUGH
GHWHQHU HO GHVRUGHQ FRQ TXH ORV VHLV QL³RV EXVFDEDQ
URSDVREMHWRV
,Y£Q KDE¯D HQFRQWUDGR XQD FKDTXHWD GH VX SDGUH
FRQ ERWRQHV GRUDGRV TXH OH GDU¯D FXDOTXLHU DXWRULGDG
8QFROODUSDVDGRHQWUHORVERWRQHVORFRQVDJUDEDFRPR
PDODEDULVWDUHJLR
3DQFKRFRVHFRQYLUWLµHQXQDHVSHFLHGHFRVDFRDO
SRQHUVHERWDVEOXVDGHVHGDFLQWXUµQHOHJDQWH
3DXOD FRPR 0£JLFD 0DULEHO URMD GH FRORUHWH
HQMRDGDKDVWDORVGLHQWHVHQYXHOWDHQFRORULGDEXIDQGD
HQ OXJDU GH YHVWLGR VH FRQWRQHDED HXIµULFD EDWLHQGR
FDVWD³XHODV
(O(QDQR5LJRGµQFRQFDPLVHWDDUDDVVHKDE¯D
UHOOHQDGR VLPXODQGR P¼VFXORV FRQ FDOFHWLQHV
FDO]RQFLOORV RWURV KDVWD SDUHFHU XQ DWOHWD IHUR] (O
SDDVR YHQGHGRU GH FDOXJDV HUD OD REUD GH DUWH GH
0DUFHOD /R KDE¯D SLQWDGR GLVIUD]DGR SDUD TXH QR
FXSLHUD OD PHQRU GXGD GHO SHUVRQDMH 'HO FXHOOR OH
FROJDED XQD FDMD GH ]DSDWRV YDF¯D OLVWD SDUD ORV
FDUDPHORV
(O YHUGDGHUR SUREOHPD HUD 0DUFHOD 6X WUDMH GH
OHRSDWUDQRHVWDEDPDOSHURVXMHWDUD5HVRUWHGHQWUR
GH«OFRQVXFDEH]DDVRPDGDMXQWRDODVXDUHVXOWDED
LPSRVLEOH$SHQDVPHW¯DDOSHUURSRUHOHOHJDQWHHVFRWH
GHO YHVWLGR 5HVRUWH VH UHVEDODED UDVJX³DQGR FRQ VXV
SDWDVDODKHURLFDQL³D(QUHGDGRHQVXSHORLEDQDGDU
DO VXHOR ODV GRV FDEH]DV 3RU ILQ 0DUFHOD VH FDOµ XQD
JRUUDGHED³RDPDUUµDVXFXHOORODVSDWDVGHOSHUULWR
SDUD TXH QR VH FDHUD (O UHVXOWDGR IXH SHRU TXH HO
SULPHUR5HVRUWHTXLVRVROWDUVHGHODIDPRVDDPDUUDWLUµ
DO VXHOR D 0DUFHOD VDOLµ DUUDQFDQGR FRQ HO GLFKRVR
GLVIUD] XDQGR ORJUDURQ UHFXSHUDU HO YHVWLGR GH VX
HQUHGRFRQHOSHUURHUDVRODPHQWHXQPRQWµQGHWUDSRV
1ROORUHVOHGLMR3DQFKRFRD0DUFHODRQOR
TXHJDQHPRVOHFRPSUDUHPRVRWURYHVWLGRDWXPDP£
OHRSDWUDODPXMHUGHGRVFDEH]DVVHERUUDEDGHO
SURJUDPD3HURHUDQHFHVDULRUHHPSOD]DUHVHLPSRUWDQWH
Q¼PHUR SRU RWUR HQ TXH ILJXUDUD 5HVRUWH 'HVSX«V GH
WRGRHUDODDWUDFFLµQSULQFLSDO
'LVFXWLHURQGHQXHYR$OJXLHQSURSXVRTXH0DUFHOD
FDQWDUD DFRPSD³DGD DO SLDQR SRU 3HSH VLQ DFRUGDUVH
GHTXHXQSLDQRQRFDPLQD
3RU ILQ GHFLGLHURQ YHVWLU DO SHUUR FRQ URSD GH
PX³HFD KDFHUOR EDLODU PLHQWUDV 0DUFHOD YHVW¯D GH
GRPDGRUD HQ PDOOD GH JLPQDVLD KDFLHQGR VRQDU XQD
SHUYHUVDKXDVFD
RQHVWRTXHGµOLVWRHOSURJUDPDWDPEL«QHOOHWUHUR
DQXQFLDGRU TXH FODYDGR HQ XQ SDOR GH HVFRED XQ
SRTXLWRFKRUUHDGRSURFODPDED
*5$1,52$0%8/$17(
/$0$5$9,//$
+2(675(1$686)(1•0(126
(O(QDQR5LJRGµQ
OD0£JLFD0DULEHO
HO7URPSHWLVWD)UDQFL
HO*HQLDO5HVRUWH
VX'RPDGRUD'REULOD
14/89
- 15. HO0DODEDULVWDYLNLQJ
126(9$$$68$6$6,19(5126
(O JORULRVR VH[WHWR VDOLµ GHVILODQGR WULXQIDQWH
HQFDEH]DGR SRU HO WURPSHWLVWD TXH VRSODED D WRGR
SXOPµQVHJXLGRPXGHFHUFDSRUHOOHWUHURWUDV«OWRGR
HO HOHQFR DUW¯VWLFR ,EDQ PX FRQILDGRV HQ EXVFD GH VX
S¼EOLFR VLQ ORJUDU LQWHUUXPSLU HO WU£ILFR FRQVLJXLHQGR
DSHQDVODDWHQFLµQGHDOJ¼QFKLFRDEXUULGRWLUDGRSRUOD
PDQRGHXQDPDP£
3RU ILQ ORV VLJXLHURQ GRV SHUURV XQD FKLFD FRQ VX
EROVD GH SDQ XQ UHSDUWLGRU GH OHFKH TXH VH GHWXYR
MXQWRDHOORVHVSHUDQGRODUHSUHVHQWDFLµQ(OWURPSHWLVWD
WDPEL«Q VH GHWXYR FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH KDE¯D EDVWDQWH
S¼EOLFRSDUDFRPHQ]DUOODPµHQWRTXHGHGLDQD
5HVRUWHORVRWURVSHUURVURPSLHURQHQDODUPDQWHV
ODGULGRVORTXHQRSHUWXUEµDOWURPSHWLVWDTXHVHODUJµ
FRQWRGRVXUHSHUWRULR(OUHVWRGHORVDFWRUHVORURGHDED
HVSHUDQGRVXWXUQRSDUDDFWXDU
8QD YLHMD FRQ VX EROVD GH FRPSUDV VH DJUHJµ DO
DXGLWRULR
(QODYHQWDQDGHODFDVDIDYRUHFLGDVHDVRPµXQD
PXMHUFRQXQDFULDWXUDHQVXVEUD]RVDORWURODGRGHOD
FDOOHVXUJLµXQPRQWµQGHQL³RVFRQURPDGL]RDFKRUUR
8QD QL³LWD TXH SDVDED HQ ELFLFOHWD VH DJUHJµ D ORV
PLURQHVODIXQFLµQFRPHQ]µ
(ODQXQFLDGRUURMRSRUHOHVIXHU]RFKLOOµ
c(VWXSHQGR DFUµEDWD JUDQ HQDQR ¼QLFR HQ HO
PXQGRHOPRQVWUXR5,*2'•1
3HURQXQFDVHVXSRVLIXHODSDODEUDPRQVWUXRTXH
RIHQGLµDOHQDQRRXQVLPSOHDWDTXHGHYHUJ¾HQ]DSHUR
QR KXER PDQHUD GH KDFHUOR SDUDUVH GH FDEH]D 1L ORV
SXQWDSL«V GHO WURPSHWLVWD QL ODV YLROHQWDV µUGHQHV GHO
HPSUHVDULRORJUDURQGRPLQDUOR
$QWHHOFRQIOLFWRHOSDDVRVHRIUHFLµGHYROXQWDULR
DXQTXH QXQFD KDE¯D ORJUDGR OD HVSHFLDOLGDG GH VX
KHUPDQRDKRUDORFRQVLJXLµSRUXQDYH]6HSDUµHQOD
FDEH]D DSHQDV XQ LQVWDQWH OXHJR VH YLQR DO VXHOR
HQWHUR(OS¼EOLFRORDSODXGLµFRQPXFKDVULVDVSHURHO
SDDVR QR SXGR UHSHWLU VX SUXHED SRUTXH HVWDED
EDVWDQWHDGRORULGR
3DXODDSURYHFKµSDUDVDOYDUODSDQD
$Q¼QFLDPH D P¯ WRQWR DQWHV GH TXH VH YDD OD
JHQWH
OD YR] GHO HPSUHVDULRDQXQFLDGRU VH DO]µ HQ HO
DLUHFRQWRQRGHSURIHWD
$KRUDOD0£JLFD0DULEHOIHQRPHQDOEDLODULQD
OD SHFRVD VH ODUJµ D OD SLVWD UHWRUFLHQGR VXV
PHQXGRVEUD]RVWDFRQHDQGRORVHQRUPHV]DSDWRVTXH
DSHQDV SRG¯D VXMHWDU HQ VXV SLHV VLPXODQGR XQ EDLOH
HVSD³RO VLQ P¼VLFD $QWH HO SDYRURVR UHVXOWDGR
3DQFKRFRDO]µVXWURPSHWDVRSOµHQHOODXQDPHORG¯D
XQ SRFR GHVDILQDGD TXH IXH DQLPDQGR OD FRVD /RV
DFWRUHVFRPHQ]DURQDFRUHDUODHOS¼EOLFRORVSHUURV
VHDJUHJDURQDOFRQMXQWR
(O UHVXOWDGR IXH HVSO«QGLGR +XER DSODXVRV HO
HOHQFRVHYROYLµGLQ£PLFR/DUXHGDGHPLURQHVVHKDE¯D
DJUDQGDGRHUDFRPRXQPLOOµQGHRMRVTXHORVPLUDEDQ
PXFKDVERFDVVRQULHQWHVTXHDXGDEDQDO«[LWR
15/89
- 16. (O Q¼PHUR GH 0DUFHOD FRQ 5HVRUWH WDO YH] SRU QR
KDEHUVH HQVDDGR SURGXF¯D WUHPHQGDV FDUFDMDGDV /D
0£JLFD 0DULEHO EDLODED GH QXHYR HO PDODEDULVWD KDF¯D
H[WUD³DV SUXHEDV 3DQFKRFR VRSODED QXHYDV PHORG¯DV
HQ VX WURPSHWD TXH HO S¼EOLFR FRUHDED GH SURQWR HO
HQDQR TXH VH WDLPµ DO SULQFLSLR VH GLVSDUµ FDPLQDQGR
HQ ODV PDQRV DOUHGHGRU GH ORV DFWRUHV HQWRQFHV
DJUDQGµHOF¯UFXORGHFXULRVRV
(QWUHWDQWR HO SDDVR DWXUGLGR SRU HO «[LWR VH
HVWDEDFRPLHQGRVLQGDUVHFXHQWDORVSRFRVFDUDPHORV
TXHGHE¯DYHQGHUHQODIXQFLµQ
'HSURQWRXQRGHORVHVSHFWDGRUHVVHIXHVLQDYLVR
GRVP£VORVLJXLHURQ,Y£QPXDODUPDGRRUGHQµTXH
VHKLFLHUDODFROHFWD
(O SDDVR DODUJµ VX FDMD YDF¯D IXH HQWRQFHV
FXDQGRHOS¼EOLFRGHVDSDUHFLµ6RORXQDYLHMDGHMµFDHU
HQODFDMDXQDPRQHGD
$TXHOOR HUD XQ GHVDVWUH /RV DFWRUHV ROYLGDEDQ VX
«[LWRDQWHODUXLQDHFRQµPLFDFXDQGRGHSURQWRXQQL³R
VXSOHPHQWHUR OHV DODUJµ XQ ELOOHWH /RV RMRV GH ,Y£Q
EULOODURQ GH FRQIXVLµQ YHUJ¾HQ]D QR VDELHQGR TX«
KDFHU FRQVXOWµ D 3DQFKRFR FRQ OD PLUDGD 3HUR
3DQFKRFR VROR FODYµ ORV RMRV HQ HO FLHORಃ 'HVSX«V GH
WRGR ORV SHVRV HUDQ SRFRV KDE¯DQ WUDEDMDGR FRPR
YHUGDGHURV DUWLVWDV OD SUXHED HUD TXH WUDQVSLUDEDQ D
FKRUUR HOPH]TXLQRS¼EOLFRVHDSURYHFKµGHHOORVVLQ
SDJDUOHV
16/89
- 17. ,Y£Q VH TXHGµ PLUDQGR DO VXSOHPHQWHUR HVWH
DGLYLQDQGR VX SUREOHPD HQ XQ LPSXOVR OH HQWUHJµ VXV
UHYLVWDV VH ODUJµ D FDPLQDU HQ ODV PDQRV GDUVH
YXHOWDVHQHODLUH
2HOHGLMR3DQFKRFRDGPLUDGR7HJXVWDU¯D
WUDEDMDUFRQQRVRWURV
cODUR TXH V¯ 3HUR DQWHV WHQJR TXH YHQGHU ODV
UHYLVWDVTXHPHTXHGDQಃ
cRODVSXHGRYHQGHUVHRIUHFLµ3HSH
$OPHQRVQRWHODVSXHGHVFRPHUGLMRDOJXLHQ
8QDQFLDQROHFRPSUµODVUHYLVWDVWRGDV7HQ¯DFDUD
GHDFRUGDUVHGHDOJRGHFXDQGRHUDQL³R3HSHVHHFKµ
DOEROVLOORHOGLQHURVLQHQWHQGHUSRUTX«WHQ¯DTXHGDUOR
DOQXHYRDFUµEDWD
0H JXVWDU¯D WHQHU XQ GLVIUD] GHFODUµ HO QXHYR
DUWLVWD
9DPRVDEXVFDUXQRDODFDVDಃ
DOSRFRUDWRVDOLµGHQXHYRHOFLUFRDPEXODQWHFRQ
XQDUWLVWDP£VHO3DQWHUDFRQPHGLRELNLQLGHODPDP£
DXVHQWH HVWH V¯ TXH HUD DFUµEDWD GH YHUGDG
HQFDEH]DED HO GHVILOH G£QGRVH YXHOWDV GH FDUQHUR VLQ
VLTXLHUDWRFDUHOVXHOR
(VWD YH] QR HVSHUDURQ D TXH VH MXQWDUDQ ORV
HVSHFWDGRUHV IXHURQ GLUHFWR GRQGH VH HQFRQWUDEDQ
HOORVRVHDDOSDUDGHURGHPLFURV
/DIXQFLµQFRPHQ]µDQWHJUDQFDQWLGDGGHS¼EOLFR
ORTXHOHWUDQVPLW¯D౹£QJHO౺DFDGDDFWRU+DVWDHOSDDVR
GLVFXUU¯DEXHQRVFKLVWHVPLHQWUDVLEDSDVDQGRVXFDMD
(UD H[WUD³R HVWD YH] VRQDEDQ GHQWUR PRQHGDV
P£V PRQHGDV /RV DUWLVWDV GHO FLUFR DPEXODQWH
WUDQVSLUDEDQ VX «[LWR FRQ P£V SUXHEDV EDLOHV
DFUREDFLDV
3HUR GH UHSHQWH DSDUHFLµ XQ EXV LQPHQVR
UHVRSODQGRDKRJµWRGDP¼VLFDRPRSRUHQFDQWRHO
S¼EOLFR IRUPµ ILOD GHVSUHFLDQGR HO IDQW£VWLFR
HVSHFW£FXORWUHSµDODSDUDWRTXHVHDOHMµGHMDQGRVRORV
HQ OD YHUHGD DO WURPSHWLVWD GRPDGRUD EDLODULQD
PDODEDULVWDHQDQRSDDVRDFUµEDWDDXQSHUULWRTXH
PRY¯DODFROD
17/89
