It deals about what is global warming, Green House Gases (GHG's), Sources of GHG's and ways to mitigate green house gas emission

1. ss
EFFECT OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
CHANGE ON NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
AND ITS MITIGATION

2. Climate Change on Ecosystem
 Healthy ecosystems and rich biodiversity are funtamental to
life
 Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in
either the mean stage of the climate or in its variability,
persisting for an extended period (typically decade or longer)
• Altering the structure and function of aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems

3. Green House Gases (GHGs)
• Greenhouse gases are referred to as “forcing agents”
because of their ability to change the planet’s energy
balance
• A forcing agent can “push” Earth’s temperature up
or down

5. Early Understanding of Green House Gases
In 1824, French physicist Joseph Fourier - Earth’s
atmosphere might act as an insulator- later called the
greenhouse effect
In the 1850, Irishborn physicist John Tyndall - first to
demonstrate the greenhouse effect by showing that water
vapor and other atmospheric gases absorbed Earth’s radiant
heat
In 1896, Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius - first to calculate
the warming power of excess carbon dioxide (CO2)

6. Sources of Greenhouse Gases
 Carbon di oxide 76 %
 Methane 16 %
 Nitrous oxide 6%
 Flurinated gases 2%
 Water vapour 1%

7. Carbon Di Oxide Methane Nitrous Oxide
Anthro-
pogenic
Sources
• Fossil fuel use (87%)
• Coal 43%
• Oil 36%
• Natural gas 20%)
• Land Use Changes (9%)
• Industrial Process (4%)
• Fossil fuel production,
distribution and use
(33%)
• Live stock farming
(27%)
• Landfills & waste(16%)
• Biomass burning (11%)
• Rice cultivation(9%)
• Biofuels (4%)
• Agriculture (67%)
• Fossil fuel
combustion &
Industrial Process
(11%)
• Biomass burning
(10%)
• Atmospheric
Deposition (9%)
• Human sewage(3%
Natural
Sources
• Ocean and atmospheric
exchange (42.84%)
• Plant and animal
respiration (28.56%)
• Soil respiration and
decomposition (28.56%)
• Volconic eruption
(0.03%)
• Wetlands (78%)
• Ocean (10%)
• Termites (12%)
• Soil under natural
vegetation (60%)
• Oceans (35%)
• Atmospheric
chemical reaction
(5%)

9. Concentration of Green House Gases
(James and Stephen 2016)

10. Lifetime of Green House Gases (GHGs)
Green house gases Lifetime (years)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 200
Methane 12.4
HFC-134 (hydro fluorocarbon) 13.4
CFC-11 (chlorofluorocarbon) 45
Nitrous oxide (N2O) 121
Carbon tetra fluoride (CF4) 50000
(Myhre et al., 2013)

11. Global Warming
• Global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect
• The average temperature of the Earth's surface increased by
an estimated 0.7°C since the beginning of the 20th century
and, according to the most recent projections of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, could rise by
1.6–4.3°C compared to a 1850–1900 baseline by 2100.

13. Causes Behind Global Warming
Increases in greenhouses gases
Deforestation
 Destruction of marine ecosystem
Increases in population

14. Impact of Global Warming

15. (National Climate Assessment, 2013)
Effect of climate Change on Ecosystem

16. Consequences of Climate Change
• Ecosystem will be particularly vulnerable to climate change, with around 15-
30% of species potentially facing extinction after only 1.5-2.5⁰C of warming
(Kirby et al., 2009 and NRC, 2012)
• Ecosystem changes accompanied by shifts in geographical ranges of animal
and plant species
• Climate change has induced perturbations in forest distribution, forest growth
rates, and risk of degradation via fire, invasive species, and disease (Allen and
others, 2010)
• Climate change may adversely impact the Himalayan ecosystem through
increased temperature, altered precipitation patterns, and drought

17. Range Shifts due to Warming
Species Affected Location Observed Changes
Arctic shrubs Alaska Expansion into shrub-free areas
Alpine plants Alps Elevational shift of 1-4 m per decade
39 butterfly spp. NA, Europe Northward shift up to 200 km in 27 yrs.
Lowland birds Costa Rica Advancing to higher elevations
12 bird species Britain 19 km northward average range extension
Red & Arctic Fox Canada Red fox replacing Arctic fox
Treeline Europe, NZ Advancing to higher altitude
Plants & invertebrates Antarctica Distribution changes
Zooplankton, fish &
invertebrates
California, N.
Atlantic
Increasing abundance of warm water spp.
(Walther et al., 2002)

18. Western mountains --- A
wildfire in Bitterroot
National Forest, Montana.
Southwestern
deserts

19. Impact on Marine Ecosystem
Increses sea level rise – Severely affect coastal ecosystem
SLR in India – Mumbai, Kolkata, Kochi
SLR – low lying island states – Maldives
Salt water instrusion
Coastal inundation
Flooding of Mangroves and eastuaries
Change in structure (plant and animal compostion) and
function (plant production, nutrient cyclying) of estuarine and
marine ecosystem

20. Mitigation Approaches
Energy
 Increase energy efficiency in engines and boilers
 Switching to low carbon fossil fuels such as natural gas
 Increasing the use of nuclear energy
 Increase the use of renewable energy sources
 Conserve energy during the usage
Industry
 Reduce greenhouse gas emission such as methane
Reduce the material content of manufactured goods
 Switch to energy efficient technology
 Transferring and sharing technology mainly from developed to
developing countries
 Recycle

21. Transport
•Improving energy efficiency of vehicles
• Reducing vehicle emission
• Reduce the vehicle weight and size to maximize the performance
• Changing land use patterns and life styles to reduce transport requirements
• Integrate transport policies
• Promote public transport option than personal vehicles
• Promote greener vehicles such as electric cars
Agriculture
• Develop new management techniques to reduce tillage, recycling of crop
residues, mixed cropping and avoid monoculture
• Restoration of wetlands
• Improve energy efficiency
• Improve nutrition of ruminants and reduce methane generation
• Reduce biomass burning
• Manage fertilizer use to reduce nitrous oxide production

22. Forestry
• Substitute burning of fuel wood for fossil fuels
• Reduce biomass burning
• Conserve CO2 in living trees
• Afforestation and reforestation
Government
• Develop industrial land use plan to minimize energy consumption
• Planning disposal of waste material to reduce production of methane and CO2
• Provide disincentives (tax) for excess energy consumption
• Provide incentives for energy consumption and minimizing greenhouse gas
emission such as reduce the taxes for electric and hybrid vehicles.
• Improve energy efficient, recycling and proper waste disposal

23. Thank you....