- 18. -8$1$HVSHUDEDHQODSXHUWDGHFDOOHFRQFDUDGH
DSLW£Q7RUPHQWD
4X« VH FUHHQ DOHJDED FRQ HO URVWUR
HQFHQGLGR0DQGDUVHDODFDOOHHQHVDVIDFKDV
SRUVXERFDVDO¯DQOODPDV
c4X« WDQWR HQRMR OD DSODFµ ,Y£Q 7RWDO
GLVIUD]DUVHQRHVSHFDGR
/DPXMHUVHFDOPµXQSRFR
1R YROYHU« D TXHGDUPH FRQ XVWHGHV VL VDOH OD
VH³RUD
/DVH³RUDVHU¯HGHHVWDVFRVDVGLMR3DQFKRFR
XVWHGWDPEL«QVHU¯Hಃ-XDQDVROWµODFDUFDMDGD
PLU£QGRORV
+D JDOOHWDV SUHJXQWµ 3HSH FRPR VL QDGD
SDVDUD
,PDJ¯QHQVH VL YR D GDUOHV JDOOHWDV FRQ HO
GHVRUGHQTXHPHKDQKHFKRಃHPSH]µ-XDQDSHURORV
FKLFRVGHVFXEULHURQODPLQD
3XHGR TXHGDUPH D WRPDU W« HO 3DQWHUD HUD
XQFDPSHµQSDUDFRPHUJDOOHWDV
ODURTXHV¯HUHVGHOFLUFRLJXDOTXHQRVRWURV
c(UHV IORU -XDQD GHF¯D 0DUFHOD VDERUHDQGR
ODVJDOOHWDV
/RVQL³RVFRQYHUVDEDQPLHQWUDVWRPDEDQVXW«
'µQGH DSUHQGLVWH D VHU DFUµEDWD SUHJXQWµ
$QGU«VDO3DQWHUD7HQJRXQW¯RTXHWUDEDMDHQHOFLUFR
8QW¯RDFUµEDWDGHYHUGDGSUHJXQWDURQWRGRV
6¯WHQJRXQSDGULQRWRQDXQTXHDKRUDMXELOµ
W¼QRSLHQVDVWUDEDMDUHQHOFLUFR
1R0LSDS£QRTXLHUH
c0H JXVWDU¯D WHQHU XQ W¯R DFUµEDWD VXVSLUµ
3DXOD
cXQDW¯DGRPDGRUDGLMR0DUFHOD
3RGU¯DV OOHYDUQRV D YHU D WX W¯R SUHJXQWµ
3DQFKRFR
cODUR0D³DQDKDPDWLQ«ಃ
'µQGHHVHOFLUFR
(QOD*UDQ$YHQLGDಃ
SXHGHVOOHYDUQRVDODPDWLQ«
ODURVLSDJDQODHQWUDGD
c8I UHR TXH QR KD FDVRಃ $OFDQ]DU¯D FRQ OR
TXHJDQDPRVKR
(O GLQHUR VH YDFLµ HQ OD PHVD HPSH]DURQ ODV
FXHQWDV$SHQDVDOFDQ]DEDSDUDWUHVJDOHU¯DVPHGLD
3RGHPRVLUORVPDRUHV
3RUTX«XVWHGHVV¯QRVRWURVQRSURWHVWDURQ
18/89
- 19. FXDWURYRFHV
1RDOFDQ]DSDUDWRGRVSRUHVRಃ
(FK«PRVORDODVXHUWHGLMR0DUFHOD
-XDQLWDSU«VWDQRVSODWDಃLPSORUµ3HSH
7HQJR OR MXVWR SDUD HO SDQ GH HVWRV G¯DVಃ cQR
SXHGR
3HURWLHQHVKDULQD(QWUHWRGRVWHDXGDUHPRVD
KDFHUSDQ
$KRUD PH DFXHUGR TXH 3DQFKRFR PH GHEH XQD
PRQHGDGLMR3HSH
R7HGHERXQDPRQHGD
$FX«UGDWHGHHVDPRQHGDTXHPHJDQ«PHOD
SHGLVWHSUHVWDGD
X£QGRWHODJDQDVWH
(VH G¯D TXH LED PLUDQGR DO VXHOR PH OD
HQFRQWU«ಃ
(VD PRQHGD HUD GH OD PDP£ (VWDED HQ VX
FXDUWRಃ
c$Kc3HURRPHODHQFRQWU«
(UDGHHOODQRWXD
3HUR3DQFKRFRPHODSLGLµSUHVWDGD
6HODGHERDODW¯DQRDWL
/DVJDOOHWDVVHKDE¯DQWHUPLQDGRWDPEL«QHOW«$
«VDUQROHLQWHUHVDEDVDEHUTXL«QOHGHE¯DSODWDDTXL«Q
DSURYHFKµSDUDGHVSHGLUVH
0H HVSHUDQ HQ PL FDVDಃ 6¯ SHUR YXHOYH
PD³DQD$ODVGRVHVWRDTX¯
$œ148('$%$SRUGHODQWHXQEXHQSRFRGHOG¯D
%ULOODED HO VRO HQ ODV YHUHGDV OD JHQWH FLUFXODED FRQ
EROVDVSDTXHWHVRQL³RV
DVL VLQ GDUVH FXHQWD VH IXHURQ ORV VHLV SRU HVDV
FDOOHV SODQHDQGR OD LGD DO FLUFR SDUD HO G¯D VLJXLHQWH
(VSHUDU¯DQ D «VDU HQ OD SXHUWD SDUD HYLWDU SUHJXQWDV
GH OD -XDQD VH LU¯DQ FRQ «O ,U DO FLUFR QR HUD PDOR
PHQRV HQ HVWH FDVR HQ TXH ODV HQWUDGDV ODV SDJDU¯DQ
HOORVFRQVXWUDEDMR
(QHVDSDUWHGHODFRQYHUVDFLµQVHGLHURQFXHQWDGH
XQDODUJDILODGHDXWRPµYLOHVHVWDFLRQDGRVIUHQWHDXQD
FDVD TXH WHQ¯D XQ HQRUPH EDQGHU¯Q EODQFR TXH GHF¯D
5(0$7(
(QWUDPRV SURSXVR 3DQFKRFR ORV VHLV VH
DEULHURQ SDVR HQWUH ODV JHQWHV TXH OOHQDEDQ SDVLOORV
VDORQHV
(UDXQDFDVDHVWUHFKDWDQOOHQDGHFXULRVRVFRPR
HOORVTXHVHKDF¯DGLI¯FLOUHVSLUDU6RODPHQWHVHYH¯DDXQ
VH³RUWUHSDGRHQXQSXSLWUHPXDOWRTXHKDEODEDPX
OLJHURPRYLHQGRXQPDUWLOOLWRGHXQODGRDRWURFRPRVL
19/89
- 20. IXHUDXQS«QGXORRQUDSLGH]LQFUH¯EOHGHF¯DQ¼PHURV
Q¼PHURV
3RUILQVHTXHGµSHJDGRUHSLWLHQGRXQRVROROXHJR
GLR XQ PDUWLOOD]R VREUH HO SXSLWUH 'LMR DOJR TXH QDGLH
HQWHQGLµVHODQ]µRWUDYH]HQSLFDGD
(VWD IXHQWH GH FULVWDO YHDPRVಃ 7HQJR
GRVFLHQWRV FLHQWR FLQFXHQWD YHLQWHಃ GHVSX«V GH
HVHU£SLGRGHVFHQVRQXP«ULFRHPSH]µQXHYDPHQWHVX
FDUUHUDGHQ¼PHURVHVWDYH]HQDVFHQVR
9HLQWLFLQFRWUHLQWDFLQFXHQWDRFKHQWDFLHQಃ
HO PDUWLOOLWR LED GH XQ ODGR D RWUR FLHQWR YHLQWH
GRVFLHQWRVGRVFLHQWRVVHYDHQGRVFLHQWRVVLQDGLH
PHMRUDVHYDVHYDಃ
(QHVHPRPHQWR3DXODHPSXMµD$QGHFRSDUDYHU
XQSRFR«OSDUDQRFDHUVHSHVFµGHXQDVH³RUDTXH
VHDQGXYRDVXVWDQGRDQWHHOSHOOL]FR(VWRTXHQRWHQ¯D
LPSRUWDQFLDSDUD$QGHFRQL3DXODUHVXOWµJUDYHSDUDOD
VH³RUD3RUTXHHOVH³RUGHOPDUWLOORTXHHVWDEDDSXQWR
GH GDU VX PDUWLOOD]R YLR HVD HVSHFLH GH VDOXGR GH OD
FDEH]D TXH KL]R OD VH³RUD VLQ P£V OH DGMXGLFµ OD
IXHQWHGHFULVWDO
6H³RUDHOFRPSD³HURGHOVH³RUGHOPDUWLOOROH
RIUHF¯DXQSDSHOLWR
4X«SDVD
(OUHFLERGHODIXHQWHGHFULVWDO
cR QR KH FRPSUDGR HVD IXHQWH OD YR] GH OD
VH³RUDHUDXQUXJLGRGHOHµQVXPLUDGDXQFD³µQGH
PHWUDOOHWD$QWHHVRVRMRV3DXOD$QGHFRHPSUHQGLHURQ
VLOHQFLRVDUHWLUDGDIXHURQDFRORFDUVHHQXQULQFµQMXQWR
DORVRWURVQL³RV
'HVSX«VGHXQDSHOHDVLQSX³HWHVODVH³RUDVDOLµ
GH OD FDVD GH UHPDWHV FRQ SRPSD PDMHVWDG HO
PDUWLOOLWR YROYLµ D YHUVH HQ HO DLUH 3DXOD $QGHFR
HPSH]DURQDUHVSLUDUPHMRU
$O SRFR UDWR 3DQFKRFR YLR TXH RIUHF¯DQ XQ
EDUµPHWURFRQDJXMDVVXUWLGDVRWUDVFRVDVGHVHDEOHV
6LQVDEHUFµPRVHOHSDUµHOGHGR
7HQJR XQD RIHUWD GH WUHLQWDFDQWµ HO VH³RU GHO
PDUWLOOR PLU£QGROR ILMDPHQWH D ORV RMRV VH YD HQ
WUHLQWDVLQDGLHPHMRUDWUHLQWDFLQFRFXDUHQWDಃ
FRQWLQXDEDQ VXV RMRV FODYDGRV HQ ORV GHO SREUH
3DQFKRFR TXH VHQW¯D PDUHRV 7UDWDED GH FRQYHQFHUVH
TXHELHQYDO¯DQRLUDOFLUFRVLFRPSUDEDQHOEDUµPHWUR
7RWDO VHU¯D XQ JXVWR P£V ODUJR GXUDGHUR DVL SRU
FRPSODFHU DO VH³RU GHO PDUWLOOR SHVWD³Hµ HQ HVH
PLVPR PRPHQWR HVWH JULWµ FRQ YR] GH WULXQIR
20/89
- 21. c$GMXGLFDGRHOEDUµPHWURHQFLQFXHQWD
8Q UHFLR JROSH DO SXSLWUH FHUUµ HO QHJRFLR HQ HO
SUHFLVRLQVWDQWHHQTXH3DQFKRFRVHGDEDFXHQWDGHTXH
DSHQDVWHQ¯DQODPLWDGGHOGLQHUR
/HSDUHFLµTXHVHDEODQGDEDHOVXHORDOVHQWLUHQ
HOEUD]RHOURFHGHOSDSHOLWRTXHOHDODUJDEDHOHPSOHDGR
LQYLW£QGRORDSDJDUKDEU¯DTXHULGRWHQHUXQD³RHQYH]
GHQXHYHOORUDUDWRGRJULWR
6H KL]R D XQ ODGR IXH FRUUL«QGRVH VLQ GLVLPXOR
KDFLDODSXHUWD3RUTXH3DQFKRFRHVWDEDGHFLGLGRDVHU
IHOL]HQODYLGDDQRGHMDUTXHORVSUREOHPDVWXUEDUDQ
VXSURSµVLWR
2H OH GLMR D ,Y£Q 9DPRV D EXVFDU WX
ELFLFOHWDODUHPDWDPRVDOWLURSDUDSDJDUHOEDUµPHWUR
7RWDO WX ELFLFOHWD HV KDUWR YLHMD DGHP£V SRFR VLUYH
SRUTXH QR WH GHMDQ LU HQ HOOD D )DUHOORQHV DV¯ TXH HQ
EXHQDVFXHQWDVQRVLUYHSDUDQDGD
3HURODELFLFOHWDHVP¯DಃSURWHVWµ
cODUR (O EDUµPHWUR WDPEL«Q VHU£ WXR VLUYH
P£V RQ «O VDEU£V VL YD D OORYHU PD³DQD SRGUHPRV
KDFHUSDQRUDPDVVHJXURV
'LVFXWLHQGR GLVFXWLHQGR VDOLHURQ GHO UHPDWH
IXHURQHQEXVFDGHODELFLFOHWDYROYLHURQFRQHOODPX
WULXQIDQWHV
21/89
- 22. $JXDUGDURQ MXQWR D OD SXHUWD D TXH HO PDUWLOOHUR
DQXQFLDUDFDGDFRVDODVXELHUDEDMDUDKDVWDYHQGHUOD
FXDQGRSRUILQDQRTXHGDEDQDGDHOPDUWLOOHURLEDD
EDMDU GHO SHGHVWDO VH DFHUFDURQ ORV GRV FRQ ,Y£Q
PLHQWUDVORVFKLFRVVRVWHQ¯DQHQODSXHUWDHOLQGHVHDEOH
WURIHR
2LJD VH³RU TXHU¯DPRV TXH UHPDWDUD QXHVWUD
ELFLFOHWDOHSLGLHURQ
1R H[LVWH QLQJ¼Q ORWH GH ELFLFOHWDV DTX¯ VH
GLVFXOSµHOVH³RU
cODUR3HURODKHPRVWUD¯GROHSHGLPRVHOIDYRU
TXHODUHPDWH(VWHUULEOHPHQWHXUJHQWH
/R VLHQWR SHUR HVR QR VH SXHGH KDFHU c9R D
FHUUDUIXHURQLQ¼WLOHVORVUXHJRVUD]RQHVSRUTXHHO
VH³RUHFK£QGRORVSDUDDIXHUDQROHVGLRXQDHVSHUDQ]D
(QODFDOOHKDE¯DEDMDGRHOVRO/DWDUGHHVWDEDIU¯D
VH LED RVFXUHFLHQGR U£SLGDPHQWH ,Y£Q 3DQFKRFR
VHQW¯DQ TXH OD YLGD QR WHQ¯D VHQWLGR /RV FKLFRV ORV
VHJX¯DQDUUDVWUDQGRODELFLFOHWDFRPRVLIXHUDXQPXHUWR
7RGRVHKDE¯DYXHOWRFRQWUDHOORVODLGHDGHODF£UFHO
DVRPDEDHQVXLPDJLQDFLµQFRPRXQWUXHQRTXHVHYHQ¯D
DFHUFDQGR
/RV P£V GHVHVSHUDGRV GHFLGLHURQ VROXFLRQDU HO
SUREOHPD
9ROYHUHPRVPD³DQDDSULPHUDKRUDDKDEODUFRQ
ORV GXH³RV SDUD KDFHUORV HQWHQGHU ODV UD]RQHV 3RU
¼OWLPRSXHGHQTXHGDUVHFRQVXPXJUHGHEDUµPHWUR
DV¯VHDFDEDHOFXHQWRಃ
8QD YH] DQXQFLDGR HVWR D ORV FKLFRV ORV SHFRVRV
YROYLHURQ D UHVSLUDU OLEUHPHQWH UHJUHVDURQ GRQGH
22/89
- 23. -XDQDPXKDPEULHQWRVFRQJDQDVGHGRUPLUVHOXHJR
SDUDGHVSHUWDUDOG¯DVLJXLHQWHDUUHJODUHOQHJRFLRGHO
EDUµPHWUR
(5$'20,1*2KDE¯DTXHSRQHUVHURSDOLPSLD6L
HVWXYLHUD OD PDP£ OHV KDEU¯D UHYLVDGR ODV RUHMDV
FRUWDGRODVX³DV3HURODPDP£QRKDE¯DYXHOWRSRG¯DQ
DKRUUDUVHHVDVPROHVWLDV
3DUWLHURQWRGRVDPLVDP£VRPHQRVLPSHFDEOHV
(OG¯DHVWDEDPXOLQGRHOSDQRUDPDGHLUDOFLUFR
HQ OD WDUGH ORV KDF¯D FDPLQDU OLJHUR 3DXOD VH SLVµ XQ
FRUGµQGHO]DSDWRVHYLQRDOVXHORFRQWDQPDODVXHUWH
TXHERWµD3HSHVHWL]QµODFDUD5HFLELµUHWRVGHORV
PDRUHV RIHQGLGD GHFLGLµ YROYHU D FDVD 3HUR VH
DUUHSLQWLµ/RPDORIXHTXHYROYLµDFDHUVHSRUODPLVPD
UD]µQ
c+DTXHVHUWRQWD
'HSXURIORMDQRVHDPDUUDHO]DSDWRಃ
1LQJXQR WLHQH ]DSDWRV FRQ FRUGRQHV
OORULTXHDEDODSREUH6LHPSUHPHWRFDQDP¯ORVTXHQR
TXLHUHQDGLHORVYLHMRVಃ
(VTXHDWLQRWHFUHFHQORVSLHV
/RJUµSRUILQDWDUHVHFRUGµQSDUDVLHPSUHFRQXQ
23/89
- 24. SHORWµQGHYXHOWDVQXGRVGHILQLWLYRV
8QERWµQTXHDSHQDVVRQµDOFDHUREOLJµD$QGHFR
DVXMHWDUVHHOSDQWDOµQGXUDQWHWRGDODPLVD0HQRVPDO
TXHHOFDQWROHVVDOLµELHQ(VHG¯DWHQ¯DQYR]GHQL³RV
FDQWRUHVGHYLHQD
$SHQDV WHUPLQDGD OD PLVD SDUWLHURQ ORV VHLV
SHFRVRVFDPLQRDODFDVDGHUHPDWHV
(V PHMRU TXH HQWUHPRV ORV GRV VRORV GLMHURQ
,Y£Q 3DQFKRFR D ORV GHP£V FKLFRV JROSHDURQ OD
SXHUWD 3HUR QR YLQR QDGLH (O WLPEUH HVWDED PDOR DV¯
TXHGHFLGLHURQHQWUDUSRUHOMDUG¯QSUREDUVXHUWHHQHO
SDWLRGHVHUYLFLR/DSXHUWDGHODFRFLQDHVWDEDFHUUDGD
SHURKDE¯DXQSRVWLJRHQWUHDELHUWR8QHPSXMRQFLWRHQOD
YHQWDQDVROXFLRQµHOSUREOHPD
(QWUDURQSRFRDSRFRPLUDQGRSRUVLKDE¯DDOJXLHQ
/XHJR FRQ P£V VHJXULGDG SUHJXQWDURQ ౹+D DOJXLHQ
SRUDK¯౺SHURQDGLHFRQWHVWµHQWRQFHVFRQYHQFLGRV
GHTXHODFDVDHVWDEDVRODHQWUDURQFXDUWRSRUFXDUWR
H[DPLQDQGRODFDQWLGDGGHFRVDVHQTXHQRUHSDUDURQHO
G¯DDQWHV
(VWD SLVWROD PH KDEU¯D FRPSUDGR R GLMR ,Y£Q
DFDULFLDQGRXQYLHMRWUDEXFRTXHKDE¯DHQXQHVWDQWH
R HVWD GDJD GLMR 3DQFKRFR KLWDV TXH
KDFRVDVVDOYDMHVDTX¯ಃ
0£V YDOH QR KDEHUODV YLVWR ULµ ,Y£Q VL QR
TXL«Q VDEH FX£QWR HVWDU¯DPRV GHELHQGR 0HMRU QRV
YDPRV6LYLHQHDOJXLHQSXHGHSHQVDUTXHHQWUDPRVD
UREDU
'HMHPRVXQDFDUWDSDUDHOGXH³RGHOEDUµPHWUR
HQWRQFHV
5HJLVWUDURQKDVWDHQFRQWUDUSDSHOHVFULELHURQ
4XHULGRVH³RU
+HPRV YHQLGR D GHFLUOH TXH HO QHJRFLR GHO
EDUµPHWURQRUHVXOWµDQRVHUTXHXVWHGQRVUHFLEDOD
ELFLFOHWD TXH OH SXHGH VHUYLU P£V TXH HO EDUµPHWUR
9HQGUHPRVFRQHOODPD³DQDOXQHV
/RVDOXGDQVXVVVVV
ILUPDURQORVGRV3DUWLHURQVDWLVIHFKRVDUHXQLUVH
FRQORVRWURVSHUROOHYDQGRGHQWURXQDVHQVDFLµQQXHYD
XQUHFXHUGRPXYLYRGHHVDFDVDVROLWDULD
3RGU¯DPRV KDFHU DOJR HVWXSHQGR HQ HVD FDVD
DEDQGRQDGD GLMR ,Y£Q FRQ WDQWD FRVD HQWUHWHQLGD
TXHKDಃ
9ROYHUHPRVPD³DQDDYHUTX«SDVD
/RV FKLFRV VH UHXQLHURQ FRQ HOORV HQ OD HVTXLQD
+DE¯DQHQFRQWUDGRD5HVRUWHTXHDQGDEDSHUGLGRGHVGH
ODQRFKHDQWHULRUORWUD¯DQDPDUUDGRFRQHOFLQWXUµQGH
$QGU«V
(O SREUHFLWR WLHQH XQ KDPEUH WUHPHQGD
H[SOLFDEDQ
3DUWLHURQ DSXUDGRV SDUD GDUOH GHVDXQR DO
KDPEULHQWR+DEODEDQWRGRVDXQWLHPSRSHOHDQGRSRU
OOHYDUHQVXVEUD]RVDOSHUURGHVSX«VSRUQROOHYDUOR
3HUR DO WRUFHU OD HVTXLQD VH HQFRQWUDURQ FRQ DOJR
LQHVSHUDGR+DE¯DXQDUXHGDGHJHQWHDOUHGHGRUGHXQ
SDU GH DXWRV FKRFDGRV /RV GXH³RV GLVFXW¯DQ FRPR
SHUURVIXULRVRV
/RVSHFRVRVIXHURQDEUL«QGRVHSDVRSDUDPLUDUHVH
24/89
- 25. SDU GH DXWRV DUUXJDGRV FRPR WUDSRV /RV GXH³RV VH
ODGUDEDQ$XQROHWHPEODEDQODVPHMLOODVFRPRMDOHDHO
RWURWHQ¯DWRGRHQUHGRQGRRMRVERFDQDULFHV0LHQWUDV
P£V URMR VH SRQ¯D XQR P£V S£OLGR VH WRUQDED HO RWUR
KDVWD TXH GH SURQWR HO FRORUDGR VH DEDODQ]µ VREUH HO
EODQFRORPDQGµDOVXHORFRQXQIHUR]SX³HWH$OJXLHQ
WUDWµGHVXMHWDUORFDµFRQ«O2WURTXLVROHYDQWDUDORV
FD¯GRV URGµ SRU WLHUUD 6LQ VDEHU FµPR $QGU«V VDOLµ
GLVSDUDGR3DXODFRUULµDDX[LOLDUORFRQWDQPDODVXHUWH
TXH IDOWµ SRFR SDUD TXH OD UHYHQWDUDQ XDQGR ,Y£Q
3DQFKRFRTXLVLHURQDXGDUDORVKHUPDQRVDSDUHFLµXQ
FDUDELQHUR FXD VROD SUHVHQFLD EDVWµ SDUD OLTXLGDU HO
QHJRFLRGHODVFDFKHWDGDVJDUDEDWRV
8QDVH³RUDVHDFHUFµD3DXODEDVWµTXHDOJXLHQ
VHLQWHUHVDUDSRUVXHVWDGRSDUDTXHHOODVHOOHQDUDGH
FRPSDVLµQGHV¯PLVPDVHODUJDUDDOORUDUVLQFRQVXHOR
(O FKLFRFR OORUDED SRU DFRPSD³DUOD ORV GHP£V
FRQIXQGLGRVDQRVDE¯DQQLFµPRVHOODPDEDQ
$OJXLHQ VH DFHUFµ DO FDUDELQHUR GHQXQFLµ TXH
౹HVRV QL³RV KDE¯DQ VLGR DWURSHOODGRV౺ -XQWR FRQ
DFHUFDUVHHOFDUDELQHURD3DXODORVSHFRVRVVHYLHURQ
URGHDGRVSRUHOPRQWµQGHFXULRVRV(QUHDOLGDG3DXOD
$QGU«VHVWDEDQVXFLRVUHYROFDGRVFXDOTXLHUDSRG¯D
SHQVDU TXH HUDQ Y¯FWLPDV /RV GXH³RV GH ORV DXWRV
KDE¯DQGHVDSDUHFLGR
6XQRPEUHSUHJXQWµHOFDUDELQHURD3DXOD
3DXODVROOR]µHOODVLQWL«QGRVHJUDYH
(VW£VKHULGD7HJROSHµHODXWR
(ODXWRQRODJHQWHಃ
(OFDUDELQHURVHGHVLQWHUHVµGHHOODVHDFHUFµDXQ
FXULRVR
(VXVWHGHOGXH³RGHODXWR
(OKRPEUHGLMR౹QR౺FRQODFDEH]DGHVDSDUHFLµ
8QDVH³RUDTXHOLPSLDEDODFDUDWL]QDGDGH3HSH
VHDFHUFµ
(VWRV QL³RV LEDQ HQ HO DXWR DVHJXUµ DO
FDUDELQHUR
/RVQL³RVVHPLUDURQVRUSUHQGLGRV(OFDUDELQHURVH
SXVRDDQRWDUHQVXOLEUHWDSHURIXHLQWHUUXPSLGRSRUHO
VH³RUGHODVPHMLOODVGHMDOHDTXHDSDUHFLµGHSURQWR
(QHODXWRQRKDE¯DP£VTXHHOFRQGXFWRUGLMR
c)DOVR(VW£WUDWDQGRGHVDOYDUVXUHVSRQVDELOLGDG
JULWµ OD VH³RUD +D P£V WHVWLJRVಃ VH YROYLµ
KDFLDORVFXULRVRV
6¯GLMRXQDYLHMLWDRORYLURGDUSRUHOVXHOR
VH³RUFDUDELQHURಃ
(O FDUDELQHUR DQRWDED SLGLHQGR QRPEUHV
GRPLFLOLRV PLHQWUDV OD UXHGD GH PLURQHV LED WRPDQGR
SDUWLGR$TXHOORVHFRQYLUWLµHQXQDJXHUULOODGHSDODEUDV
HQODTXHORVKRPEUHVOOHYDEDQODFRQWUDDODVPXMHUHV
DVHJXUDQGRTXHORVQL³RVQRLEDQHQQLQJ¼QDXWR
3DUD DFODUDU WRGR HVWR VHU£ PHMRU TXH YHQJDQ
FRQPLJR D OD FRPLVDU¯D GLMR HO FDUDELQHUR D ORV
SHFRVRV
25/89
- 26. 1R SRGHPRV H[SOLFµ ,Y£Q 7HQHPRV TXH
YROYHU D FDVD DQWHV GH TXH 5HVRUWH VH PXHUD GH
KDPEUHಃSDUWLHURQFRUULHQGRPLHQWUDVHOFDUDELQHUR
VHUDVFDEDODFDEH]DWUDWDQGRGHDFODUDUORTXHKDE¯D
SDVDGR
26/89
- 27. 38178$/0(17( D ODV GRV GH OD WDUGH DSDUHFLµ
«VDUFRPRKDE¯DSURPHWLGR9HQ¯DWDQOLPSLRPRMDGR
GHSHORTXHORVSHFRVRVVHVLQWLHURQREOLJDGRVDODYDUVH
ODFDUDSDUDVDOLUFRQ«O
9DPRVDLUSRUDK¯OHGLMHURQD-XDQDHOODTXH
WHQ¯DKDUWDVJDQDVGHGRUPLUVHXQDVLHVWHFLWDORVGHMµLU
SHURELHQVHUPRQHDGRV
7RGLWRVGHODPDQRQDGDGHKDFHUOHVHUDVIXH
VXGHVSHGLGD
SDUWLHURQ $GHODQWH PDUFKDED «VDU FRQ ,Y£Q
3DQFKRFRORVVHJX¯DQORVRWURVWRPDGRVGHODPDQR
FRPRRUGHQDUD-XDQD
«VDU HOLJLµ HO EXV «VDU SDJµ ORV EROHWRV
WDPEL«QIXH«VDUTXLHQGLRODRUGHQGHEDMDGD
(OYLDMHKDE¯DVLGRODUJRSHURDV¯WRGRWXYLHURQTXH
FDPLQDUEDVWDQWHSDUDOOHJDUDOFLUFR
1RHUDWDQOLQGRFRPRORKDE¯DQLPDJLQDGRSRUTXH
OD FDUSD HVWDED URWD VXFLD 8QD UHMD GH SDOLWRV KDF¯D
FDPLQRV KDFLD OD HQWUDGD WUHV P¼VLFRV YLHMRV VLQ
GLVIUD] WRFDEDQ XQ WDPERU FRQ SLWR FRUQHWD +DE¯D
WDPEL«Q XQ EXTXH PDQLFHUR TXH HFKDED KXPLWR D
WRVWDGR ORV FKLFRV VXSOLFDEDQ D «VDU TXH OHV
FRPSUDUDXQFDUWXFKR3HUR«VDUQRVHGHMµFRQPRYHU
IXHDODEROHWHU¯DDSDJDUODVHQWUDGDV
RPRHUDQGHJDOHU¯DWXYLHURQTXHVXELUHVFDORQHV
JUDQGHV WHPEOHTXHVTXH VH FROXPSLDEDQ DO SLVDUORV
+DE¯DXQVXDYHRORUDHPSDQDGDVXQDHVSHFLHGHIDOWD
GH VRQLGR HQ JHQHUDO /D SLVWD GH DVHUU¯Q OD URGHDEDQ
PXUDOOLWDV GH PDGHUD DOJXQDV FD¯GDV DO IRQGR KDE¯D
XQD FRUWLQD URMD VREUH OD FXDO VH DFRPRGDURQ ORV
P¼VLFRV
/RV SHFRVRV RFXSDEDQ WRGR XQ WDEOµQ GH JDOHU¯D
SHUR VXV SLHUQDV QR DOFDQ]DEDQ HO SLVR QR SRG¯DQ
DILUPDUVH 5RPSLµ OD EDQGD FRQ XQD PDUFKD
GHVWHPSODGD DQWH OD FXDO GHVILOµ WRGR HO SHUVRQDO ,ED
DGHODQWHXQVH³RUELJRWXGRGHFKDTXHWDURMDFRQJDORQHV
GRUDGRV TXH OOHYDED XQD ODUJD KXDVFD XQ SLWR TXH
UHVRQDEDHQODVWULSDVGHORVHVSHFWDGRUHV/RVHJX¯DQ
ORV WUDSHFLVWDV OXHJR ORV SDDVRV FRQ VXV URSDV
HQRUPHVFDUDVEODQFDVUDDGDVDOJ¼QVRPEUHULWRTXH
FD¯DDOVXHORWRGRHOWLHPSR
27/89
- 28. /D IXQFLµQ IXH PDJQ¯ILFD DXQTXH DO ILQDO VRQDEDQ
WDQIXHUWHODVKDPEULHQWDVWULSDVTXHQRHVFXFKDEDQOD
P¼VLFD
/O«YDQRVDFRQRFHUDWXW¯ROHH[LJLHURQD«VDU
FRPRFRQVXHOR«VDUVHDEULµSDVRHQWUHODJHQWHTXH
VDO¯DSDUDHQWUDUDODFDUSDOOHJDUDORVFDPHULQRV(UD
XQD FDVD URGDQWH PX SLQWDGD OOHQD GH FROJDMRV GH
URSDVGHPDVHV
c+ROD W¯R GLMR «VDU DFHUF£QGRVH DO DFUµEDWD
TXHD¼QOOHYDEDODPDOODFRQFDO]RQFLOORVGHOHQWHMXHODV
EULOODQWHV
c+ROD GLMR HO W¯R VLQ GDUOH QLQJXQD EROD DO
VREULQRQLDVXVDFRPSD³DQWHV
«VDUORVSUHVHQWµGHWRGRVPRGRV
7¯RHOORVTXLHUHQWRPDUFODVHVGHDFUREDFLD
(OW¯RVHGLRYXHOWDORVPLUµODUJDPHQWHFRQVX¼QLFR
RMR IXH KDFL«QGRORV JLUDU XQR SRU XQR FRPR TXLHQ
HOLJHSROORV
$V¯ TXH FODVHV GH DFUREDFLDಃ GLMR FRQ
FDUUDVSHUD7RGRVHOORVSUHJXQWµDOVREULQR
/RVTXHXVWHGTXLHUDGLMR,Y£Q
3RGU¯DVHU+DEU¯DTXHYHUVLWLHQHQFRQGLFLRQHV
X£QWDVFODVHVSRUVHPDQD
(VRGHSHQGHGHORTXHFXHVWHQODVFODVHVGLMR
,Y£Q
1R VH SUHRFXSH SRU HVR R PH DUUHJOR FRQ HO
SDS£GHXVWHGHV7LHQHQSDS£
6¯ FODUR 3HUR «O QR VDEH GH HVWR GLMR 3DXOD
3DQFKRFR OH GLR XQ SXQWDSL« HQ OD FDQLOOD SDUD TXH VH
28/89
- 29. FDOODUD
c%UXWRUHHVTXHQRGXHOHODJULPHµ3DXOD
$YHUVLWHFDOODVVRSOµ«OSRUOREDMR
$TX«KRUDFRQYLHQHTXHYDDDKDEODUFRQHVH
SDS£SUHJXQWµHODFUµEDWD
(VH QR WLHQH SDS£ VH HQWURPHWLµ 3DXOD VLQ
O£JULPDVLQGLFDQGRD3DQFKRFR
+DEODU« FRQ OD PDP£ 7LHQH SDWLR OD FDVD
X£OHVODGLUHFFLµQ
3DQFKRFRVHDGHODQWµDGDUODDKRUDIXH«OTXLHQ
VHOOHYµODSDWDGDHQODFDQLOODFRQODVDQGDOLDGH3DXOD
c,GLRWD VH YROYLµ SDUD FRJHUOD GH ODV PHFKDV
SHURHOODVHHVFDSµ
,Y£QFRPSUHQGLµHOPRWLYRGHODSDWDGDGH3DXOD
VHDFHUFµD3DQFKRFR
2HOHGLMRDORPHMRUHVPXFDURQRYDQD
TXHUHUSDJDUOH
(VRORDUUHJORRGLMR3DQFKRFRPXVHJXURGH
FRQYHQFHUDORVW¯RV9HQJDPD³DQDHQODWDUGH«VDU
VDEHHOFDPLQR
RQIRUPH KDUWR ELHQ TXH OHV YHQGU£Q ODV
FODVHVSRUTXHVHYHQPHGLRPHUHQJXHVWRGRVಃ
-XQWRFRQGHVSHGLUVHHPSH]µODGLVFXVLµQ
RV«TXHODPDP£ORYDDHQFRQWUDUFDUR7RGROR
HQFXHQWUDFDURGLMR0DUFHOD
(VWHJDOORHVUHEDUDWR1RKDP£VTXHYHUORಃWX
PDP£ HVWDU£ IHOL] SRUTXH OH SUHRFXSD TXH XVWHGHV
FUH]FDQHQJRUGHQಃ
7¼ QR WLHQHV SRU TX« PHWHUWH D FRPSOLFDU D PL
PDP£ DOHJµ 3DXOD 3HUR 3DQFKRFR OD LJQRUµ HOOD
VLJXLµSURWHVWDQGR
$ORPHMRUDSUHQGHPRVWRGRHQXQDSXUDFODVH
GLMR,Y£QWUHSDQGRDODPLFURVLQWL«QGRVHDP£VIXHUWH
3HURHQHVHPRPHQWRSDUWLµHOEXVORPDQGµYRODQGRD
XQULQFµQ
29/89
- 30. 8$1'2YROYLHURQDFDVD-XDQDD¼QGRUP¯D
0DUFHOD SUHSDUµ XQDV WRVWDGDV FRQ PDQWHTXLOOD
DJUHJDGDDOJXVWRGHFDGDXQRQRKL]RIDOWDQDGDP£V
6H DFDEµ HO KDPEUH HO SDQ WDPEL«Q OD PDQWHTXLOOD
3HUR TXHGDED OX] GH PRGR TXH GHFLGLHURQ GDUVH XQD
YXHOWDSRUODFDVDGHUHPDWHV
$IRUWXQDGDPHQWHHVWDEDDELHUWDODPLVPDYHQWDQD
GH PRGR TXH QR KXER SUREOHPDV SDUD HQWUDU 3HUR OD
FDVDHVWDEDWRWDOPHQWHYDF¯D/R¼QLFRTXHHQFRQWUDURQ
IXHXQFKRQJRGHHVFREDXQPRQWµQGHSDSHOHVHQWUH
ORVFXDOHVKDE¯DXQDVHWLTXHWDVGHFDUWXOLQDFRQFRUGHO
6RQP¯DVGHFODUµ$QGU«VSRUTXHRODVJDQ«
SHURQDGLHOHGLVFXWLµ
/D FDVD UHVRQDED FRQ HFR VXV SDVRV YRFHV
UHSHUFXW¯DQ'DEDXQDVHQVDFLµQGHVHUGHHOORV
TX«KDUHPRVDTX¯SUHJXQWµ0DUFHOD
(VWD FDVD QR VLUYH SDUD FDVD HPEUXMDGD 7LHQH
ODV SXHUWDV EODQFDV P£V SDUHFH FO¯QLFD 3DQFKRFR OD
PLUDEDFRQGHVSUHFLR
R KDE¯D SHQVDGR HQ KDFHU XQD JXDULGD XQD
FXHYDಃ3HURSRGU¯DPRVKDFHUODFO¯QLFDVLTXLHUHVGLMR
,Y£Q
1R KDE¯D PDWHULDO SDUD LQVWDODUOD VDOYR DOJXQDV
ERWHOODV VXFLDV XQD WDEOD GH DPDVDU TXH HQFRQWUDURQ
HQHOSDWLR
3DXOD 0DUFHOD cD ODYDU RUGHQµ 3DQFKRFR
LQGLFDQGRODVERWHOODV
RORFDURQ OD WDEOD VREUH HO ODYDSODWRV GHFLGLHURQ
TXHODFRFLQDVHU¯DODVDODGHRSHUDFLRQHV+DE¯DJDVHQ
ODOODYHGHPRGRTXHSRGU¯DQHVWHULOL]DUHOLQVWUXPHQWDO
FXDQGRORFRQVLJXLHUDQ
0DUFHOD HQFRQWUµ XQ FDUWµQ HQ HO FXDO GLEXMµ XQ
PDJQ¯ILFROHWUHUR
*5$1/1,$
3$5$3(5526*$726
35(,26'(2$6,•1
(OOHWUHURIXHFRORFDGRHQODSXHUWD
(QWUHWDQWR KDE¯D RVFXUHFLGR HQ WRGD OD FDVD QR
HQFRQWUDURQ XQD VROD DPSROOHWD SDUD DOXPEUDUVH /D
RVFXULGDGHPSH]DEDDLQIXQGLUOHVUHVSHWRDXQFXDQGR
KDE¯DQ GHFODUDGR TXH HVD FDVD QR VHUY¯D QL SDUD
PLVWHULRVQLHPEUXMRVQLQJXQRVHDWUHY¯DDVHSDUDUVHGHO
JUXSR
0HMRU YROYDPRV PD³DQD GLMR 3DXOD QR VH
SXHGHKDFHUQDGDVLQOX]
(QUHDOLGDGHPSH]DEDQDYHUIDQWDVPDVSRUWRGRV
30/89
- 31. ODGRV GH PRGR TXH OD LGHD GH LUVH IXH DFRJLGD
SDUWLHURQFRQYHUVDQGR
0D³DQDWUDHUHPRVDPSROOHWDVORVLQVWUXPHQWRV
GHRSHUDFLRQHV
DOJRGµQGLMR0DUFHOD
GHVLQIHFWDQWHVXJLULµHOFKLFRFRPLUDQGRVXV
URGLOODVKHULGDV
(O 5HVRUWH SXHGH VHUYLU SDUD GDUOHV FRQILDQ]D D
ORVSHUURVHQIHUPRVGLMR$QGU«V
RDWLHQGRDOS¼EOLFRGLMR3DXODX£QWRYDQ
DSHGLUSRUODVRSHUDFLRQHV
'HSHQGHGLMHURQORVYHWHULQDULRV
'HSHQGHGHTX«SUHJXQWµODUHODFLRQDGRUD
%XHQRGHODRSHUDFLµQGHODQLPDOGHOGXH³Rಃ
RVHU«ODHQIHUPHUDGHFODUµ0DUFHODRVHD
ODDUVHQDOHUD
RTXLHURDXGDUDGHIHQGHUDORSHUDGRGHFODUµ
$QGU«V
TX«KDJRRSUHJXQWµ3HSH
7¼ SXHGHV DEULU OD SXHUWD ERWDU ORV DOJRGRQHV
VXFLRVEDUUHUGLMRDOJXLHQ
0HJXVWDU¯DRWUDFRVDVHGHVDQLPµHOFKLFRFR
c3RGU¯DV VHU GDGRU GH VDQJUH VXJLULµ
3DQFKRFR
cD HVR OH SDUHFLµ HVWXSHQGR µPR OR
KDJR
1RWHSUHRFXSHV0D³DQDORVDEU£Vಃ
c/£VWLPD TXH WHQJDPRV FROHJLR PD³DQD
VXVSLUµ,Y£Q
DV¯ OOHJDURQ D OD FDVD KDFLHQGR SURHFWRV VLQ
VRVSHFKDUODVRUSUHVDTXHOHVHVSHUDED
(QODPHVDGHHQWUDGDKDE¯DXQWHOHJUDPD,Y£QOR
WRPµYLRFRQVRUSUHVDTXHHUDSDUD«O
c(V SDUD P¯ H[FODPµ HQWXVLDVPDGR OR OHµ
HQ YR] DOWD ౹5HJUHVDUHPRV PD³DQD WDUGH DUL³RV
PDP£౺
c4X« SHQD VXVSLUµ 0DUFHOD ORV KHUPDQRV
VLQWLHURQXQUHIOHMRGHHVDSHQDTXHGXUµSRFRSRUTXH
3DQFKRFRGLMR
c)HQµPHQR 6L OD W¯D QR OOHJD HQ OD PD³DQD
SRGHPRVWUDEDMDUGHVGHWHPSUDQRHQODFO¯QLFD6LHOODOR
HVW£ SDVDQGR ELHQ HVWR VHJXUR GH TXH TXHUU£ TXH
QRVRWURV WDPEL«Q OR SDVHPRV ELHQ (V QDWXUDO c1R
YDPRVDOFROHJLR
/DLGHDFDµHVWXSHQGDDXQTXH,Y£Q0DUFHODQR
HVWDEDQPXVHJXURVVRORHOHQWXVLDVPRGHORVRWURV
ORVFRQYHQFLµ
+DUHPRV KXHOJD GH VXH³R QR GHVSHUWDUHPRV
KDVWDTXHVHKDDSDVDGRODKRUDGLMR3DQFKRFR(Q
(VWDGRV8QLGRVODKDFHQVLHPSUH$XQTXHQRVUHPH]FD
OD-XDQDQDGLHGHVSLHUWDPD³DQDಃ
XDQGRYLQR-XDQDDOG¯DVLJXLHQWHDGHVSHUWDUORV
QR KXER FDVR QL VXV VDFXGRQHV QL VXV JULWRV ORJUDURQ
VDFDUGHOVXH³RDORVGRUPLGRV
c'HVSLHUWHQ FKLOODED -XDQD FRQ VX P£V
SRGHURVDYR](VKRUDGHLUVHQLVLTXLHUDDOFDQ]DU£QD
WRPDUGHVDXQಃc4X«GLU£VXPDP£FXDQGRGHVSLHUWH
YHDTXHHVW£QDWUDVDGRV
31/89
- 32. 1RGHVSHUWDU£SRUTXHQROOHJµDQRFKHGLMR,Y£Q
DEULHQGR XQ RMR FHUU£QGROR RWUD YH] c1R OOHJDU£
KDVWDODQRFKHKRQRKDFROHJLR
3RU TX« QR KD FROHJLR1DGLH PH GLMR TXH QR
KDE¯DFROHJLR
3HUR QR KD (V 6DQ *RORWHR KD DVXHWR
'«MDQRVGRUPLUಃ
+DEODQGRVRODVHIXH-XDQDQRPXFRQYHQFLGD
DSHQDVVHSHUGLHURQVXVSDVRVHQODHVFDODVDOWDURQORV
FKLFRVGHODFDPD
c4X«ODWDGRUPLU9DPRVOXHJRDODFO¯QLFDಃ
6HYLVWLHURQWRGRVDHVFDSHWRPDURQVXGHVDXQR
VLQ UHVXHOOR /XHJR HPSH]µ OD UHFROHFFLµQ GH
౹LQVWUXPHQWDO౺ RWUDV FRVDV QHFHVDULDV SDUD LQVWDODU OD
FO¯QLFD
6H GHVSLGLHURQ FDUL³RVDPHQWH GH -XDQD
DVHJXU£QGROH TXH HVWDU¯DQ PX WUDQTXLORV HQ XQD FDVD
YHFLQDSDUDDV¯GDUOHDHOODWDPEL«QDVXHWRHQQRPEUHGH
6DQ*RORWHR,EDQELHQFDUJDGRVSHURFRQWHQWRVOOHQRV
GHSURHFWRV
(O WUDEDMR IXH GLVWULEXLGR FDGD XQR FXPSO¯D FRQ
HQWXVLDVPRVXREOLJDFLµQ/DVDODGHRSHUDFLRQHVTXHGµ
HVWXSHQGD FRQ VXV ERWHOODV ODYDGDV DOJXQDV DJXDV
GLVWLQWDVHQHOODVDJXDDOLYLRODGDDJXDPHMRUDGDDJXD
EXUEXMHQWD DJXD MDERQDGD HWF«WHUD (Q SHUIHFWD KLOHUD
GDED XQD VHQVDFLµQ GH FLUXJ¯D FRQ WRGDV ODV
KHUUDPLHQWDVRUGHQDGDVVREUHXQSD³ROLPSLRGHFRFLQD
(ODOJRGµQVREUHVDO¯DGHXQIUDVFRKDE¯DRWUROOHQRGH
WLUDVTXHVHUYLU¯DQGHYHQGDV
$QGU«V FHGLµ VXV HWLTXHWDV D 3DXOD FRPR
FRQWUDVH³D SDUD ORV FOLHQWHV TXH SDJDUDQ SRU
DGHODQWDGR
/DVDODGHHVSHUDWHQ¯DFRPRVRI£XQDWDEODVREUH
GRV FDMRQHV XQ IORUHUR DOJXQDV UHYLVWDV YLHMDV VREUH
RWURFDMµQ(VWDEDSHUIHFWD
$KRUDHQWUHQVDOJDQYDULDVYHFHVRUGHQµ,Y£Q
D ORV FKLFRV +D TXH GHVSHUWDU OD FXULRVLGDG GH ORV
YHFLQRVRQHO5HVRUWH
HVWDVHGHVSHUWµLQPHGLDWDPHQWH8QDQL³LWDTXH
ORVPLUDEDGHVGHODFDVDGHOIUHQWHSUHJXQWµ
4X«SDVDDK¯
(V XQD FO¯QLFD GH DQLPDOHV HQIHUPRV H[SOLFµ
$QGU«V
0LJDWRHVW£HQIHUPRGLMRODFKLFDDOPRPHQWR
4X«WLHQH
$UHVW¯QGLMRODQL³DFRQPRGRLQWHUHVDQWH
3XHGHVWUDHUORVLTXLHUHVGLMR3DXOD
$ ORV SRFRV PLQXWRV OOHJµ OD QL³LWD FRQ VX JDWR
DUHVWLQLHQWR TXH GDED O£VWLPD 3DXOD OD KL]R VHQWDUVH
HVSHUDUOHGLRVXFRQWUDVH³D
/D GLMR HQWUµ GH LQPHGLDWR DO SDEHOOµQ GH
RSHUDFLRQHV
3DQFKRFRVHFDODEDORVJXDQWHVGHJRPDH,Y£QOH
FRORFDEDXQSD³XHORHQODERFDSDUDHYLWDUFRQWDJLRV
(OHQIHUPRHVXQJDWRFRQDUHVW¯QH[SOLFµ
cKLWDV(VFRQGHDO5HVRUWHSRUTXHVHSHJDಃQR
GHEHU¯DPRVUHFLELUHQIHUPRVFRQWDJLRVRVGLMR,Y£Q
3HRUHVQRWHQHUHQIHUPRVGHFODUµ3DQFKRFR
+D]ODSDVDU
32/89
- 33. (O FKLFRFR $QGU«V VH HQFDUJDURQ GH HVFRQGHU D
5HVRUWHHQXQFOµVHWODFOLHQWHHQWUµSRUILQDSDEHOOµQ
%XHQDV WDUGHV GLMR 3DQFKRFR H[DPLQDQGR DO
JDWR(VWRHVPXFRQWDJLRVRc1DGLHWRTXHDODQLPDO
RUGHQµDVXVDXGDQWHV
OXHJR GH FRORFDU XQ GLDULR VREUH OD PHVD GH
RSHUDFLRQHVSURFHGLµDFRUWDUOHHOSHORDOJDWRORXQWµ
HQWHURFRQGHVLQIHFWDQWH
7RGRV PLUDEDQ PDQWHQL«QGRVH D GLVWDQFLD
PLHQWUDVODGXH³DOORULTXHDEDDOYHUHOHVWDGRODVWLPHUR
GHVXUHJDOµQ
(OFLUXMDQRDGYLUWLµHOODJULPHRGHODGXH³DGHOJDWR
GHFLGLµDFODUDUODVFRVDV
2HOHGLMRFRUWDHOOORULTXHRಃ7HDGYLHUWRTXH
DTX¯QRVHDFHSWDQHQIHUPRVFRQWDJLRVRVDV¯TXHHVWR
FXUDQGRDWXJDWRGHORSXURFULVWLDQRTXHVR7¼O£YDWH
ELHQODVPDQRVOO«YDWHOHMRVDWXHQIHUPRಃ
33/89
- 34. 0DUFHOD OOHYµ D OD QL³LWD D ODYDUVH HQ OD OODYH GHO
MDUG¯QSDUDQRFRQWDPLQDUODFO¯QLFDHVSHUµµUGHQHV
+DTXHTXHPDUWRGRHVWRRUGHQµ3DQFKRFRD
RWURDXGDQWHTXHVDOLµFRQHOSDSHOFRQSHORVDKDFHU
XQD IRJDWD HQ HO MDUG¯Q (O KXPR DSHVWDEDಃ (O JDWR
SHODGR SLQWDGR GH URMR SDUHF¯D IODFR VDQJULHQWR
GDEDKRUURUDWRGRV
cµPR SXGLVWH KDFHU HVR UHFODPDEDQ ORV
DXGDQWHV PLHQWUDV OD GXH³D GHO JDWR QL VH DWUHY¯D D
WRFDUOR
6LWHQHPRVFO¯QLFDGHEHPRVFXUDUDORVHQIHUPRV
(VH JDWR DUHVWLQLHQWR LED D FRQWDJLDU D WRGRV ORV
DQLPDOHVVDQRVGH6DQWLDJRಃ
$KRUD WH OR OOHYDV VLJXH ODY£QGRWH ODV PDQRV
WRGR HO G¯D 7DO YH] VHD PHMRU XQW£UWHODV FRQ
GHVLQIHFWDQWHಃ FRQ XQ QXHYR DOJRGµQ HO DV«SWLFR
FLUXMDQRGHMµFRORUHDQGRORVGHGRVGHODGXH³DGHOJDWR
$ODVDOLGDGHOHQIHUPR3DXODVHQHJµDFREUDUORV
KRQRUDULRVPLHQWUDV3DQFKRFRDOHJDEDFRQWUDHOOD
+HPRVJDVWDGRHOIUDVFRHQWHURGHGHVLQIHFWDQWH
DOJRGµQGHPDVHVc4XHGDVGHVSHGLGDVLQRFXPSOHVWX
REOLJDFLµQOHGLMR
(QWUHWDQWR HO JDWR VH HVFDSµ D WRGR FRUUHU OD
GXH³D VDOLµ GLVSDUDGD WUDV «O (O HQIHUPR SDUHF¯D XQD
ORPEUL]FRQSDWDVVHSHUGLµGHYLVWD
$K¯ TXHGDURQ ORV JDOHQRV GLVFXWLHQGR OLPSLDQGR
3DQFKRFR KL]R KHUYLU ORV JXDQWHV TXH VH GHVKLFLHURQ
GXOFHPHQWHHQWUHODVEXUEXMDVGHDJXD
$IRUWXQDGDPHQWH VRQµ HO WLPEUH GH OD SXHUWD OD
GLVFXVLµQWHUPLQµFRPRSRUHQFDQWR
c7RFDQ3DXODVDOLµFRUULHQGR'HEHVHURWUR
FOLHQWHಃ
*UDQ GHVHQFDQWR (UDQ GRV KRPEUHV TXH WUD¯DQ
XQDVO£PSDUDVH[LJ¯DQTXHOHVILUPDUDQHOUHFLER,Y£Q
GHFLGLµGDUOHVHQHOJXVWRILUPµFRQPXFKRVJDUDEDWRV
HOSDSHO/XHJRORVKRPEUHVVHIXHURQ
3RGU¯DPRVFRORFDUODVO£PSDUDVGLMRDOJXLHQ
SDUHF¯DOµJLFRKDFHUOR,Y£QEDMµODSDODQFDGHODOX]
SURFHGLHURQ D LQVWDODU XQD GH HOODV HQ HO SDEHOOµQ GH
RSHUDFLRQHV6HYH¯DIHQµPHQRDOXPEUDEDP£VTXHHO
G¯D
0LHQWUDV FHOHEUDEDQ HVWH DGHODQWR GH OD FO¯QLFD
VRQµRWUDYH]HOWLPEUH5£SLGDPHQWHORVHOHFWULFLVWDVVH
WUDQVIRUPDURQHQP«GLFRVFDGDFXDOWRPµVXSXHVWR
3DXOD DEULµ OD SXHUWD GHFLGLGD D FREUDU SRU
DGHODQWDGR OD FRQVXOWD PHUHFHU HO SXHVWR TXH VH
UHVLVWLµ D GHMDU 3HUR QR HUD XQ FOLHQWH QXHYR HUD OD
PLVPDQL³LWDHVWDYH]FRQVXVPDQRVYHQGDGDV
0HDUG¯DQWDQWRTXHODPDP£WXYRTXHFXU£UPHODV
H[SOLFµ
(VHHVHODUHVW¯QTXHWHFRPLHQ]DODWUDQTXLOL]µ
3DQFKRFR
7DPEL«QTXHU¯DGHFLUOHVTXHHOJDWRVHPXULµಃ
6HPXULµ1RSXHGHVHUಃc$QGDDEXVFDUOR
/DPDP£ORHFKµDOWDUURGHEDVXUD0XULµSRUTXH
OD)UHVLDORDJDUUµDSXQWDGHHVFRED]RVಃ
+XER XQ VXVSLUR JHQHUDO GH DOLYLR OD QL³LWD
SURVLJXLµ
(QUHDOLGDGHOJDWRQRHUDP¯R1LV«GHTXL«QHUD
SHURODPDP£OHKDE¯DGLFKRDOD)UHVLDTXHORPDWDUDVL
34/89
- 35. YROY¯DDDSDUHFHU
'H WRGRV PRGRV W¼ QRV GHEHV XQ IUDVFR GH
GHVLQIHFWDQWHXQSDUGHJXDQWHVGHJRPD
6¯V«TXHORVGHERGLMRODFOLHQWH
c3£JDORVHQWRQFHV
(VTXHVLORVSDJRQRORVGHERTXLHURGHEHUORV
SDUDMXJDUFRQXVWHGHV
c2H WLHQHV ORV DODPEUHV SHODGRV c/DV GHXGDV
KDTXHSDJDUODVDOHJµ,Y£Q
cODURRTXLHURSDJDUODP¯DFRQWUDEDMR4X«
SXHGRKDFHU
0DQGDUWHDFDPELDUGLMR3DQFKRFRHQRMDGR
c1RWHQHFHVLWDPRV
3XHGHVWUDHUFOLHQWHVGLMR0DUFHODಃ
3HURHQWRQFHVVRQµHOWLPEUH
c/£UJDWH RUGHQµ 3DQFKRFR PLHQWUDV 3DXOD
FRUU¯DDDEULUODSXHUWD(OWLPEUHVRQDEDFRQLQVLVWHQFLD
DXQFXDQGR3DXODDEULµODSXHUWD
6HSHJµHOWLPEUHGLMR$QGU«V0LHQWUDVFRUU¯DD
GHVSHJDUORVHHQFRQWUµFRQXQLQPHQVRFDPLµQFXDWUR
KRPEUHVTXHEDMDEDQXQSLDQR
'µQGH OR FRORFDPRV SUHJXQWDEDQ PX
FRORUDGRV PLHQWUDV RWUR LQVLVW¯D HQ TXH ILUPDUDQ XQ
UHFLER
6H PLUDURQ WRGRV GHVSX«V GH FDPELDU LGHDV OR
GHMDURQ LQVWDODGR HQ XQ ULQFµQ (O SLDQR EDMµ DO VXHOR
HVWUHSLWRVDPHQWHDK¯TXHGµVRQDQGRGXUDQWHEDVWDQWH
UDWR
,Y£QILUPµHOUHFLERORVKRPEUHVVHIXHURQ
3URE«PRVOR 3DQFKRFR WUDMR XQ FDMµQ TXH
VLUYLµGHVLOODFRPHQ]µDLPSURYLVDU,Y£QHOFKLFRFROR
DFRPSD³DURQ +DE¯D WHFODV QRWDV SDUD ORV WUHV
VRQDED IHQµPHQR HQ OD FDVD YDF¯D /RV HVSHFWDGRUHV
DSODXG¯DQUDELRVDPHQWH
(VXQDOHVHUDORGHODFO¯QLFDGHFODUµ3DQFKRFR
0HMRUGDUHPRVXQFRQFLHUWRHVWDWDUGHಃ
/D LGHD IXH DSUREDGD SHUR FRPR WHQ¯DQ KDPEUH
FHUUDURQELHQODFDVDVHIXHURQDDOPRU]DU
35/89
- 36. '85$17( HO DOPXHU]R VH SURGXMR XQD GLVFXVLµQ
HQWUHORVYLUWXRVRVGHOSLDQRHOUHVWRGHODIDPLOLD
c8VWHGHV VH FUHHQ HO KRR GHO TXHTXH GHF¯D
3DXODFRPRYDQDWRFDUQRVRWURVQRVDEXUULUHPRV
FRPROHVRV
1RVRWURVVRPRVORVDUWLVWDVHVGHFLUORVTXHVH
VDFULILFDQ WUDEDMDQGR PLHQWUDV XVWHGHV RHQ JUDWLV
FRPSDUWHQORTXHJDQDPRVVLQKDFHUQDGDಃ
cODUR4X«VHFUHHQ9DPRVDODWHDUQRVWRGDOD
WDUGHಃ
3RGU¯DQ KDFHU XQ FRURಃ R EDLODU SURSXVR
3DQFKRFR
7¼QRVFUH¯VLGLRWDV$QGHFRHVWDEDLQGLJQDGR
QRTXHU¯DGHMDUVHSLWDU
3RUTXHIXLVWHD(VWDGRV8QLGRVWHFUH¯VODPXHUWH
DV¯VHIXHFDOHQWDQGRHO£QLPRVHVXELµODPRVWD]D
YLQLHURQORVSX³HWHV
-XDQD ORV HFKµ DIXHUD D SHOHDU 6DFµ
LQVRVSHFKDGDVHQHUJ¯DVVHKL]RREHGHFHU
36/89
- 37. 'H SURQWR 3DXOD GHVFXEULµ XQDV FDEH]DV
DVRPDGDVSRUHQFLPDGHODPXUDOODVHDFHUFµ
4X« PLUDQ SUHJXQWµ FUX]DQGR DWU£V ODV
PDQRV
/DSHOHDಃGLMHURQDXQDYR]ORVLQWUXVRV3RU
TX«SHOHDQ
3RUSHOHDUGLMRXQRGHORVFKLFRVXVWHGHV
SRUTX«PLUDQ
3RUPLUDUFRQWHVWDURQODVGRVFDEH]DVDOPLVPR
WLHPSR
µPRVHOODPDQSUHJXQWµHVWDYH]0DUFHOD
5DPµQ /HµQ 6RPRV PHOOL]RV VHJX¯DQ
FRQWHVWDQGRDFRUR
6RQ GH ORV SHJDGRV 3RU TX« KDEODQ D XQ
WLHPSR
(VTXHSHQVDPRVLJXDO3RUHVRQRVDEXUULPRVಃ
QRWLHQHQMXJXHWHVDOJXLHQSUHJXQWµEXUOµQ
7RGRVORVMXJXHWHVUHVSRQGLHURQORVPHOOL]RV
cKLWDVORVIDUVDQWHV$YHUPXHVWUHQDOJRGLMR
3DQFKRFR
9HQJDQDYHUORVPHMRUGLMRXQRVROR
,UHPRVDPHQD]µ$QGHFR
VHODUJDURQORVVHLVDODFDVDYHFLQD,EDQVHJXURV
GH QR HQFRQWUDU QDGD LQWHUHVDQWH SHUR IXH JUDQGH VX
VRUSUHVDDOYHUTXHHQHVDFDVDHVWDEDQWRGRVORVP£V
OLQGRVMXJXHWHVSRVLEOHVGHLPDJLQDU7UHQHVHO«FWULFRV
JRNDUWV ELFLFOHWDV FRQ PRWRUHV EXTXHV VXEPDULQRV
WURPSRV GH WRGR WLSR VROGDGRV DYLRQHV WDQTXHV
IRUWDOH]DV KDVWD XQD QDYH HVSDFLDO 3DUHF¯D LQFUH¯EOH
TXHORVPHOOL]RVVHDEXUULHUDQWHQLHQGRWRGRHVRಃ
(QXQPRPHQWRFREUµYLGDHVDFDVDORVMXJXHWHV
HPSH]DURQ D IXQFLRQDU HQ PDQRV GH FDGD XQR SRU
VHSDUDGR (O UXLGR HUD HVSDQWRVR HO HQWXVLDVPR
FRQWDJLµDORVDEXUULGRV
=XPEDEDQORVDYLRQHVPLHQWUDVFKRFDEDQWUHQHVR
ELFLFOHWDV VH FRPSHW¯D HQ I¼WERO HQ WHQLV KDVWD HQ
KRPEUHVUDQDGHQWURGHODSLVFLQD1DGLHVHDFRUGDEDD
GHODFDVDYDF¯DFRQVXFO¯QLFDRVXFRQFLHUWRGHSLDQR
/DLQWHQVLGDGGHOMXHJRGHFDGDXQRSDUHF¯DHVWUHPHFHU
KDVWDHOMDUG¯Q
c4XLHUR DJXD GHFODUµ 3HSH GH SURQWR
HQWRQFHVORVPHOOL]RVOROOHYDURQDOUHSRVWHUROHGLHURQD
HOHJLUHQWUHFXDWUREHELGDV
6HHPSLQµFDGDERWHOODFXDQGRQROHFXSRQDGD
P£V VRSOµ DO R¯GR GH FDGD XQR GH ORV RWURV HO ౹GDWR౺
8QRDXQRIXHURQVLQWLHQGRVHGORVVHLVYHFLQRVXQRD
XQRIXHURQDSURYHFKDQGRODRSRUWXQLGDGGHVHUYLUVHVLQ
PHGLGD/RVPHOOL]RVORVPLUDEDQHQFDQWDGRV
4XLHUHQWRUWDSUHJXQWµXQRGHHOORVDEULHQGR
HOUHIULJHUDGRU
3HUR OD WRUWD SDVµ D VHJXQGR SODQR FXDQGR VH
GHVFXEULµXQSDYRTXHIXHU£SLGDPHQWHGHYRUDGRSRUORV
JRORVRV YHFLQRV /D WRUWD ORV KHODGRV WDPEL«Q
HQFRQWUDURQFDELGDHQORVLQVDFLDEOHV
(VHOFXPSOHD³RVGHXVWHGHVSUHJXQWµ,Y£Q
FRQODERFDOOHQD
1RSRUTX«
%XHQRSRUODVFRVDVULFDVTXHWLHQHQಃ
6LHPSUH KD HVWDV PLVPDV FRVDV GLMHURQ ORV
37/89
- 38. PHOOL]RV
6LHPSUH $ WX PDP£ QR OH LPSRUWD TXH ODV
FRPDPRVSUHJXQWµ0DUFHOD
3RGUHPRVYROYHUPD³DQDSUHJXQWµ3DXOD
3RGUHPRV YHQLU WRGRV ORV G¯DV SUHJXQWµ
$QGU«V ,Y£Q OH GLR XQ SXQWDSL« QR OH JXVWDED TXH VH
SXVLHUDQIUHVFRVVXVKHUPDQRV3HUR$QGU«VVHGHIHQGLµ
YRODURQ ODV SDWDGDV SRUXQ UDWR (VWR IXH OR TXH P£V
IDVFLQµDORVPHOOL]RV1ROHVKDE¯DWRFDGRDQWHVYHUXQD
SHOHD WDQ GH FHUFD OD REVHUYDEDQ FRQ DYLGH]
DSUHQGLHQGR OD W«FQLFD WDQ ELHQ OD DSUHQGLHURQ TXH
DQWHV GH FLQFR PLQXWRV HVWDEDQ D ORV PHOOL]RV
HQWUHQ£QGRVH
7HQHPRV TXH LUQRV GLMR GH SURQWR ,Y£Q
DFRUG£QGRVHGHOFRQFLHUWR
3RGHPRVLUFRQXVWHGHVSUHJXQWDURQDFRUR
ORVPHOOL]RV
6H FRQVXOWDURQ FRQ OD PLUDGD ORV SHFRVRV SRU
XQDQLPLGDG ORV LQYLWDURQ FRQ WRGR OR TXH VH KDE¯DQ
DSURYHFKDGRGHHOORVHUDMXVWRDGPLWLUORVFRPRVRFLRV
DOPHQRVSRUXQWLHPSR
9HQJDQ VL TXLHUHQ GLMR 3DQFKRFR SHUR
HVWDPRVRUJDQL]DQGRXQFRQFLHUWRSXHGHQDEXUULUVHಃ
9HV FRPR W¼ PLVPR OR GLFHV UHFODPDURQ
YRFHVFKLFDV
1RHPSHFHPRVGHQXHYRGLMR,Y£QDSODFDQGRD
ORVUHFODPDQWHV3RFRDSRFRLUHPRVKDFLHQGRTXHOD
FRVD UHVXOWH GLYHUWLGD 0LHQWUDV XQR WRFD RWURV SXHGHQ
EDLODUP¼VLFDOLEUHORVDFUµEDWDVSXHGHQKDFHUSUXHEDV
HQ ILQ FDGD XQR GLVFXUUH OR TXH SXHGH JXVWDUOH DO
S¼EOLFR
$P¯PHJXVWDU¯DEDLODUODMRWDGLMR3DXOD
RTXLHURYHUODVXHUWHಃ
1RVRWURVSRGU¯DPRVFDQWDUGLMHURQORVPHOOL]RV
4X«FDQWDQSUHJXQWµ,Y£Q
DQWDQXQDMRWDGLMR3DXOD
RQRV«WRFDUMRWDVGLMR3DQFKRFR
1RLPSRUWDREDLORFRQORTXHW¼WRTXHVಃ
7RFR %DFK 0R]DUW KDVWD %HHWKRYHQ 9DV D
IUHJDUPLFRQFLHUWR
/H SXHGHV SRQHU FRPS£V GH EDLOH SURSXVR
0DUFHOD(QWRGRFDVRDP¯FRPRDGLYLQDPHFRQYLHQH
ODP¼VLFDGHIRQGR
$V¯ DOHJDQGR OOHJDURQ D OD FDVD YDF¯D /RV
SLDQLVWDV VH DEDODQ]DURQ VREUH HO SLDQR KDFLHQGR XQ
UXLGRDWUR]/DEDLODULQDQRSRG¯DHQVDDUVXMRWDSRUTXH
HQHOWHFODGRIXQFLRQDEDQWUHVGLVWLQWRVWUR]RVPXVLFDOHV
/DDGLYLQDQRORJUDEDR¯UVXSURSLDYR]ಃ$ORVDFUµEDWDV
VHOHVFULVSDEDQORVQHUYLRVFRQODUHYROWXUDGHP¼VLFD
ORVKRUULEOHVIDOVHWHVGHOFRQMXQWR/RVPHOOL]RVPLUDEDQ
WUDWDQGRGHKDOODUDVXQWRDHVWHMXHJR
3DQFKRFRGLRXQJUDQJROSHDOWHFODGR
cD6HDFDEµHOHQVDRGLMRDWRGRYR]DUUµQ
1RVHSXHGHRUJDQL]DUDOJRVHULRFRQPRFRVRV
HUUµHOSLDQRVHVHQWµVREUHODWDSD
6HKL]RXQVLOHQFLRSURIXQGRWDQSURIXQGRTXHQDGLH
VH DWUHY¯D D LQWHUUXPSLUOR /DV SURWHVWDV GH WRGDV ODV
ERFDVQRVDO¯DQ6HKDE¯DRVFXUHFLGRHOSLDQRHUDXQD
HQRUPHVRPEUDQHJUDಃ
38/89
- 39. 'HSURQWRVHRµJLUDUHQODFKDSDGHODSXHUWDGH
FDOOHXQDSHTXH³DOODYH$OJXQRVFDEHOORVVHSXVLHURQGH
SXQWD GLHFLV«LV RMRV GLHFLV«LV RUHMDV HQ HVWDGR GH
DOHUWDHVSHUDURQORSHRU
$OJXLHQ YLHQH VXVXUUµ ,Y£Q 3XHGHQ VHU ORV
GXH³RVಃ6LQKDFHUUXLGRWRGRVDODFRFLQDಃ
/D RUGHQ IXH FXPSOLGD FRPR XQ ]XPELGR GH
PRVFDVORVRFKRVHHVFRQGLHURQHQODFRFLQD
1DGLH VH PXHYD WDPEL«Q OD RUGHQ OOHJDED HQ
VHFUHWRXDQGRVLHQWDQFHUUDUODSXHUWDGHJROSHQRV
ODUJDPRVಃ
6H RHURQ YRFHV SDVRV HQ OD VDOD GH FRQFLHUWR
PLHQWUDV WRGRV HVSHUDEDQ HQ VXVSHQVR FRQ SDYRURVD
DWHQFLµQ
(Q HVWR VH FHUUµ OD SXHUWD H ,Y£Q GLR OD RUGHQ GH
VDOLUHQSXQWLOODVXQRDXQR
RPR XQ SLTXHWH GH VROGDGRV TXH DYDQ]D SRU
WULQFKHUDHQHPLJDDV¯GHFXLGDGRVRVSUXGHQWHVIXHURQ
VDOLHQGRSRUHOSDWLRGHDWU£V$SHQDVDOFDQ]DGDODUHMD
VH GLVSDUDURQ HQ GHVRUGHQDGD FDUUHUD OOHJDURQ
MDGHDQWHVDVXVFDVDV
+DE¯DYXHOWRODPDP£HOSDS£WUD¯DQXQFRQJULR
UHFL«QVDOLGRGHOPDU
4X«FXHQWDQSUHJXQWDEDQDORVQL³RV
6H PLUDURQ DQWHV GH KDEODU QLQJXQR DSDUHFLµ
5HVRUWHTXHVDOYµODVLWXDFLµQ
‹O OOHJµ FXDQGR XVWHGHV VH IXHURQ GLMR HO
FKLFRFRc/RKHPRVSDVDGRV¼SHU
$/ 92/9(5 GHO FROHJLR DO G¯D VLJXLHQWH VH
HQFRQWUDURQFRQ«VDUTXHORVHVWDEDHVSHUDQGR)XH
XQDVRUSUHVDIHOL]OHVOHYDQWµHO£QLPRSRUTXHWUD¯DQ
PXFKDVWDUHDVYHQ¯DQFDQVDGRV
0LHQWUDVWRPDEDQHOW«OHSLGLHURQD«VDUTXHOHV
SUHVWDUD HO GLDULR GH OD WDUGH 7UD¯D YDULRV VH ORV
UHSDUWLHURQSDUDYHUORV
(Q OD SULPHUD S£JLQD FRQ JUDQGHV WLWXODUHV VH
DQXQFLDEDXQURER
,Y£QOHµHQYR]DOWD౹XDQWLRVRURERHQFDOOHQRUWH
/RVDXGDFHVODGURQHVGHVYDOLMDQFDVDOOHY£QGRVHKDVWD
XQ SLDQR $SURYHFKDURQ OD PXGDQ]D GHO QXHYR
DUUHQGDWDULR VH OOHYDURQ PHQDMH O£PSDUDV GH FULVWDO
HWF 3HUR ROYLGDURQ WRPDU SUHFDXFLRQHV GHMDURQ
LPSUHVDVVXVKXHOODVGLJLWDOHVHQODFRFLQDGRQGHVHJ¼Q
SDUHFHVHGLHURQXQIHVW¯Q/DSROLF¯DHVW£VREUHODSLVWD
QRWDUGDU£HQDSUHKHQGHUDORVEDQGLGRV౺
,Y£Q3DQFKRFRVHPLUDURQVXVRMRVVHSXVLHURQ
UHGRQGRV
39/89
- 40. 3DQFKRFRYROYLµDOHHUODQRWLFLDSHURHQYR]PHQRV
DOWD 0DUFHOD 3DXOD ORV PLUDEDQ HVSHUDQGR DOJXQD
VH³DSDUDODUJDUHOOODQWR$QGU«VFRQODVPDQRVHQORV
EROVLOORV FRQ RMRV WHUULEOHPHQWH QHJURV VH SDVHDED
PXVHULRSUHRFXSDGR6RORHOFKLFRFRQRDOFDQ]DEDD
FRPSUHQGHUPXFKRORTXHSDVDED
4X« SDVD SUHJXQWDED (QWUDURQ D UREDU
HQHVWDFDVD
3HURQDGLHFRQWHVWDED6HDFHUFµGHVSDFLRD3DXOD
2HOHGLMRUREDURQODFDVDGHORVPHOOL]RV
7DPSRFR REWXYR UHVSXHVWD (QWRQFHV HPSH]µ D
SUHJXQWDUDFDGDXQR
1RVYDQDWRPDUSUHVRV
,Y£QVHDFHUFµD3DQFKRFRHVWDEDPXFRORUDGR
UHR TXH OR PHMRU VHU£ FRQWDUOH DO SDS£ OR TXH
SDVµGLMR
7HYDQDWRPDUSUHVR,Y£QLQVLVW¯DHOSREUH
3HSH
c1R VDFDPRV QDGD FRQ GHFLUOH /RV GLDULRV
VLHPSUHDQXQFLDQTXHHVW£QVREUHODSLVWDQXQFDSLOODQ
D QDGLHಃ 3DQFKRFR VLPXODED FDOPD PLHQWUDV VX
FRUD]µQWUHSLGDEDFRPRXQDPRWRDSXQWRGHSDUWLU
VL YLHQHQ D EXVFDUQRV TX« KDFHPRV ORV
RMRVGH0DUFHODSDUHF¯DQEDODVDSXQWRGHGLVSDUDUVH
3DXODHPSH]µDOORUDU,Y£QODVDFXGLµFRQHQHUJ¯D
1RFRPSOLTXHVODVFRVDVOHGLMRVHFDPHQWH
4X« WLHQHQ TXH YHU XVWHGHV FRQ HO URER
SUHJXQWµ«VDU
c1DGD H[SOLFµ 3DQFKRFR 6ROR TXH DHU
HQWUDPRVDFXULRVHDUHQHVDFDVD1RVYLQLPRVFXDQGR
DEULHURQ OD SXHUWD ORV ODGURQHV UH¯PRV TXH HUDQ ORV
GXH³RVಃ
3DXODVHJX¯DOORUDQGRPLHQWUDV0DUFHODWUDWDEDGH
SHQVDUGHWUDJDUVHHOFRWRWRTXHDSUHWDEDVXJDUJDQWD
3DQFKRFR HQ VX SUHRFXSDFLµQ VH HVFDUEDED OD QDUL]
FRPRVLGHQWURGHHOODIXHUDDHQFRQWUDUODVROXFLµQGHO
SUREOHPD
1R YHR SRU TX« VH DVXVWDQ GLMR «VDU 1R
SXHGHQGHVFXEULUORVSRUTXHHQ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHVQRWLHQHQ
ODVLPSUHVLRQHVGLJLWDOHVGHXVWHGHV
RQ JULWRV GH DOHJU¯D VDOWRV DEUD]RV SDUD «VDU
WHUPLQµ OD FXHVWLµQ 5HVSLUDURQ FRQ XQD IHOLFLGDG PX
KRQGD VH ODUJDURQ D EDLODU DOUHGHGRU GH «VDU 'H
SURQWR3DQFKRFRVHGHWXYRVXFDUDVHHQVRPEUHFLµ
4X«WHSDVDSUHJXQWµ0DUFHOD
7LHQHQ PLVKXHOODV 0H SLOODU£Q VHJXUDPHQWH0L
SDVDSRUWHಃ
(VPXI£FLOGLMR,Y£QWHOLMDUHPRVORVGHGRV
KDVWD ERUUDUODV 3RU OR GHP£V FUHHQ TXH HVW£V HQ
(VWDGRV8QLGRV
6LPLVKXHOODVHVW£QHQKLOHTXLHUHGHFLUTXHR
HVWRHQKLOHGLMR3DQFKRFRWULVWHPHQWH
%RUUHPRVWXVKXHOODVಃ
HPSH]µODWDUHDSULPHURFRQSLHGUDSµPH]OXHJR
FRQOLMD3HURVRORORJUDURQOLPSLDUPXELHQODVHPDVGH
ORV RVFXURV GHGRV GH 3DQFKRFR ,QVLVWLHQGR HPSH]µ D
VDOLUXQSROYLOOREODQFR
(VD HV PL SLHO UHFODPµ 3DQFKRFR DGRORULGR
3LHOPROLGDಃ
40/89
- 41. 6RQµHOWLPEUHODRSHUDFLµQVHVXVSHQGLµ
$QGDDDEULU
(OFKLFRFRLEDDSDUWLUFRUULHQGRFXDQGRORVXMHWDURQ
GHXQEUD]R
7¼ QR GLMR ,Y£Q SXHGHV PHWHU OD SDWD 4XH
YDDOD0DUFHOD
0DUFHOD YROYLµ FDVL LQPHGLDWDPHQWH DQXQFLDQGR
TXHHUDXQVH³RU
4X« VH³RU 3DQFKRFR FRQ ORV GHGRV
DGRORULGRVVHKDE¯DWRUQDGRVXDYHHQVXVPRGDOHV
9LHQHQ D WRPDU SUHVR D 3DQFKRFR HO
WDSDERFDORGHMµPHGLRDWXUGLGR
8QVH³RUTXHQRFRQR]FRXQVH³RUTXHQRHVW¯R
H[SOLFµ0DUFHOD
3RGU¯DVHUXQDJHQWHGLMR,Y£Q
3RGU¯DSRUTXHQRWLHQHFDUDGHQDGDHQHVSHFLDO
9DPRV D KDEODU FRQ «O SDUWLHURQ ORV VLHWH D
UHFLELUOR
%XHQDVWDUGHVGLMRHOVH³RUFRQFDUDGHQDGD
HVWUHFKDQGRXQDDXQDODVVLHWHPDQRVSHJDMRVDV
(VW£HOSDS£
6LHWHFDEH]DVQHJDURQDXQWLHPSR
3RGU¯DQHQWUHJDUOHHVWHSDSHO
(VXQDFLWDFLµQ
3UHFLVDPHQWH8QDFLWDFLµQPXLPSRUWDQWH
(VWD UHVSXHVWD FDµ FRPR XQD QHYD]µQ VREUH ORV
QL³RV 4XHGDURQ WRGRV KHODGRV WDPEL«Q PXGRV /D
FDEH]DGH3DXODFRPHQ]µDIXQFLRQDUDFHOHUDGDಃ
/HJXVWDU¯DWRPDUW«FRQQRVRWURVVHDFHUFµ
FRQVXPHMRUVRQULVD3HURUHFLELµXQSLVRWµQGH,Y£QTXH
GHFLGLµLJQRUDU
*UDFLDVQL³LWD(QUHDOLGDGPHYHQGU¯DPXELHQ
$OPRUF«PXWHPSUDQRDJUDGH]FRVXLQYLWDFLµQ
/RV QL³RV UHWURFHGLHURQ GDQGR SDVR DO DJHQWH 6X
FDEH]DGHSHORJULVOHVSUHRFXSDEDSHURODRFXUUHQFLD
GH3DXODGHKDFHUORDPLJRSDUHF¯DXQDEXHQDLGHD$OR
PHMRUFRQVHJXLU¯DQTXHVHOOHYDUDGHYXHOWDODFLWDFLµQ
6H VHQWDURQ DOUHGHGRU GH OD PHVD PX
RUGHQDGDPHQWH3DXODVHVHQW¯DGXH³DGHODVLWXDFLµQ
9HQLPRVOOHJDQGRGHOFROHJLRPLHQWUDVYXHOYHOD
PDP£KDUHPRVWDUHDVGLMR1XQFDQRVGHMDVDOLUVLQ
HOOD
-XDQDOOHJµFRQODEDQGHMDGHW«XQDSDQHUDFRQ
WRVWDGDV1LQJXQRHVWLUµODPDQRSDUDVDFDUODVQLKXER
SHOHDSRUFRQVHJXLUVHODVP£VGRUDGDVFRPRHQRWUDV
RFDVLRQHV XDQGR OH RIUHFLHURQ DO DJHQWH PRYLµ OD
FDEH]D
6LKXELHUDXQSRFRGHSDQVLQWRVWDUGLMROHV
DJUDGHFHU¯D (VWR HQ WUDWDPLHQWR GH ORV GLHQWHV ODV
WRVWDGDVಃKL]RXQJHVWRFRQODPDQRJRUGD3DXODYROµ
DWUDHUOHXQDPDUUDTXHWD
(VREOLJDFLµQHQWUHJDUOHDOSDS£HVWHSDSHO
SUHJXQWµ0DUFHOD$WRGRHVWRHOSDSHOWHQ¯DDDOJXQDV
PDQFKDVGHPDQWHTXLOODVHLEDSRQLHQGRWUDQVSDUHQWH
2EOLJDFLµQ GLMR HO DJHQWH 6L QR OR KLFLHUDQ
SRGU¯DFRVWDUOHPXFDURDVXSDS£
X£QWR OH FRVWDU¯D SUHJXQWµ $QGU«V
SHQVDQGR HQ TXH WDO YH] HOORV SRGU¯DQ SDJDU GH DOJ¼Q
41/89
- 42. PRGRHVHGLQHUR
/R OOHYDU¯DQ SUHVR SUHJXQWµ 3HSH VH OOHYµ
VXELHQPHUHFLGRFDQLOOD]R
+DFHPXFKRVD³RVTXHXVWHGFLWDDODJHQWH
SUHJXQWµ0DUFHOD
7UHLQWDFLQFRD³RV
3HUR DOJXQDV YHFHV QR VHU£Q FXOSDEOHV GLMR
,Y£Q
$OJXQDVYHFHVUHSLWLµHOVH³RU/DPDRU¯D
GHODVYHFHV
6¯ SRUTXH PXFKDV YHFHV ODV LPSUHVLRQHV
GLJLWDOHV VRQ VROR SDUHFLGDV 12 ODV PLVPDV GLMR
0DUFHOD
3DUDVDEHUTXHDOJXLHQKDUREDGRQREDVWDFRQOD
FXHVWLµQGHODVKXHOODVYHUGDG+DTXHHQFRQWUDUODV
FRVDVUREDGDVHQFDVDGHORVODGURQHVGLMR3DQFKRFR
$TX¯QRWHQHPRVSLDQRGLMR3DXOD
/RVODGURQHVJHQHUDOPHQWHYHQGHQORTXHUREDQ
1R OR JXDUGDQ HQ VXV FDVDV FRQWHVWµ HO DJHQWH D
3DQFKRFRVLUYL«QGRVHRWUDWD]DGHW«8QJUDQVLOHQFLR
VLJXLµDHVWDFHUHPRQLD
RQRF¯ D XQ SLOOR TXH D PHGLGD TXH UREDED LED
PDQGDQGR ODV MRDV UREDGDV HQ XQDV JUHGDV TXH
HQYLDED D OD $UJHQWLQD 6H GHPRUDURQ GLH] D³RV HQ
SLOODUORGLMRHODJHQWH
2VHDTXHVLXQQL³RFKLFRUREDRSDUHFHTXH
UREDORSLOODQFXDQGRDHVW£FDVDGR
$V¯HV/DSROLF¯DHVOHQWDDYHFHV
VLQRHVFXOSDEOHSHURQRSXHGHSUREDUTXHQR
UREµWDPEL«QOROOHYDQSUHVR
ODURDQRVHUTXHVHDPLQLVWUR
(VI£FLOVHUPLQLVWUR
0X I£FLO (V FXHVWLµQ GH VHU DPLJR GH XQ
3UHVLGHQWH
6HSXHGHVHUPLQLVWUDSUHJXQWµ3DXOD
(Q,VUDHOOD3ULPHUD0LQLVWUDHVPXMHU
7¼SXHGHVVHU3UHVLGHQWH,Y£QHQWRQFHVKDFHV
PLQLVWUR D 3DQFKRFR VH DFDEµ HO FXHQWR 3DXOD VH
WRPµSRUILQVXW«IU¯R
$XVWHGOHJXVWDVHUSROLF¯DSUHJXQWµ$QGHFR
RIXLSROLF¯DQRPHJXVWµODFDUUHUDSRUHVROD
GHM«
(QWRQFHV QR WLHQH QDGD TXH YHU FRQ HOORV
SUHJXQWµ0DUFHOD
1DGD 6R UHSDUWLGRU GH FLWDFLRQHV GH XQD
HPSUHVDQDGDP£V
/RV QL³RV VH PLUDURQ XQD DOHJU¯D WUHPHQGD ORV
FRQWDJLµ
(O LQYLWDGR VH VLQWLµ PROHVWR VLQ VDEHU SRU TX«
GHFODUµTXHWHQ¯DTXHUHSDUWLUD¼QPXFKDVFLWDFLRQHV6H
GHVSLGLµSUHFLSLWDGDPHQWHQDGLHORDFRPSD³µKDVWDOD
SXHUWD
+DTXHFHOHEUDUHVWRGLMR3DQFKRFRYDPRV
XQUDWRDYHUDORVPHOOL]RVVHODUJDURQORVVLHWHDOD
FDVDGHOODGR
42/89
- 43. 202 81 DVDOWR HQWUDURQ WRGRV FRUULHQGR VH
IXHURQGLUHFWRDOFXDUWRGHMXJXHWHVDGHVGHODHQWUDGD
VHR¯DQJROSHVP£VJROSHVHQPHGLRGHOGHVRUGHQGH
FRVDVVHPEUDGDVSRUHOVXHORURGDEDQORVPHOOL]RVHQXQ
HVWUHFKR DEUD]R GH SX³HWHV WLURQHV GH SHOR KDVWD
SDWDGDV
RVWµ TXH VH GLHUDQ FXHQWD GH OD YLVLWD WDQ
HPSH³DGRVHVWDEDQHQVXH[TXLVLWDOXFKD
(VW£EDPRV SHOHDQGR GLMR XQR OLPSL£QGRVH XQ
SRFRGHVDQJUHGHODQDUL]TXHGDQGRWL]QDGRFRQHOOD
5DPµQPHODVDFµ
3HUR«OPHDUD³µFDVLPHVDFDXQRMRGHFODUµ
5DPµQFRQRUJXOOR
3RUTX«SHOHDEDQ
3RUTX«UHSLWLµ/HµQ
c3RU QDGD H[SOLFµ 5DPµQ VDWLVIHFKR 6L
TXLHUHQ SXHGHQ SHOHDU XVWHGHV DKRUD 1RVRWURV QRV
FDQVDPRV (VWDPRV SHOHDQGR GHVGH TXH WHUPLQµ HO
DOPXHU]Rಃ
R FUHR TXH VHU¯D EXHQR FXUDUOHV ODV KHULGDV
GLMR 3DQFKRFR 6H SXHGHQ LQIHFWDU OHV YLHQH
JDQJUHQDಃ
8VWHGHVVDEHQFXUDU0LSDS£WLHQHXQERWLTX¯Q
GHSULPHURVDX[LOLRVPRVWUDURQHOFDPLQRKDFLDXQD
LQPHQVD VDOD GH ED³R FRQ DSDUDWRV GH WRGR WLSR (Q
SRFRV PLQXWRVOD VDOD VH KDE¯D FRQYHUWLGR HQ SDEHOOµQ
TXLU¼UJLFR +DE¯D GRV KHULGRV GRV P«GLFRV SDUD
DWHQGHUORFDGDFLUXMDQRWHQ¯DGRVDXGDQWHV$GHP£V
HO FKLFRFR VHRFXSDEDGH VXMHWDU DO TXH HVWDED VLHQGR
RSHUDGR
5DPµQ/HµQIXHURQDFRVWDGRVVREUHODVFROFKDV
GH UDVR GH ODV FDPDV GH VXV SDGUHV PLHQWUDV ORV
DXGDQWHV LEDQ YHQ¯DQ FRQ DOJRGRQHV UHFLSLHQWHV
VXUWLGRV UHPHGLRV WRDOODV (Q UHDOLGDG OD VDQJUH HUD
SRFD SHUR FRQ HO DJXD DXPHQWDED GHVWH³LGDPHQWH
URGDQGR SRU DOPRKDGDV FXEUHFDPDV /RV DXGDQWHV
OLPSLDEDQORVU¯RVFRQHQRUPHVSHORWRQHVGHDOJRGµQTXH
LEDQ WLUDQGR DO VXHOR /DV SDODQJDQDV GH DJXD VH
GHUUDPDEDQ XQ SRFR HQ HO DFDUUHR SHUR QDGLH
SURWHVWDED /RV SDUFKHV FXULWD LEDQ TXHGDQGR SHJDGRV
HQ ODV FDUDV GH ORV FRPEDWLHQWHV FRQ R VLQ QHFHVLGDG
5DPµQ WHQ¯D WUHV FXULWDV HQ OD IUHQWH GRV HQRUPHV
WDSRQHV GH DOJRGµQ FROJDQGR GH VX QDUL] /HµQ TXHGµ
FRQ XQ RMR FHUUDGR SRU RWUR SDUFKH XQD LQPHQVD
FRPSUHVD GH DOJRGµQ HQ XQD RUHMD SDUD SUHYHQLU XQ
SRVLEOH GRORU GH R¯GRV TXH DQXQFLDED HO GRFWRU /RV
PHOOL]RVSDUHF¯DQGRVODPHQWDEOHVJDOORVGHVSX«VGHOD
SHOHD
/R¼QLFRPDORHQWRGDODRSHUDFLµQIXHTXHXQDOODYH
GHOODYDWRULRYHUGHVHHPSH³µHQQRFHUUDUWRGDVODV
PDQRV MXQWDV VROR FRQVLJXLHURQ KDFHUOD FRUUHU P£V
43/89
- 44. «VDU GLMR TXH «O VDE¯D FRPSRQHUOD SRUTXH KDE¯D
WUDEDMDGR GH DXGDQWH GH VX SDGUH FXDQGR HVWH HUD
SORPHUR
6L WLHQHQ XQD OODYH LQJOHVD GLMR SXHGR
DUUHJODUOD
/RV KHULGRV WUDMHURQ DO PRPHQWR GRV OODYHV GH
GLVWLQWRWDPD³R
3HUR WRFµ OD PDOD VXHUWH TXH DSHQDV «VDU DMXVWµ
ELHQ OD OODYH HOHJLGD VDOWµ WRGR HO DSDUDWR HQ WU£JLFR
GHVSDUUDPR YRPLWDQGR VX Y£OYXOD VX VXHOD SHUQRV
RWURV FRQYLUWLHQGR HO FKRUUR GH DJXD HQ XQ YHUGDGHUR
JULIRGHDTXHOORVTXHVRORVLUYHQSDUDDSDJDULQFHQGLRV
2OYLG«FHUUDUODOODYHGHSDVRGLMR«VDU
(QHVHPRPHQWRODVPDQRVGH,Y£QGH3DQFKRFR
WUDWDURQ GH FRQWHQHU HO FKRUUR GH DJXD ORJUDQGR
¼QLFDPHQWH TXH VDOLHUD GLVSDUDGD KDFLD WRGRV ODGRV
GHM£QGRORVHPSDSDGRV/DVPXUDOODVFKRUUHDEDQDJXD
SRFRDSRFRDTXHOORVHLEDFRQYLUWLHQGRHQSLVFLQD
c7UDLJDQ URSD RUGHQµ 3DQFKRFR IXH
FXEULHQGR OD OODYH FRQ WRDOODV OXHJR FXEUHFDPDV
IUD]DGDV DOPRKDGDV KDVWD XQD DOIRPEUD (O ODYDWRULR
YHUGHQLVHYH¯DEDMRODPRQWD³DGHFRORUHVPDWHULDOHV
3HUR HO DJXD LQPXWDEOH LED VXUJLHQGR SRU GLIHUHQWHV
ODGRVXQU¯RSRUILDGRIXHFUHFLHQGRFUHFLHQGR
cHUUDU ODV SXHUWDV RUGHQµ DOJXLHQ ODV
SXHUWDVVHFHUUDURQ3HURHODJXDVHODVDUUHJODEDSDUD
SDVDU SRU GHEDMR DSDUHFHU DIXHUD FRQ VX WUDQTXLWR
DSXUDGR
7RGDVODVURSDVPRMDGDVVHSXVLHURQGHWUDQFDHQ
HO VXHOR 3HUR HQWRQFHV HPSH]µ D VXELU HO DJXD HQ OD
SLH]DSRFRDSRFRORVQXHYHQL³RVQDYHJDEDQಃ
c+D TXH KDFHU DOJR H[FODPµ ,Y£Q
c/ODPHPRVDXQJ£VILWHU
(VTXHVLDEULPRVODSXHUWDVHODUJDHODJXDSRU
WRGDODFDVDಃ
6HODUJDU£GHWRGRVPRGRV
(VTXHQRVYDDOOHJDUಃ
7DPEL«QQRVYDDOOHJDUGHWRGRVPRGRVಃ
/ODPHPRVSRUODYHQWDQDDOJXLHQGLVFXUULµ
HPSH]DURQORVJULWRV3HURQDGLHDFXGLµ
6H SXVLHURQ ORV QXHYH D FRUR ODUJDURQ XQ
౹c622552౺DWRGRSXOPµQ(ODJXDDVXE¯DSRUVXV
FDQLOODVDORVFKLFRVOHVDOFDQ]DEDDODFLQWXUDಃ
'HSURQWR«VDUVHLOXPLQµ
'HEH KDEHU XQD OODYH GH SDVR GLMR
44/89
- 45. DFRUG£QGRVHGHTXHVHKDE¯DUHSURFKDGRHOQRKDEHUOD
FHUUDGRDQWHVGHRSHUDUGLHFLRFKRPDQRVHPSH]DURQ
DUHPRYHUHODJXDFHUFDGHODVPXUDOODV
c$TX¯ JULWµ HO FKLFRFR (QFRQWU« XQD OODYH
SHURHVW£UHGXUD
/DV GLHFLRFKR PDQRV DFXGLHURQ FRQ OD IXHU]DGH
WRGRV HPSH]µ D IXQFLRQDU 1DWXUDOPHQWH SDUD HOOR VH
HPSDSDURQWRGLWRVKDVWDHOFRJRWHSHURFRQHOHVIXHU]R
ODIHOLFLGDGQDGLHVHQW¯DIU¯R
3RFR D SRFR HO FKRUUR GH DJXD LED EDMDQGR GH
DOWXUDOOHJµHOIHOL]PRPHQWRHQTXHQRVDOLµP£V
/DDOHJU¯DIXHWDQJUDQGHTXHGHFLGLHURQFHOHEUDUOR
DTXHHVWDPRVPRMDGRVQDGHPRVXQSRTXLWR
GLMR3DXODWRGRVHPSH]DURQDQDGDUVLQPXFKR«[LWR
SHURV¯FRQEDVWDQWHDOERURWR6HKLFLHURQFRQFXUVRVGH
KRPEUHV UDQD UDVWUHR VXEPDULQR RWURV HQVDRV $O
FDERGHXQUDWRHODJXDKDE¯DEDMDGRGHQLYHO
RQSDFLHQFLDQRVSRGU¯DPRVWRPDUWRGDHODJXD
WHUPLQDUHOSUREOHPDGLMR3DQFKRFR
RQRWRPRDJXDFRQWXPXJUHGLMR0DUFHOD
RQ OD PXJUH GH WRGRV OD KHPRV WRPDGR
EDVWDQWH3RUHVRKDPHQRVಃ
/DSRGU¯DPRVYDFLDUSRUODWLQDGHPDVHV
HPSH]µODWDUHDFRQORVYDVRVGHORVFHSLOORVGH
GLHQWHV HVWUXMDQGR XQD WRDOOD DEXFKDQGR KDVWD
UHFRJLHQGRHQODVPDQRV$OFDERGHXQUDWR,Y£QPLGLµ
FX£QWRKDE¯DEDMDGR
c$SHQDVXQFHQW¯PHWURGHFODUµGHVDQLPDGR
+DTXHDFHOHUDUHOERPEHRಃ
/RVRSHUDULRVHQJDQFKDURQSULPHUDFRPHQ]DURQOD
WDUHDDXQULWPRLQFUH¯EOHಃ$OSRFRUDWRHOFDQVDQFLRORV
LED WLUDQGR VHQWDGRV WUDWDQGR GH UHFREUDU HO DOLHQWR
1DGLHWHQ¯DIU¯RSHURV¯PXFKRVWHQ¯DQFDODPEUHVHQORV
EUD]RV
6HKDE¯DHVFRQGLGRHOVROHPSH]DEDDRVFXUHFHU
«VDU GHFODUµ TXH HUD KRUD GH YROYHU D VX FDVD
VHQW¯DPXFKRWHQHUTXHDEULUODSXHUWD
(V IXHU]D PDRU H[SOLFµ FRJLHQGR
UHVXHOWDPHQWHODSHULOOD
2H 3DQFKRFR OH VXMHWµ OD PDQR 6L W¼
KXELHUDV FHUUDGR OD OODYH GH SDVR DQWHV GH PHWHUWH D
DUUHJODU OD OODYH QR KDEU¯D SDVDGR QDGD c$KRUD WH
TXHGDVKDVWDTXHWHUPLQHPRV
RQRGHVFRPSXVHODOODYHಃ
c1DGLHODGHVFRPSXVRSHURW¼ODIUHJDVWH
45/89
- 46. /RVJUDQGHVVHKDE¯DQSXHVWRFRORUDGRVGLVFXWLHQGR
ORVFKLFRVWHQ¯DQFDUDVGHGHVHVSHUDFLµQ
6LSXGL«UDPRVVDOWDUSRUODYHQWDQDGLMR$QGU«V
DVRP£QGRVH 3HUR HVWDED PX OHMRV HO VXHOR 8Q
VHJXQGRSLVRHVFRVDVHULD
6L KXELHUD XQ LQFHQGLR VDOWDU¯DPRV GLMR
0DUFHOD
3HURQRORKDWDPSRFRKDERPEHURV
3RGHPRVKDFHUXQDDPDUUDGHV£EDQDVEDMDUಃ
$QWHVGHWHUPLQDUODIUDVHDHVWDEDQODVGLHFLRFKR
PDQRV DPDUUDQGR V£EDQDV IUD]DGDV TXH SHVDEDQ
FRPRHOHIDQWHV/DVDWDURQXQDDRWUDDPDUUDURQXQD
SXQWDDOSLHGHOODYDWRULRHORWURH[WUHPRDODFLQWXUDGH
$QGU«V DO TXH TXHU¯DQ GHMDU FDHU GH D SRFR 3HUR HO
SDUDFDLGLVWDVHIXHDEDMRGHXQUXQTXHGµSDWDOHDQGRD
PHGLRFDPLQR/DVV£EDQDVTXHGDURQFRUWDVಃ
c1R WH ODUJXHV OH JULWDURQ (VW£V PX OHMRV
GHOVXHORಃ
(Q UHDOLGDG HUD FRPR HVRV YRODQWLQHV TXH VH
TXHGDQFRJLGRVHQXQDODPEUHRUU¯DSHOLJUR
7LUHPRVP£VV£EDQDVSDUDKDFHUOHXQFROFKµQ
VXJLULµDOJXLHQ
VHWLUDURQ3HURFXLGDGRVDPHQWHSDUDQRHFKDUODV
HQFLPD GHO SDUDFDLGLVWD ,EDQ FDHQGR DSODVWDGDV QR
KDE¯DPDQHUDGHIRUPDUXQFROFKµQ
c9R D WLUDUPH GH SLH DQXQFLµ $QGU«V VH
ODUJµ7XYRODVXHUWHGHFDHUFRPRORVJDWRVQROHSDVµ
QDGD
$KRUD VXEDPRV HO FRUGHO DJUHJXHPRV RWUD
V£EDQD GLMR ,Y£Q (QWRQFHV KXER TXH VDFDU OD TXH
VHUY¯DGHWUDQFDSDUDDWDMDUHODJXDEDMRODSXHUWD
c$PDUUDODPDQJXHUDODVXELPRVSDUDTXHVLUYD
FRPRERPED
/DVSDWLWDVGH$QGU«VFRUULHURQDFXPSOLUODRUGHQ
ODPDQJXHUDIXHHOHYDGD/DVXPHUJLHURQHQODSLVFLQD
RUGHQDURQ
cKXSDIXHUWHSHUR$QGU«VQRSRG¯DKDFHUORVLQ
VDFDUHOURFLDGRUTXHHVWDEDGXUDPHQWHDSHUQDGRRUULµ
HQEXVFDGHXQFXFKLOORUHEDQµOLPSLDPHQWHHODSDUDWR
GHMDQGROLEUHODPDQJXHUD
(QWUHWDQWR HO DJXD GHO ED³R VH KDE¯D LGR ILOWUDQGR
EDMR OD SXHUWD EDMDED U£SLGDPHQWH GH QLYHO $QGU«V
FKXSDED KDVWD TXHGDU PRUDGR QR VDO¯D JRWD HQ OD
PDQJXHUD
c6LJXH FKXSDQGR RUGHQDEDQ ORV GH DUULED
DOERURWDGRVFRQHOH[WUD³RUHVXOWDGR6LQVDOLUDJXDSRUOD
ODUJD PDQJXHUD OD SLVFLQD VH LED YDFLDQGR
PLODJURVDPHQWH
'HSURQWRVHDEULµODSXHUWDGHVRUSUHVDHOFXDUWR
GHOED³RVHOOHQµGHJULWRVಃGHRODV
6LJXLHQGR OD FDVFDGD GH DJXD TXH EDMDED SRU OD
HVFDOD ODV HPSOHDGDV KDE¯DQ OOHJDGR KDVWD OD IXHQWH
PLVPD DO DEULU OD SXHUWD FRQ OD IXHU]D GHO DJXD VH
FDHURQVHQWDGDVHQSOHQRU¯R
«VDU DSURYHFKµ OD FRQIXVLµQ SDUD GHVDSDUHFHU
YROYHUVH D VX FDVD SHUR GH FDPLQR FRUULµ D DYLVDUOH D
$QGU«VTXHQRJDVWDUDP£VIXHU]DVGHDVSLUDGRUD
1XQFD VH VXSR FX£QWR UDWR GXUµ HQ GHVDJXDUVH OD
SLVFLQD PLHQWUDV FRUU¯D HVFDOD DEDMR OD FDVFDGD 1L
WDPSRFRVHVXSRGHVGHGµQGHDSDUHFLµWDQWDJHQWHGH
46/89
- 47. EXHQDYROXQWDGSDUDEDUUHUHQMXDJDU8QDPXMHUJRUGD
VHSUHRFXSµGHFDPELDUOHVURSDDORVQL³RVPHOOL]RVD
VXV YHFLQRV DXQTXH DOJXQRV TXHGDURQ FRQ FKRPEDV
PX HVWUHFKDV RWURV PX ODUJDV DO PHQRV HVWDEDQ
VHFRV3HURORP£VH[WUD³RHUDTXHHOPHUHFLGRUHWRQR
OOHJDEDಃ
0D³DQDSXHGHQYHQLUDEXVFDUVXURSDGHF¯DOD
LQFUH¯EOH JRUGD /HV GDU« XQD WD]D GH FKRFRODWH
FDOLHQWHPLHQWUDVWDQWRಃ
VHODVGLR
$SHQDV YROYDPRV GHO FROHJLR YHQGUHPRV D
HQFHUDU WRGR SURPHW¯DQ ORV FXOSDEOHV FRQIXQGLGRV
DQWHWDQWDERQGDG
1R VH SUHRFXSHQ /D FXOSD IXH P¯D R GHE¯D
KDEHU OODPDGR DO J£VILWHU SHUR PH ROYLG« (VD OODYH
HVWDEDPDODಃ
'H WRGRV PRGRV YHQGUHPRV DVHJXUDEDQ ORV
SHFRVRV
1R KD DSXUR XDQGR OOHJXH OD VH³RUD HVWDU£
WRGRFRPRDQWHV
9ROYHUHPRVಃ SURPHW¯DQ DO VDOLU PX
FRQYHQFLGRV GH TXH LEDQ D FRRSHUDU UHSRQHU HO
GHVDVWUHSHURWDPEL«QIHOLFHVFRQODLGHDGHTXHHVRV
౹SDS£VGHVFRQRFLGRV౺QRYHU¯DQORTXHSDVµHQVXFDVD
$8148(VHKDE¯DQSUHSDUDGRPXFKRVSURJUDPDV
SDUD HVH PL«UFROHV FRQ VROR PHGLR G¯D GH FROHJLR ODV
FRVDVUHVXOWDURQGHRWURPRGR
7RGRV DPDQHFLHURQ UHVIULDGRV WUHV GH HOORV FRQ
ILHEUHGRORUGHJDUJDQWD7RWDOFDPD,Y£Q3DQFKRFR
GLVFXUULHURQVDOLUHQELFLFOHWDFRQORVYHFLQRV3DXODVH
TXHGµ HQ VRQ GH ౹QL³D EXHQD౺ SDUD FXPSOLU ORV
PDQGDGRVHQFDUJRVGHORVHQIHUPRV
3HUR QR GXUµ PXFKR $O SRFR UDWR VXV PRGDOHV
VXDYHVPDWHUQDOHVFDPELDURQEUXVFDPHQWHDODUJµVX
WURPSLWD HQ DFWLWXG WDLPDGD VDOWµ GH VXV ODELRV XQ
URVDULRGHSURWHVWDV
c+DVWD FX£QGR YR D VHU HVFODYD GHFODUµ
4XH WU£HPH OD SHLQHWD OO«YDWH OD PX³HFD S£VDPH HO
FRVWXUHUR DUU«JODPH OD FDPD SUHS£UDPH XQ SDQ FRQ
PDQWHTXLOODಃ 4X« WH FUHHV c1R KDJR XQ PDQGDGR
P£V VH VHQWµ HQ OD FDPD GH 0DUFHOD OOHQD GH
FRPSDVLµQGHV¯PLVPD
7H VLHQWHV VDQWD SRUTXH KDFHV XQ SDU GH FRVDV
SRU XQD KHUPDQD HQIHUPD 0DUFHOD WDPEL«Q VH HQRMµ
47/89
- 48. XDQGR W¼ WH HQIHUPHV QR WH YR D SDVDU XQD VROD
FRVDಃ
cODUR /D PHGLD LQMXVWLFLD GHVSX«V TXH QR KH
KHFKRRWUDFRVDTXHFXPSOLUWXVPDQGDGRVಃ
3RUSHOHDGRUDWHYRDTXLWDUODFKRPEDTXHWHGL
XDQGR PH OD GLVWH D VDE¯D TXH PH OD LEDV D
TXLWDUಃ
X£QGR WH KH TXLWDGR DOJR 0DUFHOD HVWDED
LQGLJQDGD
1XQFD SRUTXH QXQFD PH GDV QDGD 0H KDEU¯D
JXVWDGRQRWHQHUKHUPDQDಃ
(VR HV GHVHDUPH OD PXHUWH SRUTXH SRGU¯DV VHU
KHUPDQDGHRWUDSHUVRQD
1R SRGU¯D VHU KHUPDQD GH RWUD SRUTXH WHQGU¯D
TXHVHUKLMDGHPLPDP£2TXLHUHVW¼RWUDPDGUH
$WRGDFRVWDPHTXLHUHVKDFHUSHFDUQR(VHHV
HO SHFDGR P£V JUDQGH GH WRGRVಃ 3DXOD IXULRVD VH
DOHMµGHODFDPDIXHDPLUDUSRUODYHQWDQDSDUDYHQWHDU
VXHQRMR
$OJXLHQWRFDEDHOWLPEUHHQODUHMD
4XL«QHVSUHJXQWµROYLGDQGRVXSHOHD
c6RHO«VDU
/DFDUDGH«VDUDVRPµHQWUHORVEDUURWHV
(VW£,Y£QR3DQFKRFRSUHJXQWµ
6DOLHURQ GLMR 3DXOD 9XHOYH RWUR G¯D /RV
GHP£VHVW£QHQIHUPRVಃ
(VSHUDU« D TXH YXHOYDQ «VDU VH VHQWµ HQ OD
YHUHGD
3DXODVHDFHUFµD0DUFHODOHVRSOµDOR¯GR
UHRTXHYLHQHSRUODELFLFOHWDಃ
4X«SDVDFRQODELFLFOHWD
UHRTXHVHODUHJDODURQRDOJRSRUHOHVWLORGLMR
3DXOD
$ OD PDP£ QR OH YD D SDUHFHU PX ELHQ /DV
ELFLFOHWDVYDOHQPXFKDSODWDGLMR0DUFHODFRQORVRMRV
PXUHGRQGRV
(VH HV DVXQWR GH HOORV 3DXOD VH FUX]µ GH
EUD]RVFRPHQ]µDSDVHDUVHSRUODSLH]D
3HURVLSURPHWLHURQG£UVHODWHQGU£QTXHFXPSOLU
VXSDODEUDGLMR0DUFHOD
cR QR PH PHWR 'HVSX«V GH WRGR VLHPSUH OD
FDUJDQFRQPLJR0HHFKDQODFXOSDGHWRGR/D3DXODOD
3DXODOD3DXODಃ
4XL«Q WH HVW£ HFKDQGR OD FXOSD 4X« WH KH
GLFKRR
7¼PHGLFHVTXHHQWUHJXHODELFLFOHWDಃ
c1LKHSHQVDGR
%XHQR SHUR TXLHUHV TXH OD HQWUHJXH (VW£V
GLFLHQGRTXHVLODSURPHWLHURQಃ
3RUVXHUWHHQWUµODPDP£HQHVHPRPHQWR
+D XQ QL³R TXH YLHQH SRU OD ELFLFOHWD GLMR
LQRFHQWH
cRQRVHODGLVDOWµ3DXOD
cRWDPSRFRDOHJµ0DUFHOD
3HURಃµPRVHOHVRFXUUHUHJDODUODELFLFOHWDVLQ
FRQVXOWDUPH (O SDS£ R DKRUUDPRV GRV D³RV SDUD
48/89
![/RVSHFRVRV
0DUFHOD3D]
3UHPLR0XQLFLSDOGH/LWHUDWXUD
1/89](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/marcelapazlospecosos-230924220806-b3488408/85/marcelapazlospecosospdf-1-320.jpg)
![/RVSHFRVRV
,OXVWUDFLRQHV$OHMDQGUD$FRVWD$
'LUHFFLµQOLWHUDULD6HUJLR7DQKQX]3
(GLFLµQ0DU¯D3D]$OHJU¯D0
'LUHFFLµQGHDUWHDUPHQ*ORULD5REOHV6
'LDJUDPDFLµQ*DEULHOD'HOD)XHQWH*
3URGXFFLµQ$QGUHDDUUDVFR=
3ULPHUDHGLFLµQGLFLHPEUHGH
7HUFHUDHGLFLµQGLFLHPEUHGH
k(GLFLRQHV0DUFHOD3D]
k(GLFLRQHV60KLOH
RDQFXUDRILFLQD
3URYLGHQFLD6DQWLDJRGHKLOH
ZZZHGLFLRQHVVPFO
FKLOH#HGLFLRQHVVPFO
$7(1,•1$//,(17(
7HO«IRQR
5HJLVWURGHSURSLHGDGLQWHOHFWXDO
,6%13DSHO
,6%1'LJLWDO
(GLFLµQ'LJLWDOPDU]R
,PSUHVLµQ6DOHVLDQRV,PSUHVRUHV
*HQHUDO*DQD6DQWLDJR
,PSUHVRHQKLOH3ULQWHGLQKLOH
1RHVW£SHUPLWLGDODUHSURGXFFLµQWRWDORSDUFLDOGHHVWHOLEURQLVX
WUDWDPLHQWRLQIRUP£WLFRQLVXWUDQVPLVLµQGHQLQJXQDIRUPDRSRUFXDOTXLHU
PHGLRDVHDGLJLWDOHOHFWUµQLFRPHF£QLFRSRUIRWRFRSLDSRUUHJLVWURX
RWURVP«WRGRVVLQHOSHUPLVRSUHYLRSRUHVFULWRGHORVWLWXODUHVGHO
FRSULJKW
1+
2/89](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)